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This study aims to investigate the integration of information systems and the associated security challenges within Afghanistan's current market, emphasizing the complex relationship between technological innovation, governance stability, and institutional readiness. Using the Delphi method, the study engaged experts from academia, government, and the private sector to identify key barriers and enablers shaping Afghanistan's digital transformation. Findings reveal that the country's progress in adopting information systems is hindered by fragmented policies, weak cybersecurity awareness, infrastructure limitations, and dependency on donor-funded projects. Despite growing recognition of the importance of digitalization, Afghanistan's institutional fragility continues to impede coordinated implementation and sustainable innovation. Comparative insights with other emerging markets highlight that long-term investment in digital literacy, regulatory coherence, and private sector engagement are critical to overcoming these barriers. The study highlights the importance of adopting a hybrid developmental model that harmonizes local institutional realities with internationally recognized technological standards, fostering adaptability and resilience within Afghanistan's volatile environment. It advances existing understanding by demonstrating how governance reform, human capital enhancement, and cybersecurity integration function as mutually reinforcing components of the nation's digital transformation. Sustainable progress depends on establishing a unified national vision that bridges technology, education, and governance, thereby reinforcing market integrity and institutional stability amid persistent security and economic uncertainty.

Community diagnosis is a strategic step that aims to identify fundamental problems in the community, determine problem priorities, and formulate appropriate solutions to overcome them. One of the identified health issues is a significant increase in cases of mumps (epidemic parotitis), an acute infectious disease caused by the mumps virus, a member of the Rubulavirus genus. This increase in cases was recorded in the Puskesmas work area from the beginning of the year to November 2024. This phenomenon raises concerns regarding the potential for widespread health problems at the community level. Therefore, this intervention activity was carried out with the hope of reducing the incidence of mumps in the Puskesmas work area.The methodology applied in this activity includes data collection through mini surveys, analysis of health determinants using the Blum Paradigm, determination of problem priorities through the Delphi method, and identification of root causes using a fishbone diagram. Based on the results of this analysis, the interventions implemented include counseling on mumps and preventive measures, as well as demonstrations of proper hand washing. The results of the intervention showed a significant increase in knowledge, where all participants (n=40, 100%) obtained a post-test score of ≥ 7, indicating a good understanding of the material presented. In the demonstration session, a number of participants were also able to demonstrate the steps for washing hands according to the correct procedure. From the results of the analysis, it was found that the increase in mumps cases in this area was closely related to community lifestyle factors. Therefore, this intervention is expected to not only increase community knowledge about mumps, but also encourage the implementation of clean and healthy living behaviors, especially in the practice of washing hands, as a preventive measure to reduce the number of transmissions and accelerate case handling.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by infection with bacteria from the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex group. TB prevention efforts are crucial, especially for individuals at high risk of exposure, to disrupt the chain of transmission of this disease. The intervention aimed to increase community understanding of TOSS TB (Find, Treat, Treat Until Cured) so that it can be applied in daily life. It is expected that after the intervention, participants' knowledge will increase, as will their ability to demonstrate the practices taught appropriately. Data collection was conducted through a mini-survey of the community in the local Community Health Center (Puskesmas) working area. The data obtained were then analyzed using the Blum Paradigm to identify factors contributing to the problem. Problem prioritization was carried out using the non-scoring Delphi method, while root cause analysis was conducted using a fishbone diagram. During the intervention process, pre- and post-tests were conducted to evaluate changes in the level of knowledge of villagers before and after the intervention. For program monitoring and evaluation, the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle approach and a systems approach were used. The analysis using the Blum Paradigm showed that lifestyle was the primary contributing factor to the problem. After the intervention, three participants were able to repeat the material effectively, demonstrating a better understanding of TB prevention. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the intervention was successful and is expected to encourage improvements in public health in the village. Furthermore, this program is also expected to serve as a model for other public health interventions, thereby expanding the positive impact of TB control efforts in other areas. Thus, public awareness and knowledge about TB can continue to increase, which in turn will contribute to reducing TB incidence in Indonesia and improving the overall quality of life of the community.

Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva commonly affecting individuals of all ages. In Indonesia, its rising prevalence raises concerns due to its impact on quality of life and potential for community transmission. This program aimed to improve public awareness and prevention of conjunctivitis, particularly in the Puskesmas area. Cause analysis was conducted using Blum’s Paradigm, with data collected via a mini-survey. Problem prioritization applied the non-scoring Delphi method, and root causes were identified using a fishbone diagram. The intervention focused on health education and proper handwashing demonstrations. Evaluation was conducted using the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle and a continuous monitoring system. Results showed an increase in post-test scores following education sessions, indicating improved community understanding of proper hand hygiene to prevent conjunctivitis transmission. The initiative is expected to continue as part of community health promotion and prevention efforts.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, transmitted via droplets from coughing or sneezing. TB mainly affects the lungs but may spread to other organs (Extrapulmonary TB). In the Puskesmas working area, 166 TB cases were recorded. This activity aimed to increase the number of recipients of Tuberculosis Preventive Therapy (TPT) among individuals with close contact history. Problem identification used Blum’s Paradigm, with data collected through a mini survey. Priority issues were determined using the non-scoring Delphi method, and root causes were analyzed via a Fishbone diagram. Evaluation applied the PDCA cycle and systems approach. Lifestyle factors were identified as the main contributor to low TPT coverage. After implementing counseling as an intervention, results showed positive outcomes: 50% of residents and 71% of health cadres experienced improved knowledge. The intervention is considered successful and is expected to enhance TPT coverage sustainably.

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of neurodegenerative disorder, characterized by cognitive decline, β-amyloid plaque accumulation, and oxidative stress in brain tissue. One promising alternative therapy is the use of anthocyanins, flavonoid compounds found in various red, purple, and blue-colored plants. This study aims to review the effectiveness of anthocyanins in preventing and slowing the progression of Alzheimer’s disease through a literature review. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 were selected from PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, with inclusion criteria focusing on preclinical animal studies evaluating the effects of anthocyanins on neurodegenerative markers. The results show that anthocyanins, particularly pelargonidin and delphinidin, play a role in improving memory, reducing oxidative stress, and inhibiting β-amyloid plaque formation in animal models. Anthocyanins also enhance antioxidant enzyme activity and reduce neuronal apoptosis. These findings support the potential of anthocyanins as neuroprotective agents in Alzheimer’s therapy, although further clinical research is required to validate their efficacy in humans.