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The development of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite materials has attracted considerable attention in the field of functional materials, particularly as electromagnetic wave absorbers. This literature review aims to analyze advances in synthesis methods, structural characteristics, magnetic properties, and electromagnetic absorption performance of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite reported in various studies. Synthesis techniques such as sol–gel, coprecipitation, solid-state reaction, and hydrothermal methods are compared to evaluate their effects on crystallite size, morphology, and phase purity. Lanthanum doping is known to modify lattice parameters, reduce coercivity, and enhance complex permittivity and permeability, which play crucial roles in absorption mechanisms. Furthermore, variations in dopant concentration significantly influence reflection loss values and effective absorption bandwidth. The reviewed literature indicates that optimization of composition and synthesis routes can produce materials with high absorption capability, good stability, and strong potential for application in electromagnetic interference mitigation devices. This review is expected to serve as a conceptual reference for future development of lanthanum-doped barium hexaferrite–based electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. The comparative approach also highlights research challenges, industrial application opportunities, and future research directions relevant to the evolving demands of modern communication and defense technologies at both national and global levels.

This study comprehensively evaluates the quality of biomass briquettes produced from blends of coconut shell charcoal and sengon sawdust, using both carbonized and non-carbonized materials. Composite briquettes were fabricated with varying compositions and characterized through proximate analysis, calorific value, density, and burning rate measurements to determine their suitability as solid fuel. The results indicate that adding non-carbonized sawdust increases volatile matter content and burning rate but reduces the calorific value of the briquettes. In contrast, incorporating up to 10% carbonized sawdust significantly improves the calorific value to 6119.2 cal/g, approaching that of pure coconut shell charcoal (6352.2 cal/g), while maintaining a relatively high burning rate. Briquettes containing carbonized sawdust also exhibit low ash content, below 3%, and moisture content under 8%, meeting standard solid fuel quality requirements. These findings demonstrate that a strategic combination of carbonized and non-carbonized materials can produce hybrid biomass briquettes with optimized thermal performance, providing a promising, sustainable, and environmentally friendly alternative fuel for domestic and industrial applications.

The increasing demand for paper has led to a shortage of wood-based raw materials, thus requiring environmentally friendly alternatives. This study aims to analyze the physical, mechanical, and morphological characteristics of paper made from cassava peels (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and oil palm fruit fibers (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) as eco-friendly paper raw materials. The research method involved pulp preparation through delignification using 3.5% HNO₃ and 3% NaOH, bleaching with 10% H₂O₂, paper sheet formation with varying compositions (A = 70:30, B = 50:50, C = 30:70, D = 10:90), followed by grammage testing and tensile strain testing. The results showed that the grammage values ranged between 96.3–99.7 g/m², while tensile strain ranged between 2.6–4.4%. The study concluded that the best composition was found in sample C (30% cassava peel : 70% palm fiber) with a grammage of 98.5 g/m² and tensile strain of 3.2%. The implication of this study is that cassava peel and palm fiber waste have the potential to serve as alternative paper raw materials that meet the quality standards of A-grade printing paper (SNI 7274:2008), while also supporting the reduction of dependence on wood.

This research extends the previous work of Tsaqila, Winiarti, and Widaningrum (2024), who applied the Complex Proportional Assessment (COPRAS) method within a decision support system for supermarket branch location selection. Unlike the prior study, which focused on Ponorogo through a web-based framework, this study expands the implementation of COPRAS to the Medan Area, Medan Kota, Medan Polonia, dan Medan Maimun districts, adapting it to local urban, social, and economic characteristics. The main objective is to identify the most strategic site for a new supermarket by analyzing multiple criteria, including land cost, population density, accessibility, safety, cleanliness, and disaster risk. Data were collected from both field surveys and official government publications. The findings reveal that the COPRAS method provides reliable and objective assessments among the evaluated alternatives, with Medan Area emerging as the most suitable location for supermarket development. Overall, this study broadens the practical scope of the COPRAS method in a different regional context and reinforces its reliability and adaptability as a multi-criteria decision-making tool in the modern retail industry.

This research is motivated by the persistent difficulty elementary school-aged children have in controlling their emotions and behavior in social situations, particularly within the context of church community development. The study aimed to examine the effect of Christian values-based emotion management training on improving children's self-control. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design on 30 children aged 7–12 years at the GPM Wonreli–Kisar Congregation. The intervention was implemented over four days through activities involving emotion recognition, value reflection, emotion regulation training, and social simulations. Data were collected using a self-control scale and analyzed using paired-difference tests and effect size calculations. The results showed a significant increase in self-control scores after the training, with the largest changes in rule compliance and impulse control, and a more moderate increase in resilience to frustration. The effect size indicates a strong practical impact of the changes. These findings indicate that training that integrates social experiences and value reflection can facilitate the shift in behavioral control from external control to internal awareness. Practically, this research provides a basis for developing a community-based child development program that emphasizes not only discipline but also the understanding of values ​​in character formation and self-regulation.

This study examines how children and their relationship with nature are represented through the character of Antonio in the film Encanto (2021). Antonio is portrayed as a child who can communicate with animals, reflecting innocence, empathy, and a spiritual closeness to nature. This study aims to describe how children's relationship with nature is depicted in the film and to interpret the symbolic meaning behind these interactions. The method used in this study is a descriptive, qualitative approach that draws on theories of child development, symbolism, and children's imagination. The results of this study show that among children, Antonio reflects a harmonious, loving, and open attitude towards other life forms. Animals in the film serve as moral and emotional symbols that reflect the nature of children: the jaguar symbolizes courage, the toucan symbolizes honesty and cheerfulness. In contrast, the capybara symbolizes peace of mind. This study shows that children's films can be a tool for building ecological awareness and social empathy through imagination. The implications of this study underscore the importance of strengthening empathy and environmental balance in children's education through literature and film.

This research is motivated by the view that literary works, including children's films, serve not only as entertainment but also as a means of moral learning that plays an essential role in shaping children's character. The film Paddington (2014) was chosen because it features an innocent main character who can represent moral values ​​through simple actions and dialogue. The purpose of this study is to describe how the main character's innocence is depicted in the film and how these moral values can serve as a learning medium for children. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with content analysis. Data were obtained through observations of scenes, dialogues, and the main character's actions that demonstrate innocence and the moral values ​​contained therein. The results show that Paddington's innocence manifests in honesty, politeness, trust, and a high level of curiosity, though this often leads to misunderstandings or chaos. This innocence serves as a medium for conveying moral values ​​such as responsibility, empathy, and learning from mistakes. The implications of this study indicate that children's films can be an effective means of character education if studied and accompanied by an understanding of the moral values ​​contained therein.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

This study aims to comprehensively describe the psychological dynamics of Natta's character in the novel Rumah Tanpa Cahaya through the framework of Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory. The main focus of the study is to analyze the structural interactions of personality including the Id, Ego, and Superego, and to identify various self defense mechanisms activated by the character due to the internal conflict he experiences. The method used is descriptive qualitative with a literary psychology approach as the main analytical basis for dissecting the hidden inner character. The results of the study indicate that Natta's character's behavior is a form of integrative struggle that demands immediate gratification (Id), rational consideration of painful reality (Ego), and strong moral pressure from the internalization of social norms (Superego). Natta's Id demands the fulfillment of basic needs for security and affection. Meanwhile, the Superego provides moral pressure that triggers disproportionate anxiety. Natta's Ego operates as a mediator that works hard to balance the drives of the Id and the demands of the Superego, which forces the Ego to activate self-defense mechanisms such as repression, rationalization, and especially sublimation. This mechanism serves as a psychic barrier to maintain her mental stability and prevent her from experiencing total collapse due to the accumulation of past trauma. Overall, this novel depicts the complexity of the human psyche in the face of existential crises and unresolved past wounds.

Arabic holds an important position in Islamic education as the language of the Qur'an and Hadith. However, the teaching of Arabic in Islamic educational institutions often focuses only on linguistic aspects, thus not fully achieving the goals of comprehensive Islamic education. This study aims to analyze the strengthening of Arabic language education objectives from the perspective of Islamic Tarbiyah. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature study and descriptive analysis approach. The analysis was conducted on relevant sources. The findings indicate that Arabic education within the framework of Islamic Tarbiyah not only emphasizes mastery of language skills but also the importance of shaping students' faith, morals, and Islamic character. The integration of tarbawi values into the objectives, materials, methods, and evaluation of learning becomes a key element in creating Arabic language education that is valuable and aligned with the goals of Islamic education. Its implications are expected to serve as a reference for curriculum development, teacher competence improvement, as well as the formulation of contextual, integrative, and sustainable Arabic language learning policies in national Islamic educational institutions.

This study aims to analyze and synthesize research findings related to the integration of Buddhist values in the development of interactive learning media. The research employed a qualitative approach using a systematic literature review method on fifty selected articles published between 2018 and 2025. Data were collected through a structured process of identification, screening, and extraction from primary sources consisting of accredited national journals and reputable international journals. The data were analyzed using thematic and comparative synthesis techniques to identify patterns, effectiveness, and research gaps. The results show that interactive learning media based on Buddhist values can enhance students’ motivation, moral understanding, and engagement through the use of technologies such as gamification, educational animation, augmented reality, and mobile applications. The effectiveness of these media is strongly influenced by the alignment between Buddhist ethical principles, instructional design, and the cultural context of learning. Furthermore, the study reveals that the successful integration of spiritual values into digital media depends on educators’ readiness, digital literacy, and technological infrastructure support.

Buddhist teachings play a crucial role in addressing various social problems that continue to develop in the modern era. Rapid social change, globalization, and technological advancement have brought not only positive impacts but also serious challenges, such as increasing social conflicts, moral degradation, individualism, and the weakening of social awareness within society. In this context, Buddhism offers universal ethical guidance that remains relevant across time, particularly through the principles of compassion (karuṇā), loving-kindness (mettā), wisdom (paññā), and mental equanimity (upekkhā), which guide individuals toward harmonious and responsible living. This study aims to analyze the role of Buddhist values in providing solutions to contemporary social problems. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method based on library research, using a hermeneutic approach to Buddhist sacred texts and relevant scientific studies. The findings indicate that the application of Buddhist values contributes significantly to the development of social morality, the strengthening of social solidarity, conflict resolution, and the formation of individual character marked by empathy, tolerance, and responsibility. Furthermore, these values play an essential role in fostering interreligious harmony and cultivating collective awareness of the importance of peaceful coexistence within pluralistic and multicultural societies.

This study discusses the role of FoGuangShan Humanistic Buddhism in building compassion-based communities through education in Indonesia. As one of the schools of modern Buddhism, FoGuangShan transmits the values of compassion, wisdom, and humanity in educational practices, both formal and informal. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this study explains how these values are applied in curriculum, learning activities, and social programs involving interfaith and cultural communities. The results of the study show that education based on Humanistic Buddhism plays an important role in fostering tolerance, strengthening moral character, and encouraging social solidarity in Indonesia's multicultural environment. Furthermore, FoGuangShan managed to create a learning space that not only focuses on academic knowledge, but also on the development of empathy, social skills, and collective awareness for living in harmony. In addition, an inclusive and dialogical approach to education is able to strengthen social relations between individuals and minimize potential conflicts based on religious and cultural differences. These findings confirm that the educational model implemented by FoGuangShan can be a significant contribution to the development of character education, interfaith dialogue, and the strengthening of social cohesion in a pluralistic society in Indonesia, as well as an alternative reference for human values-based educational practices.

This community service program aimed to improve students’ understanding and awareness of digital media ethics, particularly language politeness in social media communication. The activity was conducted at a junior high school in Islamic Boarding School Al Falah. The program was designed using participatory and interactive approaches, including lectures, group discussions, role-play simulations, and pre-test and post-test evaluations. The initial findings from the pre-test indicated that most students lacked adequate understanding of ethical digital communication and tended to perceive social media as a free space without rules. After the training, the post-test results showed a significant improvement in students’ comprehension of responsible and polite communication practices in digital environments. Students demonstrated better awareness of the impacts of hate speech, cyberbullying, and misinformation. They were also able to propose constructive and ethical responses to various social media scenarios. The activity resulted in increased digital awareness, positive behavioral changes, and personal commitments from students to promote respectful communication online. This program contributes to strengthening digital literacy and character education among adolescents in rural areas.

This training aims to strengthen local wisdom-based character for students at SMPN 3 Want Jaya, Aceh Besar Regency with traditional meudike art material. This training was carried out using lecture methods, learning by doing, discussion and question and answer. The first training session was conducted directly by Syeh Medya Hus as a meudike expert and the second session was carried out with group training. The results of the training show that this training can positively contribute to strengthening the religious, social and responsible character of students at SMPN 3 Want Jaya which is reflected in their seriousness, sincerity, cohesiveness, cooperation, helping each other during the ongoing training process. Therefore, this training can continue to be developed both in formal and extracurricular learning processes at school to create a generation that loves cultural identity and national identity.

The Qur’an and Hadith, as the primary sources of Islamic teachings, provide a comprehensive value framework regarding the ideal character that should be possessed by both educators and learners. Educators are required to demonstrate sincerity, patience, justice, noble character, and to serve as role models (uswah hasanah) for their students. Education is a fundamental pillar in the formation of individual character and personality. This study aims to examine and analyze the concepts of attitudes and personality of educators and learners based on the Qur’an and Hadith. The method employed is a literature review using a qualitative approach through the analysis of relevant Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions. The results of the study indicate that learners are individuals who strive to develop their potential through the learning process within educational pathways, both formal and non-formal, at certain levels and types of education. Among the ethics of learners toward educators are sitting politely in front of the teacher, speaking respectfully, not interrupting the teacher while speaking, listening attentively to the teacher’s explanations, asking questions gently and respectfully when something is not understood, attending school regularly, avoiding truancy and lateness without valid reasons, entering the classroom promptly before the teacher arrives, and obeying the teacher’s advice.

This study examines the implementation of an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning model based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) and collaborative approaches in shaping students’ noble character at SD Negeri Besuk Kidul, Besuk District. The study is grounded in the research gap that PAI learning in elementary schools is often still dominated by conventional, teacher-centered methods that emphasize cognitive achievement while providing limited space for the internalization of moral values through authentic learning experiences. This research aims to analyze how PjBL and collaborative learning are designed and implemented in PAI instruction and to explore their contribution to students’ character development. A qualitative approach with a descriptive case study design was employed. The research subjects included the school principal, a PAI teacher, and elementary school students. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using an interactive data analysis model. The findings reveal that the integration of project-based and collaborative learning in PAI instruction enhances students’ noble character, particularly in terms of honesty, discipline, responsibility, cooperation, respect, and social awareness. Students actively engage in learning activities, apply Islamic values in real-life contexts, and demonstrate positive behavioral changes both in and outside the classroom. These results indicate that Project-Based Learning and collaborative approaches constitute an effective and meaningful strategy for strengthening character education in PAI at the elementary school level.

The development of digital information technology has fundamentally transformed the ways university students access and interpret religious information. Social media platforms such as TikTok, Instagram, and YouTube have become primary spaces where students encounter diverse forms of religious content, ranging from educational dakwah to provocative narratives that may trigger tension and conflict. This phenomenon creates both opportunities and challenges for shaping religious moderation, particularly among first-semester students who are in the formative stage of constructing their intellectual and religious identities. This study aims to explore in depth the dynamics of religious moderation among first-semester students at IAINU Tuban within the context of digital polarization. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, utilizing semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentation as data collection techniques. Data were analyzed through thematic processes of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that students exhibit high social media engagement and are frequently exposed to short dakwah content circulated through algorithmic mechanisms. However, they also confront digital polarization characterized by emotional disputes, informational bias, and negative perceptions of other religious groups. While students demonstrate an initial understanding of religious moderation—such as wisdom, tolerance, and resistance to provocation—they have not fully developed adequate religious digital literacy to critically evaluate extreme content. This research concludes that social media simultaneously serves as a medium for dakwah and a site of polarization, highlighting the need for systematic reinforcement of digital literacy and religious moderation within Islamic higher education. 

The development of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 to the Society 5.0 era presents new challenges for education, including Islamic Religious Education (PAI). PAI is required not only to transfer religious knowledge but also to shape character, morality, and 21st-century competencies. This study aims to examine the philosophical foundations, characteristics, and application of PAI learning models to ensure their relevance in modern education. The research employed a qualitative approach with a library research design, involving the exploration of primary and secondary literature, critical reading, systematic note-taking, and content analysis validated through triangulation of classical and contemporary sources. The findings indicate that PAI learning models are conceptual, theoretical, systematic, and rooted in religious, philosophical, psychological, and sociological foundations. Four main models behavioristic, information processing, social, and humanistic each have strengths and limitations, yet their integration is relevant to forming insan kamil, a holistic human being balanced in cognitive, affective, psychomotor, spiritual, and social aspects. Therefore, developing PAI learning models based on Islamic philosophy and adaptive to technological advancements is a strategic necessity to face global challenges.