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Soil strength characteristics are strongly influenced by its physical and mechanical properties, one of which is shear strength. Soil shear strength is affected by cohesion (c), internal friction angle (ϕ), and soil moisture conditions. In open-pit mining conditions, soil moisture content is greatly influenced by rainfall and water seepage, which can increase the degree of saturation within the soil mass. An increase in the degree of saturation generally leads to a rise in pore water pressure, thereby reducing the effective normal stress and resulting in a decrease in soil shear strength. This study aims to determine the effect of the degree of saturation on soil shear strength. This research employs a quantitative method to analyze the influence of the degree of saturation under three conditions (natural, dry, and saturated) on soil shear strength through laboratory testing using the direct shear test. The tests conducted include soil physical properties testing in accordance with SNI 1965-2008, specific gravity testing based on SNI 1964-2008, and soil shear strength testing following SNI 3420-2016. The results indicate that the average degree of saturation under natural conditions is 64.63% with a cohesion value of 7.4 kN/m², under dry conditions is 33.18% with a cohesion value of 8.2 kN/m², and under saturated conditions is 83.08% with a cohesion value of 3 kN/m². It can be concluded that a higher degree of saturation or more saturated soil samples result in lower cohesion values, whereas a lower degree of saturation or drier soil samples lead to higher cohesion values.

Increasing traffic activity at unsignalized intersections often results in congestion and delays. The intersection of Jl. Imam Bonjol and Jl. Daya Nasional experiences these conditions, making performance evaluation necessary. This research tends to scrutinize the intersection performance under existing conditions and five-year projected conditions and to identify appropriate improvement measures. The analysis was carried out using the 2023 Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (PKJI 2023) and PTV VISSIM microsimulation software. Data on intersection geometry, vehicle speed, and traffic volume were collected through CCTV observations on weekdays and weekends. The results show that under existing conditions, the degree of saturation reached 1.170 with an average delay of 33.75 seconds (LOS D). In the five-year projection, the degree of saturation increased to 1.239 with an average delay of 53.69 seconds (LOS E). These findings indicate a decline in intersection performance, highlighting the need for alternative traffic management measures to improve operational performance and service levels.    

The increase in traffic volume in urban areas often triggers various problems, especially at Road intersection points that have a high level of interaction between vehicles. One of the locations that experience these problems is the intersection with the island of traffic without signal on Jl. Tebu-Jl. Tabrani Ahmad, City Of Pontianak. This study aims to analyze the performance of the intersection in the existing condition and project its performance in the next five years (2030), as well as formulate alternative treatment that can improve the smoothness of traffic. The analysis method refers to Indonesian road capacity guidelines (PKJI) 2023 and modeling using software PTV VISSIM. The data collected include intersection geometry, traffic volume, and vehicle speed. Traffic volumes were obtained through CCTV recordings for three consecutive days, then processed and presented in the form of tables and graphs for easy interpretation. The results of the existing condition analysis showed that the degree of saturation (DS) reached 0.407 with an average delay of 9.539 seconds (Level of Service/LOS B) based on PKJI, while VISSIM simulation resulted in a delay of 12.54 seconds (LOS B). The five-year projection (2030) shows an increase in DS to 0.878 with a delay of 15.177 seconds (LOS C) from PKJI, and 23.35 seconds (LOS C) from VISSIM, which indicates a decrease in Junction performance as traffic grows. Two handling alternatives were analyzed, namely the construction of roundabouts and the implementation of traffic flow management. VISSIM simulation shows that the roundabout can reduce the delay to 14.31 seconds with a queue length of 20.34 m (LOS B), while the flow management produces a delay of 11.81 seconds with a queue of 13.14 m (LOS B). This result confirms that both alternatives are able to improve the performance of the intersection compared to the projected condition without handling, so that it can be a technical recommendation for urban traffic planning in Pontianak.

Unsignalized intersections are a major point of concern due to the increasing number of vehicles. Bima City is a city located on the eastern part of Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province. As a developing city, congestion and busy traffic often occur on roads or intersections of Mongosidi and Anggrek roads. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the performance and level of service of unsignalized intersections at Mongosidi Street and Anggrek Street. The method used refers to the Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) 1997. This study aims to determine the indicators of traffic behavior at unsignalized intersections. The results of the calculation obtained a total flow of 3147 smp / hour, a capacity value (C) of 4234 smp / hour and a degree of saturation (DS) of 0.74, Traffic Delay (DT) of 8.07 sec / smp, intersection delay (D) of 11.73 sec / smp and upper and lower limit queuing opportunities of 44.46% and 17.74% respectively. This condition occurs on Monday, March 17, 2025 at the peak hour of 06.45-07.45 WITA. For the level of service of the intersection pattern, the conditions on Monday, March 17, 2025 at the peak hour of 06.45-07.45 WITA are also categorized as type C, namely stable flow, but the speed and movement of vehicles are controlled.Drivers are limited in choosing speed, with saturation density (Ds) around 0.45 - 0.74.

Congestion in Pontianak City significantly impacts traffic flow, affecting both efficiency and comfort of road transit. The city's unsignalized intersections, crucial for managing vehicle flow from multiple directions, are under scrutiny for their performance. A study using the Indonesian Road Capacity Guidelines (IRCG) has assessed intersections, that the degree of saturation often exceeds acceptable limits, leading to congestion and increased delays. The research highlights that the current capacity of these intersections is insufficient to handle the growing traffic demand. For instance, under maximum traffic flow conditions, one intersection recorded a total traffic flow of 2,978.20 pcu/hour against a capacity of 2,716.40 pcu/hour, resulting in a degree of saturation of 1.096. This indicates a need for interventions like installing traffic signals or modifying road geometry to enhance flow efficiency. Despite these findings, the analysis of existing conditions specific unsignalized intersections showed a level of service value of E and F, suggesting that these intersections currently require immediate improvements. However, to further improve intersection performance, recommendations include reducing side obstacles, enhancing road geometry, and installing two-phase traffic signals, which offer the highest capacity with minimal delay. These measures aim to ensure that Pontianak City's transportation infrastructure can effectively.

The Raya Blega Street intersection is one of the intersections with a relatively high vehicle volume in Bangkalan Regency. There is no APILL (Traffic Signaling Device) available at this intersection, so it has an impact on traffic flow at the intersection. The existence of the market causes many side obstacles which reduce the optimal performance of the intersection. This condition causes the intersection to experience traffic delays, especially during peak hours such as when leaving work or when leaving. In this research, researchers want to identify the problem of congestion at the Raya Blega street-Rajawali street intersection by calculating and analyzing the performance of the Raya Blega street-Rajawali street intersection using the PKJI 2023 method so that it can be used as a benchmark for assessing the performance of unsignalized intersections and assisting related parties in handle problems at the intersection and it is hoped that they can handle the problems that occur at the intersection so that it can create security and safety for passing users.In this study, the highest value was obtained for existing conditions on Monday, April 29 2024, at morning peak hours (07.00-08.00) at approach point A (east Raya Blega street) with an intersection capacity value of 2297,96 smp/hour and the value obtained The degree of saturation is 0,36 and the delay value is 8.44 sec/smp so it is included in Level of Service B. So the status of the Raya Blega street-Rajawali street Bangkalan Regency intersection is still suitable to be maintained.

The construction of the Parepare City Twin Bridges resulted in increasing vehicle volumes and the occurrence of traffic jams which resulted in obstruction of traffic flow or congestion. The aim of this research is to determine the existing conditions, performance of intersections and road sections and their handling. The type of research used is quantitative, with the data collection method carried out (survey) and the data analysis used is MKJI 1997. The results of this research show that the existing condition of the intersection and road sections in segment 1 is at level of service (LoS) B, segment 2 v/c ratio is at level of service (LoS) A, and segment 3 v/c ratio value is at level of service (LoS) A. The performance of intersections and roads in Segment 1, namely Jl. The peak hour for the Makassar-Parepare axis is 16.00-17.00 (afternoon) Monday, the traffic flow value (Qtot) is 1812.5 pcu/hour, the saturation degree (DS) value is 0.21. Segment 2 is Jl. Gen. M. Yusuf and Jl. Arung Mampi peak hours are 16.00-17.00 (afternoon) on Mondays. The traffic flow value (Qtot) is 262.7 pcu/hour, the degree of saturation (DS) value is 0.05. The handling is installing traffic signs; installation of warning lights or traffic lights.

The uniaxial compressive strength value is one of the important parameters that is widely used in rock engineering projects in determining rock mass. The strength of rocks is greatly influenced by the water content and degree of saturation in the rock. Reduction of strength in rock is associated with an increase in water content, a slight increase in water content will cause a significant deviation in the compressive strength test value.This research is quantitative research, so to obtain accurate calculation data, testing methods are used in the form of compressive strength tests on rocks and physical properties tests in the treatment of samples of original rock, saturated rock and dry rock before testing. In this research, 2 types of rock were used, including limestone and sandstone in 2 rock formations, namely the Balikpapan formation and the Pulaubalang formation, so that the accuracy of the test result values ​​could be obtained well. Based on the results of observations and calculations that have been carried out, the water content values ​​of limestone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Balikpapan formation are obtained with average values ​​of 1.709%, 2.262% and 0.961% respectively. The water content of sandstone in natural, saturated and dry conditions is the Pulaubalang formation with average values ​​of 2.491%, 9.425% and 0.463% respectively. The UCS value of limestone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Balikpapan formation has an average value of 25.29 Mpa, 37.57 Mpa and 40.70 Mpa respectively. The UCS value of sandstone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Pulaubalang formation has an average value of 9,565 Mpa, 6,537 Mpa and 12,730 Mpa. It can be concluded that the correlation between uniaxial compressive strength values ​​and water content values ​​in limestone and sandstone shows a positive linear correlation, which means they have a strong relationship. The higher the compressive strength value of limestone and sandstone, the lower the water content value.    

Special stopping space for motorbikes is one of the facilities for motorbikes to stop at intersections during the red phase. This special stopping space has been tested on a limited scale to support the movement of motorbikes at signalized intersections in large cities in Indonesia. This research aims to evaluate the intersection and then plan a special stopping room according to the number of motorbikes piling up during the red phase at the intersection. Intersection evaluation is carried out based on primary data and secondary data. The calculation method is guided by the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) and Technical Planning Guidelines for Special Stop Spaces (RHK) for Motorcycles at Signalized Intersections in Urban Areas.The traffic behavior of the existing intersection is, west approach capacity 335 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) 1,878, queue length 97 m and average delay 157 sec/pcu. East approach capacity is 342 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) is 2,295, queue length is 97 m, and average delay is 169.3 sec/pcu. North approach capacity is 600 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) is 0.546, queue length is 157 m, and average delay is 69.2 sec/pcu. South approach capacity is 941 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) 0.987, queue length 245 m, and average delay 111.6 sec/pcu.The special stopping space design on the northern approach is 2 lanes with an approach lane and an area of ​​84 m2; on the southern approach, namely 2 lanes with an approach lane and an area of ​​84 m2; on the western and eastern approaches do not meet the 2012 Age Work Department Service standards in RHK planning.

The development of transportation in the city of Semarang, especially in the Banyumanik area, has an impact on increasing the movement of people, stuff and services. this greatly encourages an increase in transportation facilities and infrastructure in the Banyumanik area. An increase in the number of vehicles that is not matched by the development of infrastructure will cause conflicts on the road, especially at intersections or roundabouts. So far, on roads in the Banyumanik area, at certain hours there is often an ineffective traffic rush with road performance being an important infrastructure in transportation. This study used calculations based on MKJI 1997. The data collection was carried out by survey directly at the intersection location in this study determined 5 days and 3 observation sessions every day. It was found that the tirto agung intersection had 322 types of intersection and the highest traffic was on Wednesday 21 June 2023 with a traffic flow value of 3528 pcu/hour, capacity 2722 pcu/hour, degree of saturation 1.296, intersection delay 92.938 sec/pcu, queue probability 69.225% - 143.302%. Based on the research results, the performance value of the Tirto Agung intersection does not meet the 1997 MKJI requirements where the degree of saturation allowed for the unsignalized intersection type is <0.75, it is necessary to have a physical intersection engineering (APILL) or non-physical (Traffic Engineering) at the intersection location.

One of the intersections in the city of Palembang is the Three-way Intersection of Bukit Siguntang, which is a signal-free intersection. This intersection is located in an educational and residential area, connecting Srijaya Negara Street and Demang Lebar Daun Street. The road has a very high volume of vehicles, with traffic flows reaching 45,208 vehicles on Sundays or holidays, 82,124 vehicles on Mondays, and 80,379 vehicles on Wednesdays. Among these three days, Monday is the busiest day with a vehicle count of 84,364. The intersection's performance is evaluated by examining the capacity levels at each approach. The Three-way Intersection of Bukit Siguntang shows a degree of saturation (DS) above 0.85 on all approaches, indicating that the road capacity has reached a saturation level resulting in a service level of D for the intersection, with an average intersection delay of 34.27 seconds/vehicle. To enhance the intersection capacity, several alternatives can be implemented, including road geometric widening and changing the traffic flow policy from two-way single lane to one-way single lane. Simulation of the capacity improvement for the intersection with both alternatives indicates that road geometric widening results in a delay of 24.58 seconds/vehicle, falling within the service level C for the intersection. Meanwhile, changing the traffic flow policy from two-way single lane to one-way single lane results in a delay of 17.39 seconds/vehicle, also falling within the service level C for the intersection.

Persimpangan jalan sebidang  merupakan tempat pertemuan  arus kendaraan dari berbagai arah,  baik yang menuju  dan yang meninggalkan persimpangan. Hal ini mengakibatkan terjadinya konflik antar kendaraan yang pada saat bersamaan berada pada titik yang sama. Pada umumnya pengendara akan mengurangi kecepatan, hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya tundaan. Evaluasi kinerja persimpangan perlu dilakukan, untuk mengetahui kinerja persimpangan terkini. Langkah antisipasi dapat segera dilakukan agar kinerja simpang dapat dijaga dan dipertahankan dalam kondisi baik. Dalam penelitian ini, akan dilakukan analisis kinerja persimpangan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Vissim, yang berlokasi pada simpang tidak bersinyal pasar butun, kota Balikpapan. Data yang diperlukan untuk masukan ke dalam model meliputi data arus lalu lintas pada jam sibuk atau jam puncak kepadatan dan data geometri persimpangan. Keluaran yang dihasilkan oleh model adalah informasi kinerja simpang berupa parameter Degree of Saturation (DS) pada kondisi eksisting yaitu sebesar 1,70 dan untuk kondisi 5 tahun yang akan datang 2,20.  Parameter panjang antrian dan waktu tundaan pada kondisi eksisting adalah 33,0 m dan 3,65 detik/smp dan untuk proyeksi 5 tahun yang akan datang adalah 87 m dan waktu tundaan 189 detik/smp.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyempitan jalan terhadap karakteristik lalu lintas jalan pada halte bus BRT depan Pasar Jatingaleh Semarang. Pergerakan masyarakat yang terjadi di Kota Semarang semakin meningkat seiring dengan perkembangan yang ada hingga menyebabkan meningkatnya arus lalu lintas. Salah satunya permasalahan yang mempengaruhi kondisi lalu lintas yaitu adanya penyempitan jalan, seperti pada jalan Teuku Umar tepatnya di halte bus BRT depan Pasar Jatingaleh Semarang. Pada lokasi tersebut sering terjadi kemacetan lalu lintas sehingga menyebabkan antrian panjang terutama pada jam-jam tertentu. Data diambil langsung dari lapangan meliputi volume, kecepatan, dan kepadatan lalu lintas. Analisis data didasarkan pada Manual Kapasitas Jalan Indonesia (MKJI) 1997 dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak Microsoft Excel. Adapun analisa hubungan karakteristik lalu lintas pada penyempitan jalan di ruas jalan Teuku Umar menggunakan model Greenshield. Dari hasil analisis diketahui bahwa kecepatan maksimum, volume puncak, kepadatan maksimum, kapasitas jalan, dan derajat jenuh atau degree of saturation diketahui dengan melakukan survey lapangan.