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Low Birth Weight (LBW) refers to infants born with a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams and remains an important issue in neonatal health due to its association with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. To analyze the determinants of LBW based on primary studies published from 2021 to 2026. A literature review was conducted using the PRISMA approach. Article searches were performed through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest using the keywords low birth weight, determinant factors, risk factors, BBLR, and faktor risiko with Boolean operators AND/OR. The inclusion criteria were primary studies, full-text availability, publication in Indonesian or English, and publication years from 2021 to 2026. A total of 20 articles were included, consisting of 15 international articles and 5 national sources. The review showed that LBW is influenced by interrelated maternal, nutritional, obstetric, and sociodemographic factors during pregnancy. The most dominant factors included multiple pregnancy with an adjusted OR of 21.74, maternal food insecurity with an AOR of 6.85, maternal hemoglobin level <11 g/dL with an AOR of 5.21, lack of iron-folic acid supplementation with an AOR of 4.17, maternal age ≤20 years with an AOR of 3.42, pregnancy interval <1 year with an adjusted OR of 2.92, missed antenatal care visits with an AOR of 2.74, smoking during pregnancy with an OR of 2.18, and maternal hypertension with an AOR of 1.94. LBW is influenced by multiple interrelated factors; therefore, efforts to reduce its incidence should focus on evidence-based interventions, particularly through optimizing antenatal care services, improving maternal nutritional status, and early detection of pregnancy.

Thalassemia is a chronic genetic disease that requires long-term treatment and affects children's quality of life physically, psychologically, socially, and academically due to chronic anemia and regular blood transfusion needs. This study aimed to determine factors influencing the quality of life of children with thalassemia at Rumah Sakit Anak dan Bunda Harapan Kita. A descriptive design with a cross sectional approach was used, involving 41 respondents through total sampling. Data were collected using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scale) and respondent characteristics including age, gender, socioeconomic status, parental education, and frequency of blood transfusions. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Chi-Square test. The results showed most respondents were under ten years old, female, from families with socioeconomic status below the minimum wage, had parents with high school or higher education, and received blood transfusions every three weeks. Bivariate analysis indicated only the frequency of blood transfusions was significantly associated with quality of life, while other variables were not. Thus, transfusion frequency is the main factor influencing quality of life in children with thalassemia.

School snacks are one of the food sources commonly consumed by elementary school children; however, they are at risk of microbiological contamination if not properly managed. One of the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food is Salmonella, which can cause diarrheal disease. This study aimed to analyze hygiene and sanitation factors of food handlers on Salmonella bacterial contamination in pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District, Tuban Regency. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 20 pentol vendors and 20 pentol snack samples. Data were collected through observation using a hygiene and sanitation checklist and laboratory examination to detect the presence of Salmonella bacteria. Data analysis was initially planned using the Chi-square test; however, due to homogeneous results, the analysis was conducted descriptively. The results showed that most vendors had good hygiene and sanitation (85%) and sufficient (15%). Laboratory examination results showed that all pentol snack samples (100%) were negative for Salmonella bacteria. In conclusion, pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District were microbiologically safe from Salmonella contamination.

Smoking behavior is a modifiable risk factor for hypertension, with hypertension prevalence generally increasing alongside higher cigarette consumption and longer smoking duration. Research on hypertension prevalence among productive-age smokers in Indonesia using national-scale data remains scarce in Indonesian publications. This study aims to analyze factors influencing hypertension among productive-age smokers in Indonesia in 2015, utilizing data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) 2015. The research employs a quantitative design with an analytical observational approach using a cross-sectional study. The sample comprises 10,677 productive-age smokers in Indonesia, selected via multi-stage random sampling across 32 provinces in 2015. Independent variables include age, gender, employment status, work region, cigarettes smoked, smoking duration, and daily cigarette consumption, while the dependent variable is hypertension. Hypertension prevalence among productive-age smokers in Indonesia in 2015 reached 8.53%, with significant predictors including age ≥36 years, female gender, employment status, smoking intensity of 21–30 or >31 cigarettes/day, and smoking duration >16 years—reflecting multifactorial interactions of biological, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors. Accordingly, recommendations include routine screening at primary health centers for at-risk groups, tobacco control programs based on dose-duration, economic empowerment for the unemployed, intensive screening with lifestyle counseling by healthcare providers, and longitudinal designs for future causal studies.

The development of digital technology has significantly transformed consumer purchasing behavior in recent years. Shopping activities that were previously conducted in person have now shifted to e-commerce and social commerce platforms that offer greater convenience, speed, accessibility, and a variety of attractive promotions. Two platforms experiencing rapid growth in Indonesia are Shopee and TikTok Shop, both of which have gained popularity among diverse consumer segments. These platforms not only offer a wide range of products but also provide interactive shopping experiences through features such as promotions, live shopping, consumer reviews, personalized recommendations, and ease of transactions. This situation has led to notable changes in consumers' purchasing decision-making processes and preferences. Factors such as app usability, promotional strategies, consumer trust, social media influence, user engagement, and evolving digital lifestyles are becoming increasingly dominant in determining purchasing decisions. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the key factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions on the Shopee and TikTok Shop platforms in the digital era, as well as to provide deeper insights into consumer behavior in an increasingly digital marketplace.

This study aims to analyze the factors hindering the implementation of Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2018 concerning Public Order in Gorontalo City. The method used is empirical legal research with a descriptive analytical approach, through the collection of primary data in the form of interviews and observations, as well as secondary data from laws and regulations and related literature. The results indicate that the implementation of this regional regulation has not been effective, as indicated by the continued occurrence of various violations in public spaces. The main inhibiting factors include low public legal awareness, weak law enforcement by officials, the community's economic conditions, lack of regulation dissemination, and limited facilities and infrastructure. Therefore, comprehensive and sustainable efforts are needed to improve the effectiveness of regional regulation implementation by strengthening law enforcement, increasing public awareness, and policies that are more responsive to the community's socio-economic conditions.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the implementation of Regional Regulation of Gorontalo Regency Number 04 of 2014 concerning the Control of Livestock in Ilomata Village, Bilato District. This research employs an empirical legal method with a sociological juridical approach to examine law not only as written norms but also as a social practice within society. Data were collected through interviews with village officials, regional regulation enforcement officers, and livestock owners, as well as through documentation and literature studies. The collected data were analyzed qualitatively using Lawrence M. Friedman’s legal system theory and Soerjono Soekanto’s theory on factors influencing law enforcement. The results indicate that the implementation of the regional regulation has not been optimal. The influencing factors include legal substance, legal structure (law enforcement officers), facilities and infrastructure, community factors, and legal culture. Normatively, the regulation contains clear provisions; however, its implementation is hindered by inconsistent enforcement, limited supporting facilities, and low levels of public legal awareness. Legal culture and the lack of consistency among law enforcement officers are the most dominant factors affecting the effectiveness of the regulation’s implementation. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen consistent law enforcement, improve supporting facilities, and undertake continuous efforts to build public legal awareness in a participatory manner.

This research was conducted in April 2024 in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency. The research location was determined purposively. The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the characteristics of tomato farmers in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency; and (2) to analyze the factors influencing tomato production in the same area. The sampling technique employed was a census (saturated sampling), in which all active tomato farmers who were members of farmer groups in Kota Besi Hulu Village were included as respondents. A total of 64 tomato farmers participated in this study. The data collected were analyzed using the Cobb–Douglas production function model. The results of the study in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency, indicate important patterns in local farming practices based on data regarding land area, fertilizer use, seed use, pesticide use, and tomato production. The majority of farmers cultivated land ranging from 7,060.12 to 7,614.72 hectares, reflecting a tendency to manage relatively large farm areas. In terms of fertilizer application, most farmers used between 130.05 and 139.53 kilograms, suggesting a preference for higher input levels to achieve optimal yields. Regarding seed use, the dominant range was between 156.04 and 175.36 kilograms, which may contribute to better production outcomes. Pesticide application also showed a dominant pattern within the range of 4,001.72 to 4,878.76 liters, indicating farmers’ primary strategy in controlling pests and diseases.

Lifestyle changes, such as smoking habits, low physical activity, and suboptimal sleep patterns, have the potential to affect various health indicators. However, empirical evidence showing a direct link between lifestyle factors and objective health indicators still shows varying results. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lifestyle factors and health indicators in adult respondents, in an effort to provide an empirical picture of behavioral factors related to health conditions. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional observational analytic design. Data were obtained from 94 respondents who had complete lifestyle data and health examination results. Lifestyle factors analyzed included smoking habits, exercise frequency, and sleep duration, while health indicators included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, uric acid, and pulse rate. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and the Spearman correlation test according to the characteristics of the data distribution. The results showed that smoking habits were significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), exercise frequency was significantly associated with BMI and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), and sleep duration was significantly associated with uric acid levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship between lifestyle factors and other health indicators did not show statistical significance. These findings indicate that the influence of lifestyle on health is specific to certain indicators and is not evenly distributed across all health parameters. This study concludes that identifying lifestyle factors relevant to certain health indicators is important as a basis for formulating more targeted health promotion strategies.

The factors influencing lowland rice production in Padang City are the focus of this study. The study was conducted through a field survey of lowland rice farmers to obtain primary data relevant to farming activities. The analysis method used was multiple linear regression with the dependent variable being lowland rice production (Y) and independent variables including land area (X₁), seeds (X₂), fertilizer (X₃), labor (X₄), and farming experience (X₅). The research findings show that simultaneously all production factors, including land area, seeds, fertilizer, labor, and farming experience, have a significant effect on lowland rice production in Padang City. Partially, the variables of fertilizer and labor have a significant effect on lowland rice production, while land area, seeds, and farming experience have no significant effect. These findings indicate that the increase in lowland rice production in Padang City is more determined by input intensification efforts, particularly through appropriate fertilization and labor availability, compared to land expansion. As a result, agricultural policies need to be directed at increasing input efficiency to support the productivity and sustainability of rice farming.

This study aims to describe dietary patterns, food consumption habits, hygiene awareness, and environmental and social factors related to digestive disorders in junior high school students. This study used a descriptive approach with a closed-ended interview method (Yes/No answers) with Thirty-five  junior high school students using 15 questions. The results showed that some students did not have consistent breakfast habits, had a high tendency to consume fried foods and sugary drinks, and demonstrated low awareness of food safety and hygiene habits such as washing hands before eating. In addition, the school environment, peer influence, and psychological well-being influence students’ eating patterns. These factors contribute to digestive problems in some students. Therefore, schools must actively participate in maintaining a clean environment, providing students with healthy food options, and providing ongoing nutritional instruction on digestive health.

Postpartum depression is a mood disorder that occurs in mothers after childbirth, with symptoms that can appear from pregnancy until 4 weeks postpartum. This condition negatively impacts the psychological health of the mother and the development of the baby. This study aims to analyze factors associated with the risk of postpartum depression. The method used was quantitative with an analytical survey design through a cross-sectional approach. Data collection was carried out using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) questionnaire consisting of 10 questions. The results of the validity test showed a calculated r value of > 0.3610 and the reliability test obtained a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.67. The study sample consisted of 42 respondents selected using a total sampling technique, with inclusion criteria of mothers aged ≥18 years, in the period <6 weeks postpartum, and willing to be respondents. Data analysis used the chi-square test. The results showed that all variables had a significant relationship with the risk of postpartum depression (p < 0.05). These variables include age (p=0.040), education (p=0.018), occupation (p=0.011), history of depression (p=0.024), complications (p=0.017), economic status (p=0.048), parity (p=0.016), type of delivery (p=0.006), husband's support (p=0.000), and family support (p=0.028). Therefore, it can be concluded that demographic, obstetric, and social support factors play an important role in the risk of postpartum depression. These results are expected to form the basis for prevention efforts and early intervention to improve postpartum maternal mental health.

Male reproductive performance serves as a foundational metric for predicting the reproductive quality traits of progeny. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between semen quality in Etawa Grade (PE) and Boer bucks and non-genetic factors, specifically age and season. The research utilised secondary data on fresh semen production collected from 2018 to 2022. Quality parameters evaluated included ejaculate volume and individual sperm motility. Data were obtained from the Central Java Artificial Insemination Center and analysed using the Statistical Analysis System On Demand for Academics to determine the interactive effects of age and season on fresh semen production. The results indicated that bucks in the younger age category tended to produce higher semen volumes compared to other age groups. In conclusion, there is a general interaction between age and season on the semen quality of PE and Boer bucks. The interaction observed in fresh semen volume and motility was significantly influenced by individual age differences and seasonal factors based on rainfall levels. Further research is warranted to investigate these interactions across additional macroscopic and microscopic parameters.

Abstract. This study aims to examine the causes, forms, and strategies for combating violence against female Indonesian migrant workers (PMI) from a legal, sociological, and gender perspective. The background of this research is based on the vulnerability of female PMI to various forms of physical, psychological, sexual, and economic violence, which occurs from the pre-placement stage to the post-placement stage, as well as the long-term impact on mental health, human rights, and socio-economic reintegration. The method used is empirical legal with primary data collection through in-depth interviews with female PMI victims of violence and accompanying institutions, as well as secondary data in the form of literature reviews, laws and regulations, and scientific publications. The analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods, integrating human rights theory, Feminist Legal Theory, and international migration policy. The results of the study show that the vulnerability of female migrant workers is caused by economic factors, education, patriarchal culture, non-transparent recruitment processes, the characteristics of work in the informal sector, power imbalances with employers, and weak legal protection in the destination country. The forms of violence experienced include beatings, sexual harassment, threats, social isolation, wage withholding, and structural exploitation practices. Protection efforts implemented include preventive approaches through training, legal education, legal document guarantees, and assistance from law enforcement agencies, as well as repressive approaches through action against perpetrators of violence and bilateral cooperation with destination countries. This study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive and sustainable protection for female Indonesian migrant workers, covering all stages of labor migration as well as strengthening digital-based monitoring systems, officer capacity, and cross-sector collaboration to ensure the safety, dignity, and fulfillment of the human rights of female Indonesian migrant workers.  

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis strategi pengelolaan arus kas dalam mendukung keberlanjutan usaha kue tradisional dengan mengambil studi kasus pada Toko Roti Ganjel Rel Ambarawa. Pengelolaan arus kas yang efektif merupakan faktor krusial dalam menjaga keberlangsungan usaha kecil dan menengah, khususnya pada industri makanan tradisional yang menghadapi tantangan fluktuasi permintaan musiman dan persaingan dengan produk modern. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi kasus melalui observasi langsung, wawancara mendalam dengan pemilik usaha, serta analisis dokumen keuangan selama periode enam bulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Toko Roti Ganjel Rel Ambarawa menerapkan beberapa strategi kunci dalam pengelolaan arus kas, meliputi sistem pencatatan keuangan harian yang terstruktur, pengelolaan persediaan berbasis permintaan historis, diversifikasi produk untuk menstabilkan pendapatan, serta penerapan kebijakan kredit yang ketat kepada pelanggan. Strategi-strategi tersebut terbukti efektif dalam menjaga likuiditas usaha dengan rasio kas rata-rata sebesar 1,8 dan periode perputaran kas selama 15 hari. Temuan penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi praktis bagi pelaku usaha kue tradisional dalam merancang sistem pengelolaan arus kas yang berkelanjutan serta kontribusi teoretis dalam pengembangan model manajemen keuangan untuk usaha mikro kecil dan menengah sektor kuliner tradisional.

Indonesia merupakan negara yang rawan gempa bumi, seperti yang terjadi di Yogyakarta tahun 2006 yang menimbulkan banyak korban jiwa dan kerusakan besar. Hal ini menunjukkan pentingnya kesiapsiagaan bencana di perguruan tinggi. Mahasiswa sebagai agen perubahan berperan penting dalam mitigasi bencana. Self efficacy atau keyakinan diri menjadi salah satu faktor yang memengaruhi kesiapsiagaan mahasiswa. Penguatan self efficacy di kalangan mahasiswa sangat penting untuk membangun kesiapsiagaan bencana di perguruan tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian mini video edukasi penanganan kegawatdaruratan gempa bumi terhadap self efficacy mahasiswa keperawatan anestesiologi. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan desain pre-eksperimental dengan pendekatan pretest and postest design tanpa kelompok kontrol. Teknik sampling menggunakan Simple Random Sampling dengan instrumen berupa lembar angket kuisioner. Hasil bivariat menggunakan uji Wilcoxon.  Hasil analisis bivariat menggunakan uji wilcoxon menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan antara self efficacy sebelum dan sesudah pemberian edukasi video yaitu didapatkan nilai signifikansi atau sig (2-tailed) sebesar 0.000 <0.05. sehingga H0 ditolah dan Ha diterima. Kesimpulannya terdapat pengaruh pemberian mini video edukasi penanganan kegawatdaruratan gempa bumi terhadap self efficacy mahasiswa keperawatan anestesiologi.

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh pentingnya peningkatan kinerja pegawai sektor publik yang sering terkendala birokrasi, budaya organisasi hierarkis, dan regulasi ketat. Kepemimpinan autentik dan penyesuaian pekerjaan dipandang sebagai faktor yang dapat   memengaruhi kinerja pegawai baik secara langsung maupun melalui keterlibatan kerja. Kepemimpinan autentik berperan dalam menciptakan iklim kerja yang terbuka dan penuh integritas, sedangkan penyesuaian pekerjaan memberi ruang bagi pegawai menyesuaikan pekerjaan dengan kekuatan dan preferensi pribadi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan survei terhadap 153 pegawai Dinas Perhubungan Kabupaten Pemalang. Instrumen berupa kuesioner berskala Likert yang diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) untuk menguji hubungan langsung maupun mediasi antar variabel berdasarkan teori JD-R, COR, dan Authentic Leadership. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan empat hipotesis diterima dan satu ditolak. Penyesuaian pekerjaan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap keterlibatan kerja dan kinerja pegawai, serta menjadi prediktor paling kuat bagi kinerja (β = 0,432). Kepemimpinan autentik berpengaruh positif terhadap keterlibatan kerja (β = 0,335), namun tidak signifikan terhadap kinerja (β = 0,120). Keterlibatan kerja terbukti memediasi sebagian hubungan penyesuaian pekerjaan dengan kinerja, tetapi tidak memediasi pengaruh kepemimpinan autentik. Model penelitian mampu menjelaskan 44,2% varians keterlibatan kerja dan 60,8% varians kinerja pegawai. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya faktor individual seperti penyesuaian pekerjaan dibandingkan faktor kepemimpinan top-down dalam meningkatkan kinerja pegawai di sektor publik. Implikasi praktis penelitian ini adalah perlunya organisasi pemerintah mengembangkan program penyesuaian pekerjaan, memperkuat keterlibatan kerja, serta membangun kepemimpinan autentik sebagai fondasi budaya kerja yang positif.

Video steganography faces fundamental challenges in balancing embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness, where conventional Least Significant Bit (LSB) methods often produce visual artifacts such as flickering. To address this, this research proposes an advanced method named Adaptive Multi-layer LSB, which dynamically adjusts the number of embedded bits in each pixel based on a multi-factor analysis of the video's spatial and temporal characteristics. This adaptation mechanism is evaluated through three primary criteria: brightness level, local texture complexity, and inter-frame motion stability. Quantitative evaluation using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Frame Difference Stability Index (FDSI) metrics demonstrates that the proposed method achieves high visual quality, with an average PSNR of 42.15 dB and SSIM of 0.985. These results significantly outperform the non-adaptive approach, which only recorded a PSNR of 38.5 dB. More importantly, the FDSI value of this method (1.25) is much lower compared to the non-adaptive approach (3.40), demonstrating its superiority in maintaining temporal stability. Thus, this approach provides a significant contribution to enhancing security and quality in video steganography practices. Abstract: Video steganography faces fundamental challenges in balancing embedding capacity, imperceptibility, and robustness, where conventional Least Significant Bit (LSB) methods often produce visual artifacts such as flickering. To address this, this research proposes an advanced method named Adaptive Multi-layer LSB, which dynamically adjusts the number of embedded bits in each pixel based on a multi-factor analysis of the video's spatial and temporal characteristics. This adaptation mechanism is evaluated through three primary criteria: brightness level, local texture complexity, and inter-frame motion stability. Quantitative evaluation using Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR), Structural Similarity Index (SSIM), and Frame Difference Stability Index (FDSI) metrics demonstrates that the proposed method achieves high visual quality, with an average PSNR of 42.15 dB and SSIM of 0.985. These results significantly outperform the non-adaptive approach, which only recorded a PSNR of 38.5 dB. More importantly, the FDSI value of this method (1.25) is much lower compared to the non-adaptive approach (3.40), demonstrating its superiority in maintaining temporal stability. Thus, this approach provides a significant contribution to enhancing security and quality in video steganography practices.

Overburden removal at Pit B did not meet the production targets for June and July 2025, which were set at 570,698.8 BCM and 400,986.56 BCM, respectively, while the actual production achieved was 507,071.66 BCM and 312,128.23 BCM. This study aims to determine the theoretical productivity of loading and hauling equipment and to identify the factors that hinder the achievement of production targets. The primary data used in this study include the cycle time of loading equipment, the cycle time of hauling equipment, bucket fill factor, and delay time. The secondary data required consist of swell factor, number of passes, bucket capacity, and available working time. The productivity of the loading equipment was 332.58 BCM/hour, while the hauling equipment achieved a productivity of 53.16 BCM/hour, with a match factor of 0.74. This indicates that the loading equipment experienced waiting time during loading operations due to the hauling equipment not operating optimally or at full capacity. The factors inhibiting the achievement of production targets include a narrow, waterlogged, and uneven working face; hard overburden material; a road grade of 16%, which exceeds the standard maximum of 12%; a curve road width of 15 m, which is less than the ideal minimum width of 19.95 m; undulating haul roads; narrow haul road width; and dusty road conditions.

The normal flora of chickens refers to the microbial communities that naturally inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and body surfaces of chickens, playing a crucial role in health, digestion, and immunity. This community consists of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus, which assist in feed fermentation, vitamin synthesis, and inhibition of pathogenic growth. Additionally, the normal flora may include potential pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter, which can cause diseases if microbial balance is disrupted. The diversity and balance of the microbiota are influenced by various abiotic factors, including feed quality, access to clean water, ambient temperature, humidity, and environmental hygiene. Biotic factors, such as microbial interactions, rearing systems, and contact with other animals, also play a significant role in determining microbial composition. Several studies have shown that the use of feed additives, such as probiotics and phytogenics, can enhance populations of beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Extensive rearing systems, which provide chickens with more space and exposure to natural environments, tend to increase microbiota diversity compared to semi-intensive systems with more restricted conditions. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective health management strategies and optimizing safe and sustainable poultry production.