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This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of various doses of 6.25% Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and 0.1% polymer flocculant in reducing Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and assessing pH changes in coal stockpile wastewater at PT PLN Nusantara Power UP Paiton Unit 9. Stockpile wastewater typically contains high levels of suspended solids originating from water spray activities that carry fine coal particles. The coagulation–flocculation process was performed using the jar test method with PAC dosages of 35 ppm, 50 ppm, and 65 ppm, along with flocculant dosages of 6 ppm and 7 ppm. pH and TSS were analyzed before and after treatment to assess process effectiveness. The results indicate that a PAC dosage of 35 ppm combined with a 6 ppm flocculant achieved the highest TSS removal efficiency of 98.15%. Increasing PAC dosage resulted in reduced performance due to overdosing effects, leading to charge destabilization and impaired floc formation. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing coagulant dosage to improve stockpile wastewater quality for safe reuse in operational activities.

The impacts of wastewater (liquid waste) include contamination and pollution of surface water and other water bodies utilized by humans, as well as disruption to aquatic life. Wastewater generated from plate washing processes in offset printing industries contains toxic substances that can harm the environment, such as ink pigments, additives, alcohol, and other hazardous chemicals. This study aims to reduce the environmental impact caused by plate washing wastewater. The method used in this research is the Jar Test, which is commonly applied to evaluate the effectiveness of coagulants in water and wastewater treatment. Based on the findings, this method successfully reduced the Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) level by 18%. These results indicate that the use of alum as a coagulant has a significant effect on altering the chemical composition of the plate washing wastewater, thereby contributing to pollution reduction

The pharmaceutical industry produces solid, liquid, and gaseous waste containing active pharmaceutical ingredients that pose serious environmental risks. These wastes can disrupt ecosystems and accelerate antimicrobial resistance. This systematic literature review examines pharmaceutical waste concepts, classifications, characteristics, and relevant regulatory frameworks. It also addresses ecotoxicological effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic contamination and resistance, water and soil pollution, treatment technologies, industrial policies, and best practices. Findings show that conventional wastewater treatment is largely ineffective at removing pharmaceutical residues, resulting in their presence in surface water, soil, and even drinking water. Compounds such as β-blockers, cytostatics, antibiotics, and hormones harm aquatic life by impairing reproduction and causing mutations. Antibiotic-laden industrial waste contributes to the emergence of resistant bacteria. Recommended treatment methods include biothermal processes, advanced oxidation (e.g., UV/H₂O₂, ozonation), adsorption (activated carbon), coagulation-flocculation, and controlled incineration. Stronger enforcement of hazardous waste regulations (e.g., Government Regulation No. 101/2014, Ministry of Environment and Forestry Regulation No. 56/2015) and adherence to WHO (2025) guidelines are essential. In conclusion, multisectoral collaboration (One Health), improved waste treatment capacity, and adoption of best practices are crucial to preventing pharmaceutical pollution and promoting environmental sustainability.

Using a descriptive method with a triangulation approach including observation, document analysis, and interviews this study ensures data reliability. Daily monitoring is conducted on wastewater flow and pH levels, while monthly laboratory analysis covers eight key parameters: Total Suspended Solids (TSS), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), total chromium (Cr), phosphate (PO³), oil and grease, and pH to evaluate the perfomance of the treatment system. The treatment process begins with the inflow of 960 m³ of wastewater per day into the storage pond, where aeration is applied to ensure homogenization before being transferred to the neutralization unit. pH adjustment is carried out by adding NaOH or HCl before the wastewater undergoes coagulation and flocculation stages. The study’s findings indicate that the WWTP meets the environmental quality standards established in accordance with the Decree of the Head of the Investment Coordinating Board of the Republic of Indonesia (2020), Number SK.214/1/KLHK/2020 concerning the Permit for Wastewater Disposal into the Sea on Behalf of PT Pembangkit Jawa Bali Unit Pembangkitan Gresik. This study emphasizes the importance of systematic monitoring and treatment in wastewater management.

The presence of heavy metals in waste is one of the variables that can pollute and damage the environment. Lead is one of the chemical contents that can be found in hospital liquid waste. Hospital liquid waste comes from work unit processes throughout the hospital environment which contains dangerous chemicals so it needs to be processed before being discharged into the environment. Research has been carried out using the coagulation-flocculation method using sugar palm seeds as a biocoagulant. The aim of this research is to find out how the palm seed coagulant mass influences in reducing lead (Pb) levels. hospital wastewater with the addition of variations in coagulant mass, namely 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6% and 0.7%. From the filtrate resulting from coagulation-flocculation which was then analyzed based on the Regulation of the Minister of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia Number P.68 of 2016 concerning Domestic Wastewater Quality Standards, from the results of this research it is known that sugar palm seeds as a biocoagulant are able to reduce the most optimal PB concentration when the coagulant concentration is added to 0.6%.