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This study aims to analyze the Cambodian government's efforts to address human trafficking from a human security perspective. It employs a qualitative descriptive approach, utilizing secondary data from relevant journals, reports, and academic publications. The findings indicate that human trafficking in Cambodia has evolved into a hub for digital-based fraud linked to transnational cybercrime networks. Victims face not only labor exploitation but are also coerced into participating in online fraudulent activities, such as romance scams. This surge in human trafficking is driven by weak law enforcement, high levels of corruption, low public digital literacy, and the rapid expansion of the online gambling industry and special economic zones, which serve as operational bases for criminal activities. The Cambodian government has implemented various measures regarding prevention, protection, and law enforcement through regulations, international cooperation, victim rescue operations, and anti-fraud campaigns. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains limited due to the state's constrained capacity and the ability of criminal networks to continuously adapt to advancements in digital technology. The study concludes that addressing human trafficking in Cambodia requires strengthened governance, more intensive international cooperation, and improved public digital literacy.

The governance of village funds represents a critical dimension of decentralized public financial management, particularly in remote and capacity-constrained regions where oversight mechanisms face structural limitations. This literature review examines the role of Risk-Based Internal Audit (RBIA) as a strategic instrument for strengthening the supervision of village fund management through risk mapping, early warning mechanisms, and fraud prevention. Adopting a state-of-the-art literature review design, the study synthesizes peer-reviewed journal articles, conference proceedings, and authoritative institutional reports published primarily within the last five years. The review integrates the analytical lenses of RBIA as articulated in the International Professional Practices Framework, Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) based on ISO 31000 and COSO ERM, the COSO Internal Control–Integrated Framework, and the Fraud Triangle and Fraud Diamond theories. Thematic synthesis reveals that effective village fund oversight depends on the systematic identification and prioritization of risk, the alignment of audit planning with high-risk areas, and the integration of internal control and risk management processes into audit assurance. Furthermore, the literature highlights the growing relevance of early warning systems and audit analytics in enabling proactive detection of emerging risks and potential fraud, although their implementation in remote areas remains constrained by limited data quality, digital infrastructure, and administrative capacity. This review contributes theoretically by consolidating fragmented strands of audit, risk management, and fraud literature into an integrated conceptual framework tailored to village fund governance. Practically, it offers evidence-based insights for auditors, policymakers, and local governments seeking to enhance accountability and risk-responsive oversight in decentralized and remote public finance settings.

The giveaway phenomenon in the digital era has become a popular strategy to increase interaction on social media. However, this popularity is also used by irresponsible individuals to commit fraud under the guise of giveaways. This article aims to identify the modus operandi of giveaway fraud, provide guidance on recognizing the characteristics of fraud, and present preventive measures to avoid it. The methods used include literature review of digital fraud cases, analysis of cybercrime patterns, and interviews with digital literacy experts. The results show that the fraud mode often uses fake accounts that resemble official organizers, asks for personal information or payment of certain fees, and offers rewards that are too fantastic to lure victims. Low digital literacy is one of the main factors in the high number of victims of this fraud. By raising public awareness through education about the characteristics of fraud and methods of verifying information sources, the potential for victims can be minimized. In conclusion, systematic prevention efforts and active participation of the community in disseminating related information are important to protect internet users from the threat of giveaway fraud. This article recommends improving digital literacy programs and strengthening regulations against cybercrime as a long-term step.

This study discusses legal protection for victims of human trafficking disguised as job vacancies in Myanmar, which has affected hundreds of Indonesian citizens. This phenomenon shows a new mode of digital-based human trafficking through social media, offering fictitious high-paying jobs that ultimately lead to forced labor in the online scamming sector. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach, which examines Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, Law Number 18 of 2017 concerning the Protection of Indonesian Migrant Workers, the 2000 Palermo Protocol, and a number of International Labor Organization (ILO) conventions related to forced labor and labor migration. The results of the study show that this case fulfills the elements of human trafficking as stipulated in Article 2 paragraph (1) of the TPPO Law, because there are elements of recruitment, fraud, confinement, and forced labor exploitation. From an international law perspective, these actions violate the provisions of the Palermo Protocol and the ILO convention on the elimination of forced labor. The Indonesian government has a legal and moral responsibility to provide protection and recovery for victims of TPPO, as well as to ensure the principle of non-criminalization. However, the implementation of protection is still hampered by weak supervision of digital recruitment, jurisdictional limitations, and suboptimal cross-border cooperation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the digital-based migrant protection system, enhance bilateral and multilateral cooperation, and apply the principle of state due diligence in the prevention and enforcement of laws against cross-border TPPO.  

Digital transformation in the banking sector has introduced numerous conveniences in financial transactions, yet simultaneously opened opportunities for increasingly sophisticated and damaging new forms of crime. This article comprehensively analyzes criminal policy in combating digital banking crime in Indonesia, exploring the legal, technological, and institutional challenges faced, and formulating effective prevention strategies. Through systematic literature review and critical policy analysis, this research demonstrates that digital banking crime in Indonesia has experienced significant increases both in quantity and complexity of modus operandi, encompassing phishing, skimming, hacking, social engineering, banking trojan malware, and various technology-based fraud schemes. Financial losses amount to trillions of rupiah annually, excluding the psychological impact on victims and erosion of public trust in digital banking systems. Research findings identify fundamental challenges in combating digital banking crime, including limitations in legal frameworks that have not fully accommodated technological developments, gaps in law enforcement capacity for cyber investigation, complexity of evidence in digital cases, complicated cross-border jurisdiction, rapid evolution of crime modi outpacing regulatory adaptation, and low digital security literacy among banking service users. Policy analysis shows that penal approaches through criminalization and law enforcement, while important, are insufficient without comprehensive non-penal strategies.

White-collar crime poses significant threats to corporate integrity and economic stability, particularly in emerging markets where governance structures may be less developed. This study examines the effectiveness of corporate governance mechanisms in preventing white-collar crime in emerging market contexts. Using a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative analysis of 240 publicly listed companies across five emerging markets and qualitative case study analysis of 25 corporate fraud cases, this research evaluates the relationship between governance mechanisms and crime prevention effectiveness. The study reveals that strong board independence (β = -0.312, p < 0.001), robust internal audit functions (β = -0.267, p < 0.01), and comprehensive compliance programs (β = -0.298, p < 0.001) significantly reduce white-collar crime incidence. Companies with comprehensive governance frameworks show 58% lower fraud rates compared to those with weak governance structures. The research concludes that emerging markets can significantly reduce white-collar crime through strategic implementation of governance mechanisms, particularly emphasizing board independence, internal controls strengthening, and compliance culture development.

This study aims to provide information about the responsibility of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in dealing with investment fraud that often harms the community/consumers. Several cases of fraud cannot be properly identified by the Financial Services Authority, actions are taken after the investment institution is proven to have committed fraud. The research method used in this study is normative research strengthened by primary data regarding investment cases. The results of the study indicate that the responsibility of the Financial Services Authority is only in the form of administrative freezing after a fraud case occurs and cannot be requested for material losses because investment is in the private contract area so that it has not been carried out optimally. Legal protection carried out by the Financial Services Authority in the form of prevention, can be done with information services, education, and the existence of a kind of intelligence that actively seeks information on mass investment fraud information in the early stages (up liner).

Preventing acts of corruption in the office environment involves a series of strategic steps to create a culture of transparency and accountability. These efforts include implementing a code of ethics, training on integrity, and strict supervision of the decision-making process. In addition, the application of information technology to monitor financial transactions and reports can help detect potential fraud. By building awareness and commitment of all employees towards preventing corruption, organizations can increase public trust and create a healthier work environment. Preventing acts of corruption in the office environment is a crucial step in creating good governance and improving institutional integrity. Corruption can hinder economic growth and damage public trust. To prevent this, a comprehensive approach is needed, including implementing transparency policies, strengthening supervisory systems, and ethical education for employees. In addition, an organizational culture that supports openness and accountability must be built. This research discusses effective strategies that can be implemented to minimize the risk of corruption, including the use of information technology and participation in community oversight. The results are expected to provide recommendations for government and private agencies in strengthening efforts to prevent corruption

This research aims to determine criminal acts of fraud with the motive of counterfeiting Qris Barcodes in terms of the aspect of prevention through the Indonesian Criminal Law. This research is normative research which is analyzed descriptively, using a law and case approach. The results of the research are that regulations regarding criminal acts of fraud are generally regulated in Article 378 of the Criminal Code, and to strengthen the legal basis it can be accommodated through Article 35 of Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions. As a special law, the ITE Law is at least a guideline and legal basis for members of the public in carrying out activities in the online world. Overcoming the occurrence of criminal acts of online fraud is carried out with preventive (non-penal) and repressive (penal) efforts. Repressive efforts in this case are regulated based on Article 35 of the ITE Law and Article 378 of the Criminal Code. Meanwhile, preventive efforts are carried out by taking precautions so that criminal acts of online fraud can be minimized without applying criminal law, but rather by carrying out preventive efforts before the criminal act occurs, such as improving the community's economy, socializing to the public how to use the internet properly and the characteristics of electronic transaction-based criminal acts of fraud.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of cybercrime and to propose actionable strategies that strengthen law enforcement's response in an increasingly digital world. The study systematically analyzes existing legal frameworks and enforcement strategies to assess their efficacy in addressing these complex crimes. It highlights the gaps in legislation and the limitations of current technological capabilities that hinder effective law enforcement. By addressing these challenges collaboratively, law enforcement can enhance its effectiveness in safeguarding society against the evolving landscape of cyber threats. Enforcement agencies in combating it. It examines the types of cybercrimes prevalent in the digital era, including hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. The study evaluates the effectiveness of current legal frameworks and law enforcement strategies in addressing these crimes. Additionally, it proposes solutions to enhance collaboration between international agencies, improve technological capabilities, and raise public awareness about cyber threats, aiming to strengthen the response to cybercrime. Additionally, raising public awareness about cyber threats is crucial for prevention. The research advocates for educational campaigns that inform citizens about the risks and protective measures related to cybercrime.

Cryptocurrency has emerged as a disruptive force in the financial sector, presenting new regulatory challenges. This article investigates the current legal landscape surrounding cryptocurrency, addressing issues such as tax compliance, fraud prevention, and investor protection. Through a comparative study, the paper evaluates different regulatory approaches and their effectiveness in achieving financial stability while fostering innovation. The findings offer insights into the balance required between regulation and the growth of digital currencies.

This research examines more deeply the analysis of legal certainty for victims of Doni Salmanan's fraud in trading through an application called QUOTEX. In relation to the decision of the Bale Bandung District Court number 576/Pid.Sus/2022/PN BlB, in which the Panel of Judges gave a verdict of imprisonment and confiscation of assets owned by the defendant generated through trading by utilizing his victims for profit and the assets were confiscated by the state. However, in the verdict there was no decision at all to provide compensation to the victim of Doni Salmanan's fraud, in this case the element of legal justice for the victim was not fulfilled by this decision. However, the aspect of legal certainty for the victim is very strong so that the defendant gets a death sentence and a fine for his actions. The legal certainty in question is a guarantee that the law is carried out properly in processing the rights and obligations of the defendant for his crime. Material law as an element of legal certainty has been carried out and linked to various laws and regulations relating to the case. Law No. 8/1999 on Consumer Protection for the losses suffered by the victim as a consumer, Law No. 19/2016 on the Amendment to Law No. 11/2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions because the case involved electronic networking devices, and Law No. 8/2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of the Crime of Money Laundering because in the prosecution the defendant was deemed to have disguised his wealth generated through criminal acts.

Research on crime in Bandar Lampung can make an important contribution to the development of government policy in dealing with crime. In addition, this research can also provide a clearer view of what types of crimes occur most frequently in this city and who is more vulnerable to becoming a victim of criminality. In this study, the researcher will use a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews with various related parties such as security forces, the community, and crime victims. This research will try to identify the factors that cause the high crime rate in Bandar Lampung, such as social, economic, cultural, and environmental factors. The results show that the crime rate in Bandar Lampung is quite high. Based on the data obtained, the most common types of crime in the city are robbery, theft with violence, fraud, persecution, and narcotics. Therefore, understanding these types of crimes is important to help increase public awareness about the importance of keeping themselves and their property safe. The results show that crimes occur more frequently at night and in densely populated areas. Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the crime rate in Bandar Lampung is quite high. The most common types of crime are violent crime and theft.