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This study aims to examine the implementation of Probolinggo City Regional Regulation Number 2 of 2024 concerning the Respect, Protection, and Fulfillment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, specifically regarding entrepreneurial rights in Kanigaran District. A descriptive qualitative approach with a single case study design was employed. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with four key informants, field observation, and documentary study. Data analysis used Miles and Huberman's interactive model, interpreted through Thomas B. Smith's policy implementation theory encompassing four variables: Idealized Policy, Target Groups, Implementing Organization, and Environmental Factors. Findings indicate that implementation has been underway but has not yet reached an optimal state. The policy possesses strong normative substance, yet socialization to target groups remains shallow and uneven. Entrepreneurial motivation among persons with disabilities is high, but constrained by limited capital, social stigma, transportation barriers, and insufficient post-training mentorship. The DKUP has conducted training and marketing facilitation programs, however capital support capacity and sustained mentorship remain critically limited. Environmental factors reveal potential through the KDK community and digital technology, while social stigma and transportation infrastructure continue to pose significant obstacles.

The phenomenon of infinite scrolling in digital media reflects a fundamental shift in how modern individuals experience spirituality in the digital era. The continuous flow of information creates new spaces for the search for meaning, including the human relationship with the Divine, while simultaneously introducing challenges in the form of constant distraction that disrupts deep reflection. This study aims to analyze how infinite scrolling contributes to a crisis of spiritual awareness and how digital technology functions as an ambivalent space between distraction and reflection. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a library research approach, using relevant academic literature and religious documents. The findings indicate that intensive digital engagement reduces opportunities for contemplation, weakens reflective capacity, and produces shallow and fragmented spiritual experiences. However, digital technology also provides broad access to spiritual resources that can be used constructively. This study concludes that the crisis of spiritual awareness in the digital era is influenced not only by individual factors but also by technological structures shaping human attention. Therefore, digital literacy that includes ethical and spiritual dimensions is essential to ensure technology supports the search for meaning.  

This research aims to analyze the gap between the profit-sharing principle as the normative foundation of Islamic economics and the risk management practices applied in sharia cooperatives, considering the ongoing inconsistencies in the implementation of the risk-sharing principle. The research method employs a qualitative approach thru literature study with thematic and comparative analysis techniques on relevant academic literature. The results and discussion indicate that sharia cooperatives tend to adopt a conventional risk management paradigm oriented toward institutional stability, thereby triggering the dominance of non-profit-sharing contracts and the shift of the concept of risk sharing to risk shifting in operational practices. The gap is influenced by structural factors, including limitations in managerial capacity, information asymmetry, potential moral hazard, and pressures of institutional sustainability. This study concludes that the risk management practices of sharia cooperatives do not fully reflect the principles of Islamic economics, thus necessitating a reconstruction of a more integrative and contextual risk management model. As a suggestion, sharia cooperatives need to develop a risk management framework based on risk sharing that is adaptive to operational risks without disregarding the values of justice and partnership as the main characteristics of Islamic economics.

Abstract. PT XYZ, a wooden furniture manufacturing company, served as the research site for this study which applied the Theory of Constraints (TOC) method to analyze production performance and identify bottlenecks. The company faces capacity imbalances between workstations, resulting in production targets that have not been achieved optimally. Data collection involved direct observation and interviews with related parties in the production area. The analysis was conducted by comparing the required capacity with the available capacity at each production workstation. The findings reveal that solid processing, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, and packing have sufficient available capacities to meet production requirements, thus categorized as non-bottleneck processes. In contrast, the panel processing station is identified as the main bottleneck due to its highest workload among all processes. By implementing the Theory of Constraints, the company can identify major constraints and establish improvement priorities to enhance production flow smoothness. It is expected that improvements in bottleneck processes will increase production efficiency, balance capacity among workstations, and support more optimal achievement of production targets. Keywords: bottleneck; capacity; manufacturing; production performance; theory of constraints   Abstrak. PT XYZ sebuah perusahaan manufaktur furnitur kayu, menjadi lokasi penelitian ini yang menggunakan metode Theory of Constraints (TOC) untuk menganalisis kinerja produksi dan mengidentifikasi bottleneck. Perusahaan menghadapi ketidakseimbangan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja yang menyebabkan target produksi belum terdengar secara optimal. Pengumpulan data meliputi observasi langsung dan wawancara dengan pihak terkait di area produksi. Analisis dilaksanakan dengan membandingkan kapasitas yang dibutuhkan terhadap kapasitas yang tersedia pada setiap stasiun kerja produksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses pembahanan solid, machining, sanding, assembling, painting, dan packing memiliki kapasitas yang tersedia yang masih mampu memenuhi kebutuhan produksi, sehingga termasuk kategori non-bottleneck. Sebaliknya, stasiun kerja pembahanan panel diidentifikasi sebagai bottleneck utama karena memiliki tingkat beban kerja tertinggi di antara seluruh proses. Dengan penerapan Theory of Constraints, perusahaan dapat mengidentifikasi kendala utama dan menentukan prioritas perbaikan untuk meningkatkan kelancaran aliran produksi. Diharapkan perbaikan pada proses bottleneck dapat meningkatkan efisiensi produksi, menyeimbangkan kapasitas antar stasiun kerja, serta mendukung pencapaian target output perusahaan secara lebih optimal. Kata kunci: bottleneck; kapasitas; kinerja produksi; manufaktur; theory of constraints

Science and language literacy remain challenges in non-formal education, as learning often emphasizes memorization and underutilizes local contexts as learning resources. This community service program aimed to strengthen the competence of Community Learning Center (PKBM) tutors in developing science and language literacy modules based on the ethnoscience and local wisdom of Klaten. The program employed a Training of Trainers (ToT) approach involving training sessions, module development workshops, and mentoring. Participants consisted of 20 tutors from three PKBM in Klaten Regency. Competence was evaluated through pretest and posttest questionnaires covering literacy understanding, pedagogical competence, module development, and learning implementation. Results indicated a 24,61%. increase in tutor competence, with the average score rising from 63,31 to 87,92. The program effectively enhanced tutors’ capacity to design contextual learning grounded in ethnoscience and local wisdom.

This study investigates the role of Baitul Maal wa Tamwil (BMT) in empowering Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through the integration of Maqashid Sharia principles and financial inclusion strategies. Despite the strategic importance of MSMEs in economic growth and poverty reduction, many face challenges in accessing formal financial services. BMT, with its dual function of social (maal) and commercial (tamwil) activities, offers a unique platform to bridge this gap. Using a qualitative systematic literature review guided by PRISMA, this study analyzes 30 relevant articles to examine BMT operational models, implementation of Maqashid Sharia objectives, financial inclusion practices, and their impact on MSME performance. Findings indicate that BMT effectively supports MSMEs in capital access, income generation, and business resilience, but inconsistencies in balancing social and commercial objectives limit. holistic empowerment. Integrating Maqashid Sharia principles enhances ethical and sustainable outcomes, while financial inclusion expands outreach to underserved entrepreneurs. Optimization strategies, including strengthening institutional capacity, combining financial and non-financial support, and context-specific interventions, are essential for maximizing BMT effectiveness. This study contributes a comprehensive framework linking ethical, financial, and empowerment dimensions, offering practical guidance for policymakers and BMT managers in promoting inclusive and sustainable MSME development.

Multi Sari MSME, located in Pangkalan Batang Village, Bengkalis Regency, produces traditional local products such as fish crackers, shrimp crackers, and sago crackers. Despite having quality products, legal business permits, halal certification, and stable raw material availability, the enterprise still faced limitations in digital marketing practices, resulting in a limited market reach. This community service program aimed to improve the marketing capacity of the MSME through the implementation of digital marketing strategies. The methods employed included SWOT and STP analyses, Google Business Profile development, social media management, content calendar preparation, promotional content creation, and marketplace utilization. The program also involved mentoring and training activities to enhance the partner’s understanding of digital marketing tools and techniques. The results showed significant improvements in the partner’s knowledge and skills in utilizing digital platforms for marketing purposes. Furthermore, Multi Sari MSME now possesses more structured digital marketing channels, increasing product visibility and creating opportunities to reach a broader market. Therefore, digital marketing has proven to be an effective strategy for enhancing MSME competitiveness, business sustainability, and market expansion in the digital era.

Aerobic capacity, commonly measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), is a key indicator of physical fitness and athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Recent attention has focused on the role of respiratory muscle function in supporting exercise performance, as respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity or prolonged activity may reduce ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance. This literature review aims to examine current evidence regarding the effects of Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT), including Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT), on aerobic capacity in athletes. Relevant studies were identified through electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords related to respiratory muscle training, VO₂max, and athletes. The reviewed studies generally reported improvements in inspiratory muscle strength, reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, and enhanced ventilatory efficiency following RMT interventions. These physiological adaptations may contribute to better exercise tolerance and overall athletic performance. However, evidence regarding direct improvements in VO₂max remains inconsistent across studies. The findings suggest that RMT can be used as a complementary strategy alongside conventional training programs to support aerobic performance. In addition, improved respiratory muscle function may provide benefits in health promotion and rehabilitation by reducing dyspnea and increasing exercise tolerance. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the extent of RMT’s contribution to improving VO₂max in athletic populations.

Aerobic capacity, commonly measured by maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max), is a key indicator of physical fitness and athletic performance, particularly in endurance sports. Recent attention has focused on the role of respiratory muscle function in supporting exercise performance, as respiratory muscle fatigue during high-intensity or prolonged activity may reduce ventilatory efficiency and exercise tolerance. This literature review aims to examine current evidence regarding the effects of Respiratory Muscle Training (RMT), including Inspiratory Muscle Training (IMT), on aerobic capacity in athletes. Relevant studies were identified through electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords related to respiratory muscle training, VO₂max, and athletes. The reviewed studies generally reported improvements in inspiratory muscle strength, reduced respiratory muscle fatigue, and enhanced ventilatory efficiency following RMT interventions. These physiological adaptations may contribute to better exercise tolerance and overall athletic performance. However, evidence regarding direct improvements in VO₂max remains inconsistent across studies. The findings suggest that RMT can be used as a complementary strategy alongside conventional training programs to support aerobic performance. In addition, improved respiratory muscle function may provide benefits in health promotion and rehabilitation by reducing dyspnea and increasing exercise tolerance. Further well-designed studies are needed to clarify the extent of RMT’s contribution to improving VO₂max in athletic populations.

Kampung Batik Okra, located in Kranggan Urban Village, Bubutan District, Surabaya City, represents a community-based creative economy initiative officially inaugurated on 28 December 2022 by the Surabaya City Government. This study aims to analyze the facilitating role of the urban village administration in strengthening the creative economic capacity of residents through the batik industry, as well as to identify supporting and inhibiting factors for community empowerment in Kampung Batik Okra. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis. Informants were purposively selected, encompassing village government officials, batik group administrators, artisans, and academic facilitators. The findings reveal that the urban village administration performs three principal facilitative roles: (1) facilitation of training and skill enhancement; (2) facilitation of market access and promotion; and (3) facilitation of multi-stakeholder partnerships. These roles contribute significantly to the strengthening of residents’ creative economic capacity, as evidenced by an increase in active artisans, product diversification, and expanded marketing networks. Nevertheless, limited human resource capacity within the village administration, inconsistent community participation, and restricted access to capital remain structural barriers requiring more systemic policy interventions. This research offers a conceptual framework of empowerment-based facilitating roles for urban villages, which may serve as a reference for developing creative economy villages in Indonesian urban areas.

This study aims to analyze the effect of homework load and extended study hours on students’ learning stress levels. The background of this research is based on increasing academic demands that may affect students’ psychological conditions. This study employs a qualitative approach with data collected through observation and interviews. The results indicate that excessive homework load and prolonged study duration significantly contribute to higher levels of learning stress. Students tend to experience physical and mental fatigue, decreased motivation, and difficulty managing time between study and rest. In addition, pressure to achieve high academic performance further exacerbates stress levels. Other factors such as lack of environmental support and less varied teaching methods also influence students’ stress. Furthermore, students often report feelings of anxiety and emotional exhaustion when academic tasks accumulate without adequate rest periods. This condition not only affects their psychological well-being but also reduces concentration and learning effectiveness in the classroom. Therefore, balanced learning load management, appropriate task distribution, and more effective and humanistic teaching strategies are needed to reduce learning stress and improve the quality of education. Schools and educators are encouraged to consider students’ cognitive capacity and mental health in designing assignments and study schedules to create a more supportive learning environment.

Package C equivalency education is a strategic non-formal education policy designed to provide senior secondary education access for citizens who are not served by the formal schooling system. This study evaluates the implementation of the Package C Equivalency Education Policy at the Non-Formal Education Unit Sanggar Kegiatan Belajar in Batudaa District, Gorontalo Regency, Indonesia. The study addresses the gap between the policy objective of expanding equitable access to secondary education and the practical constraints found in local implementation. Using a qualitative evaluative case study design, the research applies the Context, Input, Process, and Product evaluation model. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and document analysis involving program managers, tutors, learners, parents, alumni, and non-formal education supervisors. The findings show that the policy is contextually relevant to learners who face economic barriers, employment demands, age constraints, and limited access to formal schooling. However, input capacity remains insufficient due to limited tutor availability, inadequate andragogical competence, insufficient learning media, and learning modules that are not yet fully contextualized. The process dimension reveals inconsistent learning schedules, lecture-dominated instruction, weak adult-learning practices, and suboptimal monitoring. Product evaluation indicates positive outcomes in graduation, academic confidence, and access to administrative requirements for work or further study, but practical skills and socio-economic impacts remain limited. The study concludes that Package C policy implementation requires stronger socialization, tutor capacity development, contextual learning resources, flexible learning management, and local policy support to generate sustainable public value.

This paper discusses the implementation of regional autonomy and its impact on Islamic education in Indonesia, focusing on the challenges and opportunities faced. Although educational decentralization is considered a strategic step to improve the quality of education, there are various obstacles that must be addressed, including the development of regional capacity, the availability of educational resources, and effective leadership. This study aims to explore how regional autonomy can provide flexibility in educational management while identifying issues arising from the lack of coordination between regional and central governments, especially in the management of Islamic educational institutions. The method used is a normative legal approach with descriptive analysis. The research findings indicate that despite efforts to enhance Islamic education, there remain significant gaps in funding, facilities, and educational quality compared to general education. The conclusion drawn is the need for more inclusive and responsive policy reforms to local diversity, as well as the importance of collaboration among government, society, and educational institutions to create a more equitable and quality education system.

This community service study investigates a marketing training program implemented by theology students of STT Kadesi Bogor at the GPIA Sidoasri congregation in Sumbermanjing Wetan District, Malang Regency, East Java. The program targeted eighteen women members of the congregation to improve their economic capacity through the marketing of low-cost everyday clothing via three channels: door-to-door sales, a small storefront at the church, and online commerce through TikTok. The study applied a pre- test/post-test design evaluated using the Normalized Gain (N-Gain) method to measure changes in knowledge and skill across five indicators: marketing knowledge, selling skills, online media usage, basic financial recording, and entrepreneurial motivation. Results indicated a moderate-to-high N-Gain across all measured indicators, with an average N-Gain score of 0.656 (moderate category), and the highest individual gain in entrepreneurial motivation (0.76, high category). Sales data over the three-month period (January–March 2025) recorded a total profit of Rp1,967,500 across 345 garments sold, representing an income supplement of approximately 27–35% relative to participants' baseline household income for the most active participants. A marked sales decline in February and March was attributed to seasonal demand shifts ahead of Eid al-Fitr, as consumers redirected purchases toward formal Muslim attire. The program demonstrated that congregation-based economic empowerment rooted in a biblical theology of work, stewardship, and the dignity of labor can yield measurable and holistic socioeconomic outcomes for Christian women in rural communities.

This study examines the role of the creative economy in enhancing sustainable tourism potential in Pampang Cultural Village, Samarinda, Indonesia, and identifies strategic priorities for its development. Pampang Cultural Village is recognized for its rich cultural heritage preserved by the Dayak Kenyah community, which serves as a valuable tourism asset. Despite this potential, the contribution of creative economy activities to tourism development has not been fully optimized. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis is needed to formulate effective development strategies. This research employs a mixed qualitative–quantitative approach using the SWOT-AHP method. SWOT analysis is utilized to identify internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats affecting creative economy development. Subsequently, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to determine the priority level of each strategic factor and alternative strategy. The findings indicate that the village possesses significant creative economy potential in cultural performances, handicrafts, culinary products, traditional fashion, and cultural souvenirs. Cultural authenticity emerges as the primary strength, while limited innovation capacity and digital marketing skills remain the major weaknesses. The results further reveal that the highest-priority strategy is the development of innovative creative tourism products rooted in Dayak Kenyah cultural heritage while preserving cultural authenticity. This strategy should be supported by digital promotion, human resource capacity building, stakeholder collaboration, and improvements in tourism infrastructure to achieve sustainable tourism development.

TPS 3R is a community-based waste management approach aimed at reducing waste generation through reduce, reuse, and recycle activities. However, the operational sustainability of TPS 3R still faces several challenges,including  waste processing effectiveness, and community participation. This study aims to analyze the community’s Willingness to Pay (WTP) for waste management fees and to formulate priority recommendations for improving the performance of TPS 3R Banjar Sugihan using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method. The research was conducted in Banjar Sugihan Village, Tandes District, Surabaya City, involving 563 household respondents. WTP analysis was carried out using the bidding game method, while QFD analysis was conducted through the preparation of the House of Quality (HoQ). The results showed that the community’s WTP ranged from IDR 16,000 to IDR 19,000 per month. If applied to all 3,758 households in Banjar Sugihan Village, the potential retribution revenue is estimated to reach IDR 60,128,000–IDR 71,402,000 per month. The QFD analysis indicated that the priority strategies for improving TPS 3R performance include enhancing infrastructure facilities, optimizing waste sorting and processing, increasing waste processing capacity, strengthening human resource capacity, and implementing a WTP-based retribution system. Therefore, the implementation of a WTP-based retribution system and priority strategies derived from QFD analysis are expected to support the sustainability of waste management at TPS 3R Banjar Sugihan.

Rapid population growth in Sidoarjo Regency has triggered massive land-use changes, resulting in increased surface runoff and reduced performance of the drainage system. This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic capacity of drainage channels in the Pondok Sidokare Indah Housing area against design flood discharges with return periods of 2, 5, and 10 years. The method used is a descriptive quantitative approach, involving hydrological analysis using maximum daily rainfall data from 2015–2025 and hydraulic modeling of the existing channel along 350 meters. The frequency analysis results indicate that the Log Pearson Type III distribution is the most suitable method based on statistical parameters and the Smirnov-Kolmogorov goodness-of-fit test. The calculation of design flood discharge using the rational method yields values of 0.749 m³/s (2-year), 1.003 m³/s (5-year), and 1.164 m³/s (10-year). Meanwhile, the maximum capacity of the existing channel ranges only between 0.534 m³/s and 0.733 m³/s. The comparison between hydrological load and channel capacity shows that all observation points (Sta 0+000 to Sta 0+350) are in overflow condition, even for the lowest return period flood discharge. This condition confirms that the current channel dimensions are no longer adequate and require normalization to mitigate annual flooding in the area.

Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a condition of insufficient iron that lowers hemoglobin levels and disrupts erythrocyte formation. This condition commonly occurs in children and can weaken the immune system, thereby increasing the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections such as bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARTI). Children with IDA are also at risk of worsening clinical conditions. This study employed a literature review method with a descriptive-analytical approach. A total of 10 journals (2020–2026) from Google Scholar, PubMed, ResearchGate, Elsevier, and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were analyzed using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Study Design (PICOS) framework and synthesized narratively. The results of the review indicate that iron deficiency anemia is significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Children with IDA have a 2–5 times higher risk of developing bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and up to 10 times greater susceptibility to recurrent ARTI. This condition is also associated with increased disease severity, characterized by low hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and serum iron, as well as elevated total iron-binding capacity (TIBC). Iron supplementation has been proven effective in reducing the incidence of recurrent infections. In conclusion, iron deficiency anemia is associated with an increased risk and severity of recurrent respiratory tract infections in children. Early detection and iron supplementation are essential to reduce morbidity and prevent infection recurrence.

This article examines the moral philosophy of Saint Augustine, focusing on the concept of free will and its implications for human sinful actions. The study aims to provide a philosophical and theological understanding of Augustine’s concept of free will and to analyze its correlation with human acts of sin. Augustine conceives of free will as a rational capacity inherent in human beings, enabling them to make conscious choices. In its essence, this freedom is oriented toward the good. However, due to the fallen condition of humanity, the will becomes disordered and is directed toward things that are lower than the highest good. Therefore, there exists an inherent correlation between free will and sinful action, wherein sin is understood as the manifestation of a misused will. Accordingly, the thought of Saint Augustine of Hippo affirms that free will is an essential gift that enables human beings to make conscious choices, including the choice to commit sin. Free will does not stand apart from moral reality; rather, it serves as the foundation for explaining that sin occurs as a result of the deviation of the human will from the highest good, namely God. Thus, it can be asserted that there is a clear, close, and inseparable correlation between Augustine’s concept of free will and human sinful action.

The development of information technology has encouraged the transformation of government administration toward digital-based governance, including correspondence management systems. Digital correspondence governance plays an important role in improving administrative effectiveness, bureaucratic efficiency, and the quality of public services. However, the implementation of digital correspondence systems in local government institutions still faces several challenges, including limited system integration, inadequate human resource capacity, and unstandardized electronic archive management. This study aims to analyze and construct a digital correspondence governance model in realizing administrative effectiveness at Dinas Komunikasi, Informatika, Statistik dan Persandian Kabupaten Gowa. This study employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive research type. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Research informants were selected using purposive sampling techniques, while data analysis employed the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results indicate that the implementation of digital correspondence governance has improved the speed of document disposition, administrative efficiency, accessibility of documents, and organizational work coordination. However, the implementation has not been fully optimal due to constraints in system integration, human resource capacity, and digital archive management. This study produced a digital correspondence governance model emphasizing the strengthening of information technology, enhancement of employee competence, integration of administrative systems, and development of a digital work culture. It is recommended that government institutions strengthen the integration of digital correspondence systems, improve employee competencies, and establish sustainable electronic archive management standards.