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This research is motivated by the diversity of students found in Islamic boarding schools. Islamic boarding schools are an appropriate base for instilling religious and cultural values ​​in students. Therefore, differences in race, ethnicity, customs, social class, and culture are not addressed with exclusive and fanatical attitudes to prevent conflict. The purpose of this research is to provide multicultural education management training in Islamic boarding schools as an educational alternative that can be applied to address the problems faced by students and the current multicultural society, so that each student can live side by side despite differences in harmony and peace in accordance with religious and cultural values. The research method used is qualitative with the PAR (Participatory Action Research) model. For data collection, in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation were used. The results of this study are that multicultural education management training is a preventive effort to address various problems and becomes a real solution to existing problems in Islamic boarding schools related to the religious and cultural values ​​of students. In addition to being an alternative means of solving problems, multicultural education management training is also a means of fostering students so that they do not lose their cultural roots in accordance with religious values. Thus, the implementation of multicultural education management training can be said to be successful if it can produce students who have a tolerant attitude, are not hostile, and do not conflict caused by differences in culture, ethnicity, customs, social class, abilities, and others.

Equality in education and employment is an important foundation for realizing social justice as mandated by Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. Equality means that every individual has the same rights to access, treatment, and opportunities without discrimination based on gender, religion, ethnicity, social status, or physical condition. In education, equality is realized through equal access to learning facilities, an inclusive curriculum, and equal opportunities for all students to develop. Meanwhile, in the field of employment, equality includes fair opportunities in recruitment, promotion, training, and commensurate income. Education plays a strategic role in building awareness of equality by instilling the values ​​of empathy, tolerance, and social justice. A multicultural approach and inclusive education are key to shaping students who value diversity and reject discrimination. Although various policies have been implemented, such as the Smart Indonesia Card (KIP) and affirmative action programs for marginalized groups, challenges such as socio-economic inequality, discrimination, the digital divide, and weak policy implementation remain major obstacles. Therefore, comprehensive efforts are needed, encompassing policy reform, improving teacher quality, and implementing pluralism-based character education to create a just, inclusive, and equal Indonesian society.

The purpose of this study is to determine how the social behavior of the Margoagung Village Community, especially Ngino Hamlet, in preserving local wisdom inherited from the ancestors of Mbah Bregas, especially in building community harmony. This field research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. This research was conducted by taking a case study in Ngino Hamlet, Margoagung Village, Seyegan Sub-district, Sleman Regency from June to July 2025. The informants of this study were the leaders, committees, traditional figures and all parties involved and witnessed directly the Merti activities of Margoagung Village. Data collection was carried out through observation, interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out through four stages, namely: data documentation, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions/verification. The study findings show that the entire series of Merti activities of Mbah Bregas Village, Margoagung Village build community harmony through participation, cooperation and mutual cooperation without distinguishing religion, ethnicity, race, social strata and profession.

Indonesia’s diversity in ethnicity, culture, religion, and language demands an approach that can simultaneously address intellectual, spiritual, and national dimensions. The integration of philosophy, Pancasila, and theology becomes essential in responding to this complex reality. Philosophy strengthens critical and reflective thinking, helping individuals interpret differences with awareness and avoid hasty judgments, which is crucial in reducing social tension and fostering dialogue. Pancasila, as the nation’s ideological foundation, provides an ethical-political framework that guarantees unity, freedom, and justice for all citizens regardless of background. Theology complements these foundations by offering transcendental ethics and spiritual guidance that shape compassionate attitudes toward others and the environment. A contextual and inclusive theological perspective supports religion’s role as a source of enlightenment and encourages interfaith solidarity in a pluralistic society. When these three elements are integrated into education, public policy, and social culture, they help form a society that is intellectually critical, socially inclusive, and spiritually resilient. Core values such as empathy, justice, equality, and shared responsibility can develop more strongly in daily interactions. Although challenges such as identity crises, misinformation, and online intolerance remain, collaboration between the state and civil society is needed to maintain an inclusive public sphere. Through strengthening philosophical education, deepening appreciation of Pancasila, and advancing contextual theology, Indonesia can build a just and harmonious society.

Indonesia is widely recognized as a diverse country with differences in ethnicity, religion, culture, and language. This diversity, while being a national strength, can also create social tension if not properly managed. In this context, Pancasila plays an essential role as a guiding principle in maintaining social harmony. This study aims to explore how Pancasila contributes to creating harmony within Indonesia’s diverse society. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach through a literature review of recent academic sources. The findings indicate that the values of tolerance, unity, and social justice embedded in Pancasila are still relevant and influential in shaping harmonious social interactions. However, in reality, the implementation of these values has not been fully optimal, especially due to the influence of globalization and the rapid development of digital technology. This study suggests that strengthening Pancasila-based education and increasing public awareness are necessary to maintain social balance. Therefore, continuous efforts are needed so that the values of Pancasila remain alive and practiced in everyday life.

This study analyzes the relationship between intercultural communication competence and cultural empathy in Madura ethnic nomadic students. As a group that often faces challenges in cross-cultural communication, migrant students need to have high adaptability in order to interact effectively in diverse academic and social environments. This study aims to understand how the process of cross-cultural communication can shape the cultural empathy of Madura ethnic nomadic students, as well as how factors such as cross-cultural awareness, ease of perspective, feelings of empathy, and expressions of empathy contribute to their adaptation. This study uses a qualitative approach with an in-depth interview method of Madurese ethnic nomadic students spread across several provinces in Indonesia. The results of the study show that effective cross-cultural communication can help students in adjusting to a new environment, increasing comfort in interacting, and strengthening cultural empathy. Key factors contributing to this process include the ability to understand cultural differences, language skills, as well as a willingness to participate in the local culture.

Multicultural counseling considers various aspects of the counselee, including race, ethnicity, culture, and gender. This approach is important to understand the different cultural backgrounds and personal experiences of counselees, as well as how counseling can identify their psychosocial needs through the counseling process. The research method used, namely, qualitative with the type of literature study derived from relevant literature, such as books, journals, or scientific articles on the topic to be selected. The results of this study include, (1) The view of multicultural counseling, (2) Redefinition of multicultural counseling, (3) Implications of multicultural counseling, (4) Development of Multicultural Counseling in Indonesia.

The research paper Examining the leadership of the Office of the Accountant General of the Federation (OAGF), it is evident that the country is in trouble and need a leader capable of bringing out the best in Nigerian supporters and guiding the country toward stability. The next logical step after gathering data is research analysis. Both the main data gathered from the in-person interviews and the data already available from public sources spanning the 50-year study period were analyzed using the constant comparative approach (Merriam, 2019). This clarified the qualitative case study technique utilized in the research design, which examined the influence of leadership on the governance of infrastructure development in Nigeria between 1960 and 2020. This leader needs to be dependable, emotionally knowledgeable, firm, prepared to endure hardships for the country, committed to bridging ethnic divides, and able to instill hope in the populace. leader must be able to process a variety of information and find effective solutions to challenging issues. This essay embraces the idea that leadership entails a leader or leaders, followers, and a social influence process. This viewpoint is influenced by clinical psychology socio-emotional intelligence and social psychology concepts of social influence; as a result, leadership for Nigeria will be examined from these angles.

Regardless of ethnicity, gender, or social standing, poverty and injustice are twain plaques that are ruining lives and undermining the core of existence, according to the examiner. As a result of the unimaginable devastation, world leaders and As societal systems are being exhausted, policymakers are searching for solutions; mobility rates have increased, and the discourse surrounding income distribution is tainted. While other nations who are severely overburdened are struggling to understand the realities of these economic thunderbolts, others that have recognized these terrible patterns are formulating plans to counter the escalating threat. The purpose of the study is to look into the causes and antecedent effects of poverty on the Nigerian economy because, in spite of the admirable efforts made by the federal, state, and local governments to reduce and eradicate poverty, the nation is still plagued by widespread poverty and issues with property and life insecurity, endangering the nation's ability to remain an indivisible whole. Although there are more than a billion people in Africa, Nearly half of the population is impoverished and at risk, and this number is still rising (World Population Review, 2014). With a population of more than 170 million, Nigeria is battling not only poverty but also a host of other problems, such as a lack of capable leaders, corruption, deteriorating infrastructure, and problems with nutrition and health. In order to gather data, the study used a descriptive technique with questionnaires; 80 questionnaires were recovered and 120 were randomly dispersed to the respondents. According to the findings, poverty has increased, which has resulted in incidents like armed robberies, prostitution, bombings, and insecurity of life and property. The document makes several recommendations, including that the government develop workable programs and give young people the tools they need to become self-sufficient.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the distribution and condition of historical heritage, which symbolizes the identity of Malay culture in the Medan Maimun area. This study uses a case study approach for its qualitative method. Information is obtained through direct observation at the location, intensive interviews with local residents and site managers, and review of historical archive documents. The findings show that although the Maimun Palace, the Grand Mosque, and Sri Deli Park have a high level of culture, there are elements of modernization, lack of structural problems, and inadequate maintenance, which cause great difficulties in preserving these heritages. Therefore, there is a need for the government, community, and academics to work together in determining the best conservation strategy.  

This paper's goal is to undertake a critical evaluation of Nigerian democracy's speed, practices, patterns, priorities, issues, and future. Although Nigeria is still run by democratically elected officials, after a century as a political entity, Nigeria has yet to institutionalize democracy at the federal and state levels. After more than 50 years of political independence, the study examines some of the challenges Nigeria faces in institutionalizing democracy. These include the nation's colonial past mixed with the whims of deeply ingrained ethnicity; a smug and extravagant leadership; the military's constant meddling in the democratic process; electoral fraud; widespread poverty; and a high rate of illiteracy. According to the publication, corruption is the main cause of most of the aforementioned issues and has essentially taken on a life of its own in Nigeria. However, the study argues that despite the aforementioned, there is still hope for a politically secure and democratically viable People's enthusiasm to vote, the multi-party system's relative stability and sustainability, and the widespread recognition that the only legitimate and well-liked path to gaining political power is through the voting booth are what define the nation. The historical approach of data analysis—simple descriptive collation and analysis of historical data—is used in this paper, which draws its data from primary and secondary source materials. 

Indonesia needs get rid of terrorism For forever . Journal This aiming For describe and analyze with use approach various effort countermeasures crime terrorism in Indonesia. Methods research used​ in study This use approach qualitative descriptive For serve description about terrorism and some strategy For to fight crime This is in Indonesia. Formulation problem based on description background back on top is as following : what just factor crime terrorism in Indonesia and how method overcome crime terrorism in Indonesia. Terrorism is disturbing phenomenon . Efforts​ countermeasures crime terrorism committed​ Government implemented through effort repressive . There are five factors that cause crime terrorism in Indonesia, namely : ethnicity , nationalism / separatism , poverty and inequality and globalization , non-democracy , violations dignity humans and religious radicalism .

Indonesia is known for its diversity of culture, ethnicity, religion and customs. One of the noble values ​​contained in Indonesian culture is the spirit of mutual cooperation. Mutual cooperation is a form of cooperation between individuals or groups in solving work or problems together, regardless of social status, background or personal interests. In the history of the Indonesian nation, this spirit has proven to be a solid foundation in building social solidarity, strengthening unity, and supporting the sustainability of social life. However, along with the times and rapid advances in technology, the value of mutual cooperation has begun to be replaced by the values ​​of more individualism. emphasizes personal interests and individual achievements. The modern era, with all the dynamics and influence of globalization, has caused many people to focus more on personal success without considering collective interests. This aims to re-explore the spirit of mutual cooperation in the modern era with an approach that is relevant to current developments, as well as finding ways to restore the value of togetherness which is increasingly being eroded by individualism.

This study discusses the material on the relationship between multicultural education and the democratic political system in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic Religious Education. Multicultural education adheres to the principle of equality of rights and degrees in education, regardless of differences in ethnicity, race, religion and culture. Meanwhile, in the existing democratic political system in Indonesia, adhering to the Pancasila Democracy system which holds the principle of difference is the capital of unity, different but still one in the frame of freedom for each individual to choose the direction of democracy and politics, but does not cause division in one unit as a child of the nation. The results of this study show that there is a strong relationship between multicultural education and the democratic political system in Indonesia based on the perspective of Islamic Religious Education, the relationship is as follows: 1) Divine relationship, 2) Justice relationship, 3) Equal relationship of rights and degrees, and 4) Independence relationship.

The Indonesian nation is a nation which is often called a multicultural nation, in which there are various religions, ethnicities, races, even languages ​​and cultural customs. This research was conducted so that readers realize that living amidst a diverse society is not easy, so it is necessary to have a sense of love and tolerance within oneself to produce harmony. This is in line with the basic Christian faith in love and harmony. Then what is the role of Christian Religious Education in maintaining tolerance in diverse communities, for example, from religion, ethnicity, culture and so on.

Genocide is one of the most serious crimes in international law, regulated by various legal instruments such as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1998 Rome Statute. This crime involves the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This study aims to analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in enforcing genocide law and identify the obstacles in applying individual criminal responsibility. Additionally, mechanisms for resolving genocide disputes through peaceful and legal means in international law are discussed. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, analyzing international legal documents and case studies. The results show that although the ICC has jurisdiction to try genocide cases, law enforcement processes often face political challenges, particularly the UN Security Council veto power and state sovereignty. In conclusion, international efforts to address genocide require stronger cross-country cooperation and enhanced legal mechanisms to overcome political and diplomatic challenges.