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Closed distal humerus fractures are injuries involving the distal portion of the humeral bone without disruption of the overlying skin, most commonly resulting from direct trauma such as the impact of a heavy object or blunt force to the elbow region. Although relatively uncommon in adults, this type of fracture presents considerable complexity due to its proximity to neurovascular structures and the elbow joint. Diagnosis is established through targeted anamnesis, comprehensive physical examination, and radiographic imaging in two standard projections to assess the location, fracture pattern, and degree of displacement. Additional modalities such as computed tomography (CT) may be indicated in cases of articular or comminuted fractures to enhance operative planning. Management depends on fracture stability, the extent of displacement, and the condition of surrounding soft tissues. In unstable or comminuted fractures, operative intervention such as Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF) is the preferred approach to restore bony continuity, reconstruct articular anatomy, and enable early mobilization. The primary therapeutic goals are to optimize elbow function, maintain joint stability, and prevent long-term complications including stiffness, malunion, delayed union, or non-union. Postoperative rehabilitation plays a crucial role in preventing restricted range of motion and restoring extremity strength. This case report describes a 49-year-old male with a comminuted closed distal humerus fracture of the left arm following direct trauma from a heavy object. The patient underwent complete clinical and radiological evaluation and was treated with ORIF. Early outcomes demonstrated adequate restoration of stability and alignment, affirming that accurate diagnostic assessment and timely intervention significantly contribute to optimal functional recovery of the affected extremity.

Caesarean section (CS) is a major surgical procedure frequently performed for childbirth with specific medical indications. Early mobilization after CS is crucial to accelerate recovery and prevent complications. The Enhanced Recovery After Caesarean Surgery (ERACS) method is a modern approach aimed at enhancing recovery through multimodal pain management and early mobilization. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the ERACS method on early mobilization in post-caesarean section mothers. This research employed a quantitative design with a one-group post-test only approach. The study population comprised postpartum mothers following CS at Islamic Hospital (RSI) Al-Ikhlas Pemalang. A total of 50 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using observation sheets and analysed using a one-sample t-test. The results showed that the majority of respondents (78%) achieved independent early mobilization, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.000, indicating a meaningful effect. This study consists of viii (8) pages of introduction, 72 pages of main discussion, 5 data tables, 2 conceptual framework diagrams, and 8 supporting appendices. In conclusion, the ERACS method has a positive effect on early mobilization in post-caesarean section mothers.

Sectio caesarean (SC) is a major surgical procedure performed to save the mother and baby when normal delivery is not possible. However, this procedure may cause postoperative complications such as impaired physical mobility due to pain, muscle weakness, and anesthesia effects. These limitations can delay the healing process, increase the risk of infection, and reduce the mother's self-care ability. One effective non-pharmacological intervention to accelerate recovery is early mobilization through Range of Motion (ROM) exercises. This case study aims to analyze the effectiveness of early mobilization (ROM) intervention on improving mobility and reducing pain in post-sectio caesarean mothers. The study was conducted in June 2025 at RSUD Kajen with three respondents who underwent SC for different obstetric indications (postterm, CPD, and severe preeclampsia). The research design used a descriptive case study with pre–post intervention approach. The results showed that after performing ROM exercises gradually from six hours post SC, pain intensity decreased from a scale of 7–8 to 1–3 within three days. Mobility ability improved from only being able to turn sideways to sitting and walking with assistance. Respondents also showed increased motivation and independence in self-care activities. In conclusion, early mobilization (ROM) intervention is effective in accelerating recovery for post-sectio caesarean mothers. This intervention helps reduce pain, improve circulation, strengthen muscles, and enhance psychological adaptation. Early mobilization should be applied as part of routine nursing interventions in the postpartum ward.

The rate of deliveries by cesarean section (CS) continues to increase globally and is projected to reach 29% by 2030. Although CS is medically effective in ensuring maternal and neonatal safety, the procedure often results in moderate to severe postoperative pain, which may hinder early mobilization, slow recovery, and reduce the mother’s overall quality of life. Effective pain management is therefore crucial. Non-pharmacological therapies such as endorphin massage and lavender aromatherapy have been recognized as complementary approaches that stimulate the release of relaxation hormones, provide natural analgesic effects, and help reduce anxiety. This study aimed to analyze the effect of combining endorphin massage and lavender aromatherapy on reducing pain levels in post-cesarean section mothers. A quasi-experimental design with a pre–posttest control group was employed. A total of 34 respondents were selected using purposive sampling and divided into intervention and control groups. The study was conducted in the maternity ward of SMC Telogorejo Hospital from March to April 2025. The intervention group received endorphin massage combined with lavender aromatherapy for 10–30 minutes, while the control group was given deep breathing relaxation only. Pain levels were measured before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Data were collected through questionnaires and medical records, and analyzed using univariate and bivariate techniques with the Mann–Whitney test. Results showed a p-value of 0.000 and Z = -3.774, indicating a significant effect of the intervention. These findings suggest that endorphin massage combined with lavender aromatherapy is effective in reducing postoperative pain. Further studies with larger samples are recommended to explore the optimal duration and frequency of therapy.

Pulmonary contusion is a common complication of blunt chest trauma that leads to parenchymal damage, edema, and bleeding, resulting in impaired respiratory function. Thoracotomy procedures to manage rib fractures are often accompanied by complaints of chest pain and dyspnea. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of physiotherapy interventions, specifically breathing exercises and early mobilization, in reducing pain and shortness of breath in a patient diagnosed with pulmonary contusion post-thoracotomy. A case report method was employed with six sessions of breathing exercises and assisted active mobilization over a seven-day period. Assessment was conducted using pain scores, Borg dyspnea scale, and thoracic expansion measurements. Results indicated a reduction in pain and dyspnea scores as well as improved thoracic expansion in the fracture area. Physiotherapy interventions were shown to be effective in promoting respiratory recovery and reducing postoperative complications.

Sectio Saesarea is a way of delivering a fetus by making an incision in the uterine wall through the front wall of the abdomen or vagina or SC is a hysterotomy to deliver a fetus in the uterus (Batara, 2022, p.1). SC is known as one of the procedures that can save both mother and baby. SC can effectively prevent death and disability in mothers and newborns. SC is performed on 3 indication factors, namely maternal, fetal and obstetric factors themselves. The problem that usually arises after SC is pain. Patients after sectio caesarea surgery will feel pain when the effects of anesthetic drugs have disappeared (Solehati & Kosasih, 2015). Postoperative pain after anesthesia is a common complication and will appear 1-3 hours (Saputra, at, al.2023). Pain appears due to the release of pain receptors due to the disconnection of tissue continuity due to the incision process during surgery. Post SC patients usually complain of pain in the abdominal incision area (Wahyuningsih et al., 2022). Pain in patients must be treated immediately so as not to interfere with the mother's activities. There are 2 pain management, namely pharmacological and non-pharmacological. Pharmacological therapy is carried out by administering drug therapy to reduce pain. Non-pharmacological therapy that can be done to reduce pain is one of them early mobilization. Early mobilization after cesarean section is a movement, position or activity carried out by the mother several hours after giving birth by cesarean section (Mawarni, 2018). Early mobilization techniques are very effective in relieving pain. Early mobilization is recommended for post-SC mothers, because it can increase the independence of post-SC patients, as well as support the wound healing process, and reduce pain (Dirgahayu, 2019). Early mobilization interventions can help patients reduce the pain scale felt postoperatively. Case studies using descriptive methods with a nursing process approach were carried out on 3 respondents of post op pregnant women using the One Group Pretest Posttest research design which was measured using the NRS instrument for 3 days. The results showed a decrease in the pain scale in respondents after being given early mobilization interventions. 

Laparotomi is a surgical procedure in which the abdominal wall layer is operated on to remove the part that is experiencing problems. One of the problems that can occur in post laparotomy patients is pain. Pain is a person's emotional experience due to tissue damage that occurs after surgery. Laparotomy postoperative pain management must include all aspects, both in pharmacological and non-pharmacological aspects because pain is not only influenced by surgical wounds but also influenced by emotions. One of the non-pharmacological treatments that can be given to laparotomy postoperative patients is early mobilization. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of early mobilization on reducing pain intensity in postoperative laparotomy patients at Cengkareng Hospital, Belimbing Room in 2024. This research design is a quantitative study with a quasi experimental method using a one group pre-post test design approach, the sample technique uses total sampling, the samples in this study were 20 intervention group samples, the results of statistical tests with the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test obtained the results of the p value = 0.001 or <0.05 there is a difference between the pain scale before and after early mobilization. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of early mobilization on reducing pain intensity in patients post laparotomy surgery  

Maternal mortality in Indonesia is still dominated by three main causes of death:bleeding, hypertension in pregnancy, and infection. One high MMR may be due to complications in labor, including SC. Complications that can occur after caesarean section surgery are infections, called postoperative morbidities. The purpose of this study to determine the Factors Associated With Healing Post SC Injury At Efarina Berastagi Hospital. This research type is analytic survey research with cross sectional. The data used is using chis-quare test. The population are 36 peoples and the total sample of 36 peoples. From result of research indicate that from result of Chi-square statistic test at 95% confidence level with α = 0,05, obtained by Asymp. Sig age (0. 001), nutrition (0.041), and early mobilization (0.035) <α (0.05). The conclusion of the study is the relationship of age, nutrition and early mobilization with SC with Post Injury Healing at Efarina Berastagi Hospital in 2023. It is suggested to the hospital to further improve the quality of health service and the managerial of the house more emphasize the implementation of early mobilization for SC mother to avoid infection and to accelerate the recovery of cesarean section injection, and to nurses and midwives to provide and monitoring of the implementation of early mobilization more intensively and to observe nutritional status of post SC mother to accelerate wound healing.