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Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease whose exact cause is not yet fully understood. This condition is characterized by damage to the articular cartilage, resulting in pain, joint stiffness, decreased muscle strength, muscle spasms, and reduced functional activity of the patient. Several factors contribute to the development of osteoarthritis, including age, gender, race, genetic factors, smoking habits, history of trauma, type of occupation or physical activity, exercise habits, and obesity. The prevalence of osteoarthritis increases with age; among individuals aged 65–74 years, approximately 39% experience knee osteoarthritis and 23% experience hip osteoarthritis. In those over 70 years old, almost all individuals, both men and women, show symptoms of this condition. Osteoarthritis is a chronic progressive disease characterized by inflammation of the articular cartilage and synovial membrane, which causes persistent pain, joint stiffness, decreased muscle strength, and reduced mobility. Physiotherapy management for this condition aims to reduce pain, improve muscle strength, and enhance joint function. Common therapeutic modalities used include Shortwave Diathermy (SWD), Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), and the Hold Relax exercise technique, which helps relax muscles and increase joint range of motion

Tennis elbow, or lateral epicondylitis, is an inflammatory condition of the lateral epicondyle commonly caused by repetitive overuse of the forearm extensor muscles. It is characterized by pain, limited joint range of motion, decreased muscle strength, and reduced functional capacity. Physiotherapy interventions, particularly ultrasound and exercise therapy, have been widely applied to reduce pain and restore functional performance. This study employed a case study design involving a 42-year-old female patient diagnosed with left-sided tennis elbow. The intervention was conducted over four therapy sessions. The modalities consisted of ultrasound, providing thermal and micromassage effects to reduce pain, combined with exercise therapy, including passive stretching to increase soft tissue flexibility and eccentric exercise to improve tendon strength and function. After four sessions, the patient showed significant improvement, including reduced pain during movement and palpation, increased joint range of motion in elbow flexion-extension, forearm pronation-supination, and wrist dorsiflexion-palmarflexion. Muscle strength, particularly in the extensors, pronators, supinators, and wrist dorsiflexors, also improved. Functional activity, measured using the PRTEE scale, demonstrated notable enhancement from mild disability to better functional independence. The combination of ultrasound, passive stretching, and eccentric exercise is effective in reducing pain, enhancing range of motion, strengthening muscles, and improving functional ability in patients with left-sided tennis elbow.

Ankle sprain is a musculoskeletal injury caused by excessive stretching or tearing of the ankle ligaments. This injury often occurs in the ligament due to sudden inversion and plantarflexion movements during activities, resulting in overstretching of the ligament. Objective: aims to determine the benefits of providing theraband exercise and ultrasound in treating ankle sprain patients. Method: This research used a case report method which was carried out at Bung Karno Hospital, Surakarta by taking a sample of one of the sprain patients by observing and providing therapy for 3 sessions. Then, measurements were taken every time therapy was carried out. Results: in this study, the results obtained from the physiotherapy intervention were an increase in muscle strength, a decrease in pain, an increase in Range of Motion and an increase in functional activity. Conclusion: physiotherapy management by providing a program in the form of electrotherapy in the form of ultrasound and exercise therapy using thera-band exercise for ankle sprained patients which was carried out in 3 training sessions gave positive results with a decrease in pain, an increase in muscle strength, and an increase in Range of Motion.

Radius fracture and supracondylar joint stiffness are common post-traumatic complications that can reduce upper extremity function and limit daily activities. These problems are generally accompanied by pain, decreased range of motion (LGS), and muscle strength, thus disrupting the patient's functional independence. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of multimodal physiotherapy interventions in improving the clinical condition of patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness. This study is a case study of a 47-year-old male patient treated at Panembahan Senopati Bantul Regional Hospital. Physiotherapy interventions were carried out twice, with modalities consisting of infrared therapy, muscle release techniques, assisted active exercises, strengthening exercises, and hold-relax techniques. Clinical evaluation was carried out using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) for pain, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) for muscle strength, goniometer for LGS, and Mayo Elbow Score for joint function. The results of the study showed a decrease in pain levels, an increase in LGS and muscle strength, and an improvement in daily activity function. The synthesis of these findings indicates that multimodal physiotherapy interventions have a positive clinical impact on postoperative joint stiffness and musculoskeletal disorders. In conclusion, a combination of various physiotherapy techniques is effective in addressing pain, mobility limitations, and functional impairment in patients with post-ORIF radius fractures and supracondylar joint stiffness, and underscores the importance of a comprehensive and individualized rehabilitation approach.

Frozen shoulder is a musculoskeletal disorder of the glenohumeral joint characterized by pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion, generally occurring at the age of 45-60 years and often associated with low physical activity or comorbid diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of physiotherapy interventions in the form of a combination of ultrasound, Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS), muscle release, and exercise therapy in a 72-year-old male patient with left frozen shoulder. The method used is a case study with interventions including ultrasound, TENS, muscle release, and active, passive, isometric, pendulum, walking finger, and passive stretching exercises given during three meetings. The results showed a decrease in silent, pressure, and motion pain, as well as a decrease in the SPADI score indicating an increase in shoulder function. The implications of this study indicate that the combination of electrotherapy and exercise therapy modalities can provide positive results in reducing pain and increasing functional activity in cases of frozen shoulder, although further research is needed with more varied intervention designs and durations to strengthen these findings.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is a peripheral neuropathy disease that occurs due to compression or pressure on the median nerve which causes narrowing of the carpal tunnel. Common symptoms of CTS are pain, numbness, and paresthesia which usually spread to the fingers, especially the thumb, index finger, and middle finger. To determine the effectiveness of non-operative therapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome using modalities of tools and exercise therapy in the form of nerve gliding exercise, free exercise with resistance, hand grip, and manual therapy techniques. Case report study is used as a research method by taking samples from 1 patient with a case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS). The measuring instruments used are Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for the pain scale, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT) to measure muscle strength, Goniometer to measure Range Of Motion (ROM), and Wrist Hand Disability Index (WHDI) to measure functional activity ability. After the implementation of the 3rd therapy there were changes, namely decreased pain, increased muscle strength, increased ROM and increased functional activity.  This case study shows that there is effectiveness in providing exercise therapy, manual therapy and electrotherapy in cases of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS).

Human breathing involves a process that brings oxygen from the outside air to body tissues and expels carbon dioxide from the lungs. This mechanism is characterized by decreased inspiratory pressure, reduced minute ventilation, and increased tension in the respiratory muscles. So that breathing for humans is very important, in certain conditions, the respiratory tract can be disrupted and cause various symptoms, one of the respiratory disorders is pneumothorax. Pneumothorax is the presence of air in the pleural cavity. This can cause problems with ventilation, oxygen supply, or both. When these symptoms occur in the absence of lung trauma or obvious pathology, the patient is said to have primary spontaneous pneumothorax. If the pneumothorax is accompanied by complications or the presence of pulmonary disease, the prognosis of the disease will be worse and treatment will be more difficult. One of the actions in pneumothorax cases is physiotherapy rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to find out whether physiotherapy intervention can reduce complaints in pneumothorax patients. .  Patients are given exercise therapy in the form of pursed lip breathing, thoracic expansion exercise and gentle massage. From the therapy given as much as 3x therapy, the results were obtained in the form of decreased shortness of breath, increased thoracic expansion and increased functional activity.