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This study aims to analyze legal protection for auction winners of mortgage rights within the framework of Indonesian laws and regulations. The auction of mortgage rights serves as a mechanism for executing secured collateral with binding legal force; however, in practice, it often raises legal issues, particularly concerning legal certainty and protection for auction winners. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that legal protection for auction winners has been regulated under various laws, including the Mortgage Law, auction regulations, and provisions governing collateral execution. Nevertheless, challenges remain in its implementation, such as lawsuits filed by debtors or third parties that hinder the transfer and control of auctioned objects. This condition reflects a discrepancy between legal norms and their practical application. Therefore, strengthening regulations and ensuring consistency among law enforcement authorities are necessary to guarantee legal certainty and protection for auction winners. This study is expected to contribute to the development of secured transactions law and the improvement of auction practices in Indonesia.

Non-performing loans represent one of the risks faced by banks in their lending activities, particularly in housing loan (KPR) products. This study aims to analyze the procedures for resolving problematic housing loans and to identify the factors causing the decline in debtors’ repayment ability, as well as the obstacles encountered in the implementation of such procedures at PT Bank Tabungan Negara (Persero) Tbk, Tasikmalaya Branch Office. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through direct observation and interviews with relevant parties within the bank. The results show that the procedures for resolving problematic loans are carried out through several stages, including submission of restructuring applications, document verification, analysis of the debtor’s repayment capacity, determination of restructuring schemes, approval, agreement signing, and post-restructuring monitoring. These procedures are supported by the application of the 3R concept, namely rescheduling, reconditioning, and restructuring, which are implemented flexibly according to the debtor’s condition. The findings also indicate that the decline in debtors’ repayment ability is mainly caused by decreased income, job loss, increased living expenses, and unstable economic conditions. In practice, several obstacles were identified, such as incomplete documentation, lack of debtor cooperation, and issues related to collateral ownership that has been transferred from the original debtor. Therefore, improved supervision, better communication, and stronger coordination between the bank and debtors are necessary to ensure the effectiveness of loan resolution procedures.

Debt restructuring and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (PKPU) are legal instruments in the Indonesian bankruptcy system aimed at providing legal protection and maintaining a balance of interests between debtors and creditors. In practice, the PKPU process is not only related to the settlement of debts but also involves business continuity, legal certainty, and the stability of the business world. This research aims to analyze the position and optimization of the role of advocates in debt restructuring and the PKPU process in Indonesia, as well as to examine their role in providing legal protection for both debtors and creditors. The research uses a normative juridical method with a legislative and conceptual approach thru the analysis of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and PKPU, Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates, the Civil Code, as well as various regulations related to the resolution of commercial disputes. The research results show that lawyers hold a strategic position not only as legal representatives in Commercial Courts but also as legal advisors, negotiators, and debt restructuring facilitators who play a role in maintaining the balance of legal protection for the parties involved. The optimization of the role of lawyers is necessary thru the strengthening of professionalism, integrity, business competence, and a business rescue approach so that the PKPU and bankruptcy processes are not misused as tools of business pressure, but rather become means of fair, effective, and legally certain commercial dispute resolution.

This research aims to analyze the juridical mechanism and implementation of canceling unilateral actions by bankrupt debtors through the actio pauliana lawsuit, providing legal protection for creditors. Debtors often transfer assets before bankruptcy, reducing the value of the bankruptcy estate and harming creditors. Using a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study explores the legal basis of Article 1341 of the Indonesian Civil Code, as elaborated by Articles 41 to 50 of Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations (UUKPKPU). The analysis shows that canceling unilateral actions, such as asset transfers, grants, or debt waivers, requires evidence of bad faith and awareness of potential losses by both debtors and third parties. This lawsuit serves as a claw-back provision to retrieve assets that were wrongfully removed from the bankruptcy estate, ensuring the pari passu pro rata parte principle. The main obstacle is proving the subjective element of "knowledge" and the conflict of interest with protecting third parties acting in good faith. In conclusion, strengthening the curator’s role and aligning the interpretation of commercial court judges is crucial to protect creditors' economic rights from manipulative actions by debtors.

The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of online lending services based on Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2P Lending), which offer easy access to unsecured financing. However, this convenience poses significant risks when targeted at university students, who generally lack stable income and have weak financial literacy. The absence of manual verification and the suboptimal application of the prudential principle may result in a disproportionate debt burden for students. This study aims to analyze the extent to which the prudential principle is implemented by P2P Lending providers in granting loans to students, as well as to examine the legal construction of online lending agreements from a consumer protection perspective. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, doctrinal, and conceptual approaches. Data were obtained through literature review of relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and supporting documents. The application of the prudential principle by P2P Lending providers remains limited and tends to focus more on user expansion than on debtor risk analysis. Online loan agreements are unilaterally drafted through standard contracts that place students in a weak legal position, without adequate protective mechanisms. Students, as vulnerable debtors, have not yet received optimal legal protection due to weak implementation of the prudential principle and exploitative contractual arrangements. Regulatory reform and strengthened oversight are necessary to ensure contractual fairness.

Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism used to resolve a debtor's inability to fulfill debt obligations collectively, orderly, and fairly through a court decision. In the Indonesian bankruptcy system, the curator has a central role in managing and settling bankrupt assets to protect the interests of creditors while providing legal certainty for debtors. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the curator's authority in managing and settling bankrupt assets and to examine its implications for the protection of creditors’ and debtors’ rights from a business law perspective. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, conducted through a literature review of various relevant primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that the curator’s authority is expressly regulated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, which provides a legal basis for the curator to manage, secure, sell, and distribute bankrupt assets to creditors in accordance with legal provisions. However, in practice, several obstacles remain, such as difficulties in tracking assets, potential conflicts of interest, and a lack of transparency, which may affect the effectiveness of legal protection. Therefore, the professionalism of the curator and the supervision of the supervising judge are crucial factors in ensuring legal certainty, fairness, and efficiency in the bankruptcy process.

The financial crisis experienced by PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk prompted the company to enter into a Debt Payment Suspension (PKPU) process as a legal measure to avoid bankruptcy and restructure its finances. The complexity of debt, liquidity pressures, and post-pandemic operational challenges have made PKPU a strategic instrument for obtaining debt payment deferrals and formulating a settlement plan that is acceptable to creditors. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of PKPU affects Garuda's rescue efforts from the threat of bankruptcy and assess the extent to which the debt restructuring resulting from PKPU in 2021–2023 effectively improves the company's financial condition. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and case study approach to the homologation decision and Garuda Indonesia's official financial reports. The results of the study show that PKPU provides legal certainty for debtors and creditors through a collective postponement mechanism, and debt restructuring has been proven to significantly reduce the company's liabilities from around US$10.1 billion to around US$4.6 billion, while improving financial and operational stability in the short to medium term. In conclusion, PKPU serves as an effective corporate rescue instrument, while post-PKPU debt restructuring provides a strong foundation for Garuda Indonesia's financial recovery, although long-term sustainability still depends on the consistent implementation of the peace plan and the company's operational performance.