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Mangroves have high ecological and economic value for local communities, as spawning grounds, nursery grounds, feeding grounds for marine life, and act as protection against abrasion. Protected mangrove forests provide many choices for coastal communities to meet economic needs. However, the activities and exploitation of humans that increase from time to time can threaten, destroy and even reduce the stability of the life, quantity and quality of mangrove forests. This study aims to determine the physical and chemical parameters of the environment, the species composition and structure of the mangrove forest community in Paradiso Beach, Oesapa Barat Village, Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City. This research is quantitative descriptive. This research is located at Paradiso Beach, Oesapa Barat Village, Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City. Methods of data collection by making observations and recording the results of observations and interviews in the field, analysis in the laboratory and documentation. Data analysis begins with data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The results showed that station I had parameters of temperature (270C), pH (8.08), salinity (20.5‰), DO (6.42mg/l) and station II had parameters of temperature (280C), pH (7.99), salinity (21.7‰), DO (7.43 mg/l), the parameters of the two points of this station meet the environmental quality standards for mangrove forest communities. The composition of mangrove forest types at the two station points only consisted of 3 families with 3 mangrove species, namely Sonnetaria alba, Rhizophora apiculata, and Avicennia alba. Community structures of the mangrove forest at station I and station II were categorized as damaged with rare criteria at the tree level, sapling level and seedling level. Importance Value Index (INP) of station I (258%) and station II (222.1%), this shows that Sonneratia alba has a higher level of spatial tenure in mangrove forest communities, diversity index (H') at station I (0.64) and station II (0.71), this shows that the mangrove forest community has environmental stability. and the uniformity index (J') of station I (0.68) and station II (0.76), this shows an unbalanced distribution pattern between tree species in mangrove forest communities, and dominance index (D) of station I (0,61) and Station II (0.51), this shows the concentration and distribution of the dominant Sonneratia alba species in the mangrove forest community of Paradiso Beach, West Oesapa Village, Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City.

This study focuses on the importance of managing the confidentiality of electronic medical records (EMR) in the digital era as part of patients' privacy rights and the responsibilities of healthcare facilities. In Indonesia, several regulations have been established to protect patient data, such as Law No. 29 of 2004 on Medical Practice, Law No. 44 of 2009 on Hospitals, and the Information and Electronic Transactions Law (ITE) No. 19 of 2016, yet implementation continues to face significant challenges. This study uses secondary data from regulations and related literature to identify obstacles and the effectiveness of EMR data protection. The findings indicate that limited technology, insufficient understanding among healthcare personnel, and low patient awareness of their data protection rights hinder optimal confidentiality safeguards. Additionally, oversight of data access within hospitals is deemed inadequate. Increased education for healthcare workers, heightened patient awareness, and strengthened security infrastructure in healthcare facilities are essential to achieving improved patient data protection.

Unregistered marriage (nikah sirri) is a phenomenon that has attracted the attention of many, both from the perspective of Islamic law and positive law in Indonesia. This study aims to critically examine nikah sirri, including its definition, legal basis, and the social impacts it causes. Using a qualitative approach, this research collects data from various sources, including legal literature, interviews, and case studies. The results show that although nikah sirri is recognized under Islamic law, its practice often conflicts with the state's legal protection and can have negative consequences, especially for women and children. The issue of nikah sirri is complex as it involves two different legal domains—religious law and state law. On the one hand, nikah sirri may be considered valid according to Islamic principles if it fulfills the requirements and pillars of marriage. On the other hand, since it is not recorded in the state’s administrative system, it raises several legal and social issues, particularly regarding the protection of women's and children's rights. Therefore, a well-structured problem formulation is needed to thoroughly explore the conflicts and gaps between Islamic law and positive law in addressing the practice of nikah sirri.

In Indonesia, 50% of online loans are made using another person's identity card (KTP), with West Java province accounting for around 50%. So this study employs normative research approaches. Role of criminal law in cases of using another person's identity (KTP) to make online loans by providing criminal sanctions in accordance with Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2022 concerning Protection of Personal Data Article 67 paragraph (1) is punishable by a maximum imprisonment of 5 (five) years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 5,000,000,000 in conjunction with Indonesian Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions Article 48 Paragraph (1) Every person who complies with elements as intended in Article 32 paragraph (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 8 (eight) years and/or a fine of up to IDR 2,000,000,000. Suggestions for role of criminal law in cases of using someone else's identity (KTP) to make online loans are increasingly being implemented well and effectively, including (a) cooperation between government, legal entities, and Ministry of Information and Communications, such as ignoring suspicious links or attachments. (b) Collaboration between government, civil registration population service, and financial services authority in determining validity of a person's identity (KTP) when registering for online loans; however, this can only be done for online loans that have received operational permits from financial services authority. (c) Collaboration between government and community, such as not disclosing personal information to anybody. Second, disregard any suspicious links and only use legitimate applications. Third, update your password and make frequent backups of crucial data

In Indonesia, 50% of online loans are made using another person's identity card (KTP), with West Java province accounting for around 50%. So this study employs normative research approaches. Role of criminal law in cases of using another person's identity (KTP) to make online loans by providing criminal sanctions in accordance with Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 27 of 2022 concerning Protection of Personal Data Article 67 paragraph (1) is punishable by a maximum imprisonment of 5 (five) years and/or a maximum fine of IDR 5,000,000,000 in conjunction with Indonesian Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions Article 48 Paragraph (1) Every person who complies with elements as intended in Article 32 paragraph (1) shall be punished with imprisonment for a maximum of 8 (eight) years and/or a fine of up to IDR 2,000,000,000. Suggestions for role of criminal law in cases of using someone else's identity (KTP) to make online loans are increasingly being implemented well and effectively, including (a) cooperation between government, legal entities, and Ministry of Information and Communications, such as ignoring suspicious links or attachments. (b) Collaboration between government, civil registration population service, and financial services authority in determining validity of a person's identity (KTP) when registering for online loans; however, this can only be done for online loans that have received operational permits from financial services authority. (c) Collaboration between government and community, such as not disclosing personal information to anybody. Second, disregard any suspicious links and only use legitimate applications. Third, update your password and make frequent backups of crucial data

Juridical Review of the Digital Banking System for Customer Protection discusses legal certainty for customers in banking transactions via internet banking. The study highlights the protection of customers' personal data and the security of banking information regulated in related agreements including Law no. 10 of 1998 concerning banks and Law no. 11 of 2008, which was changed to Law no. 19 of 2016 concerning electronic information and transactions. Legal protection of online banking users from cybercrime also serves as a research focus. Several studies also highlight the importance of policy protection for victims of economic crime in the banking sector. Customer protection in digital banking systems is becoming increasingly important along with rapid technological developments

The conflict between Palestine and Israel continues to this day. The problems that occur between the two countries, namely between the Palestinian state and Israel regarding the seizure of territory occur after years marked by violence until now so that there needs to be an effort to protect international law against war victims of innocent civilians. The theory used in this research is the theory of legal protection. The theory of legal protection is very relevant to the research made here, because there needs to be international legal protection regarding the conflict between Palestine and Israel. The research method used regarding the protection of international law on the conflict between Palestine and Israel is carried out by means of qualitative descriptive research. The technique or instrument of data collection used is library research by studying various books as literature, official documents, laws and regulations, results of previous research, and other literature sources related to the problems studied. Legal efforts made internationally against this war conflict include the UN Resolution in 1947, the Geneva Convention, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the Olso Agreement.  

Jl. Boulevard and Jl. Pengayoman is a commercial area in Makassar City. Jl. Boulevard and Jl. Protection is quite strategic because it can be reached by all levels of society from various means of transportation. Various community activities such as walking, jogging, shopping, office activities, etc. have resulted in the increase in parking for visitors' vehicles in the area, covering the shoulders of the road and pedestrians. From the results of our previous research, it is clear that the cause of illegal parking that occurs in the commercial areas of Jalan Boulevard and Jalan Pengayoman is the limited parking space in each commercial building and the standard for calculating parking spaces in the commercial areas of Jalan Boulevard and Jalan Pengayoman. This is what causes the loss of user comfort and the change in pedestrian function to illegal parking in the Jl. Boulevard and Jl. Pengayoman is therefore an action that is contrary to Islamic Sharia which is haram because it is illegal, does not comply with local legal regulations and also harms other people. So, to restore the comfort and function of pedestrians in the commercial area of Jl. Boulevard and Jl. Pengayoman, we will carry out further research with the title "Planning Public Parking Areas in Commercial Areas on Jalan Boulevard and Jalan Pengayoman in Makassar City", where this research is to solve the problem of lack of parking spaces so that there is no more illegal parking in commercial areas on Jalan Boulevard and Jalan Protection of Makassar City. Data analysis uses qualitative and quantitative analysis which is used to explain the results of survey interviews with users and observations carried out on Jl. Boulevard and Jl. Pengayomanof Makassar City with the results of a literature review regarding parking spaces. This research is expected to provide a real picture to researchers as academics and the government as policy makers regarding public facilities built for the common good, as study material to determine policies that might be implemented to improve or add to these public facilities, and as a source a reference for writers who might carry out studies on urban planning.

This research aims to determine the implementation of accounting on company performance. The method used in this research is literature study. The type of data used in this research is secondary data, which comes from research journals that have been reprocessed. This research instrument is data on accounting implementation on company performance. Where the journal is used as a reference, the determination of reference data comes from the internet and accredited journal website sources. Then the data obtained is analyzed, concluded and reviewed to obtain conclusions from the literature study. The results of the research show that benchmarks can be found regarding the implementation of accounting on company performance so that it can be concluded that there is an increased focus on environmental problems which is in line with increasing environmental damage. Despite repeated emphasis on the importance of environmental protection, environmental damage continues to occur, especially in relation to business operations. To overcome this problem, environmental accounting is considered the best solution for companies to be responsible for managing the impact of environmental damage related to their business activities. However, there are still challenges in implementing environmental accounting, mainly due to a lack of awareness among individuals and society. Several case studies in Indonesia, such as industrial waste dumping and uncontrolled deforestation, show that environmental violations can result in companies being closed down by the government.    

The purpose of this study is to find out how the role of family learning center counseling services (PUSPAGA) in preventing early childhood violence. This research was motivated by the high problem of cases of violence in early childhood in Indonesia. The rise of cases of violence against children shows the need for effective protection and prevention efforts. PUSPAGA acts as the frontline in providing information, education, and counseling to prevent violence in early childhood. This study used the Library Research method with a literature review approach. Data collection techniques carried out are by reading, analyzing, and evaluating the results of existing research. The results of this study show that the factors causing an act of violence in children are economic factors and broken homes or divorce that can occur due to early marriage that causes parents not to have a mature emotional state in parenting. In the prevention of early childhood violence, PUSPAGA (Family Learning Center) will hold role playing classes, counseling programs for children and families, and premarital assistance for minors.

This research aims to find out how vital information security compliance is in reducing the risk of Data Breach. The method used in this research is Library Research (Library) which is the method used in this writing, and in its use, this method uses books, and journals both in written form and online. Based on the results obtained from this research, it can be concluded that a Data Breach is an incident where sensitive data or important information becomes vulnerable or is accessed by unauthorized parties. To prevent a Data Breach, organizations need to take various security measures, policies, and practices, such as encryption, access management, physical security, network security, security training and awareness, security policies, and monitoring and auditing. Sensitive data protection helps maintain the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data and protects the reputation and trust of customers and business partners. By implementing good sensitive data protection, organizations can reduce the risk of data breaches which can be financially detrimental and damage the company's image.  

This research aims to evaluate the development of teachers' professionalism in the digital era. The applied research method is a Literature Review. Data collection is conducted through library research to identify articles relevant to the research topic. The government strives to develop the teaching profession as a strong and respected occupation, as reflected in the enactment of Law No. 14 of 2005 concerning Teachers and Lecturers, which aims to develop the teaching profession through legal protection. With the rapid advancement of digital technology, teachers need to have appropriate qualifications to perform their duties effectively. A study indicates that strategies to enhance teacher competence involve comprehensive monitoring of learning aspects and gradual support from school principals and supervisors through training. The professionalism of teachers is reflected in their skills in applying information technology precisely and developing creative and innovative teaching methods.      

The purpose of this research is to analyze the legal protection for consumers in the inclusion of food labels according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection. This research is an empirical juridical research. This research framework departs from the conception of the law on consumer protection which contains legal protection for consumers in the inclusion of food labels according to Law No. 8 on consumer protection. This research is an empirical juridical research on five resource persons. The data is analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. Based on the results of the research, the criteria for food label violations according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning consumer protection are label falsification, false information, expiration, incomplete labels, inappropriate quality, unsubstantial health claims, illegal labels, lack of compliance with regulations, and health hazards. Legal protection for consumers in food labeling violations according to Law No. 8/1999 on consumer protection, which aims to protect the rights and interests of consumers and encourage healthy and fair business practices. Violation of this law can result in legal action and sanctions against business actors who violate consumer rights. If you have a problem or dispute as a consumer, you can utilize the mechanisms provided in this Act to protect consumer rights.

Ulayat rights are the highest control rights of customary law communities covering all land as well as those included in certain regional environments. Customary law looks at societyas the best place to live together where people view their fellow human beings as common goals. This type of research is a type of library research.which relies on study and study of texts. This is done because of the data sources used is in the form of literature data. Customary rights are rights to land owned by the community customary law before the UUPA was created, which can be converted into land rights. Respect and protection of the legal community and its rights are protected nationally, especially in Article 3 UUPA and Article 18 of the 1945 Constitution were amended. The Position of Land in Customary Law In customary law, land has a very important position. In the development process Currently, it is very important for indigenous peoples to participate in development activities.The public has the right to provide verbal and written input in the preparation processor discussion of draft laws and plans for regional regulations.

According to the Association of Indonesian Internet Service Providers, internet network users in Indonesia have increased. This increase in internet network users occurred in various places such as Atambua City, East Nusa Tenggara. Based on data from PT Telkom Indonesia, the Atambua branch, there was an increase in 1000 IndiHome internet users from 2019-2020. However, the increasing number of internet network users in Indonesia, the more cases that harm consumers, so a legal protection is needed. The formulation of the problem in this study is how to practice legal protection against IndiHome internet network users for internet network disturbances at PT Telkom Indonesia Atambua Branch and how the responsibility of PT Telkom Indonesia Atambua branch in dealing with internet network disturbances experienced by IndiHome network users. The research method used by the author in this research is a type of empirical juridical research. The results of this study indicate that PT Telkom Indonesia Atambua Branch has provided legal protection to IndiHome service users through a subscription contract signed by both parties and a form of legal protection that is provided preventively and repressively. The form of responsibility given by PT Telkom Indonesia Atambua Branch adheres to the principle of absolute responsibility or strict liability. The advice that the author can give is to PT Telkom Indonesia Atambua Branch the legal protection provided must be maximized again because in the subscription contract there are several consumer or customer rights that are not listed.

The increasing public interest in using the paylater feature on the Shopee application is still increasing and quite a few people do not understand their rights and obligations in using this feature. In order to provide certainty and protection for users and business actors, regulations are needed for paylater service providers. This research was created to analyze the form of agreement that arises in the implementation of sales and purchases using the Shopee Paylater feature, including the legal relationship between the parties to the transaction. The panel research method used is normative juridical which examines only library data or secondary data, which includes primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. According to existing research results, the agreements that occur in Shopee Paylater transactions with users based on the analysis of Article 1313 of the Civil Code do not conflict and this agreement is valid as explained in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. This agreement can occur in transactions which are standard agreements, namely agreements where the existing terms and conditions have been regulated unilaterally by the agreement provider. The standard agreement contained in the agreement in this paylater feature is regulated in Article 1319 of the Civil Code. The legal relationship between the parties concerned is PT. Commerce Finance as a creditor with Shopee Paylater consumers as a debtor based on a loan agreement as stated in Article 1754 of the Civil Code. The legal relationship that exists between PT. Commerce Finance with PT. LDN which is the giver of power of attorney and recipient of power of attorney. This of course makes PT. LDN has the right to distribute funds to the relevant Shopee Paylater users.

Franchising is a business system carried out by two parties, namely the Franchisor and the Franchisee, in which the Franchisor grants license rights to the Franchisee based on the Agreement. This Franchise Agreement is a legal basis that is made in writing. In order for a business to be said to be a franchise, it must follow the criteria specified in the regulations, one of which is registering the prospectus of the franchise agreement and ownership of the Franchise Registration Certificate. However, in reality, in this case Neynis Food, has not registered its business with the state, but has claimed itself as a business that opens a franchise. Therefore, the author conducts research to obtain an overview of the legal consequences that occur if the Franchisor does not register its franchise and legal protection for Franchisees. This paper is made using the normative juridical research method. This research is conducted by investigating secondary data, which means that this research examines the laws that apply to society and their implementation in practice. The results of the research on this issue show how the implementation of Indonesian laws and regulations on franchising practices in Indonesia and it is known that the Neynis Food business cannot be qualified as a franchise, and if it continues to claim itself as a franchise, then the business can be said to be illegal because it does not fulfill the elements of franchising regulated in Permendag 71 of 2019.

Smart City has become an important goal in urban development throughout the world, including in Tanjungpinang City. The government has a crucial role in realizing this Smart City vision. This research aims to understand the role of the government in achieving transformation towards a Smart City in Tanjungpinang City, as well as its impact on public services and the quality of life of the community. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interviews and document analysis as data collection methods. The research results show that the Tanjungpinang City government has played an important role in realizing a Smart City through various initiatives, such as the use of information technology, more efficient public services, better data management, and development of supporting infrastructure. The impact of this government effort is to increase accessibility, security and quality of life for the community. However, there are still several challenges that need to be overcome, including the public's lack of understanding about Smart Cities, the sustainability of Smart City projects, and the protection of personal data. Therefore, the government needs to continue to act as a facilitator, service provider and regulator to ensure that the transformation towards a Smart City in Tanjungpinang City runs well. This research provides insight into the government's role in realizing a Smart City in Tanjungpinang City, as well as the challenges that must be faced. The results of this research can be a reference for the government and other stakeholders in efforts to achieve the goal of a more sustainable and inclusive Smart City.

The aims of this research are: to know and understand the juridical analysis of the cancellation of land certificates by judges in the city of Gorontalo and to know and understand the judge's considerations regarding the cancellation of land certificates from an administrative perspective. The method used in this research is normative legal research obtained through literature study and primary data obtained in the field. This research took place at the Gorontalo City District Court. The results obtained from this research are that land is a requirement to achieve legal certainty and legal protection of land rights. Conditions for achieving legal certainty and legal protection of land rights. Land registration not only functions to protect the owner, but also functions to find out the status of the land plot, who the owner is, what rights they have, how big it is, what it is used for and so on. In this different legal position, the legal assessment by the judge becomes different, where the sale and purchase deed has the position of assessing the law of the agreement and is subject to the terms of the validity of the agreement, and if it is made illegally the sale and purchase deed can be canceled by the district court. 

Low Back Pain (LBP) has long been recognized as the only musculoskeletal condition that adversely affects more than three adults in daily life, known as the second skeletal ganglion. Hot Stone Massage uses bones that have been trained to be used as a means of relaxing muscles, ligaments and tendons. Objective: to determine the effectiveness of Hot Stone Massage in reducing pain in LBP sufferers. The research method used is a literature review approach, by searching for references using the PICO method on the Google Scholar database over a period of 10 years. Results: From the 3 journals studied, Hot Stone Massage had an effect on reducing pain in patients suffering from LBP, with temperature intensity >38°C and p-value p<0.05 showing a significant effect. Conclusion: The use of hot stone therapy also reduces the amount of pain that interferes with daily activities, such as the ability to manage loads, work performance, and sleep quality, in addition to providing long-lasting pain protection for most users during use and for two weeks after use.