SciRepID - Scientific Publication Search

Publication Search

35,802 articles from 393 journals · 1,447 citations tracked

Showing 1-20 of 31

Analytics

Tania Permata Yanra; Andala Rama Putra Barusman

International Journal of Management and Strategic Business Leadership 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The study try to investigate what influences ATINY, followers of the South Korean idol group ATEEZ, about customer satisfaction and their decision to buy Nacific products. It investigates how brand ambassadors, fanaticism, Korean Wave, product quality, and buying decisions affect consumer pleasure. Through the use of questionnaires, 396 members of the ATINY fan group participated in the study. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used in the study to analyze the data. The findings show that consumer happiness and purchasing decisions are influenced by product quality. Fanaticism, the Korean Wave, and brand ambassadors, however, had negligible effects on consumer happiness and purchase decisions. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that purchase decisions significantly and favorably affect consumer satisfaction. The study recommends that future studies examine the impact of social media and influencers on consumer behavior and take into account other factors like brand trust or customer experience. Additionally, studies using larger samples from different demographic groups can yield more broadly applicable findings.

Shefira Eka Jasutania; Henny Armaniah

Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

In the increasingly competitive snack food industry, companies need effective marketing strategies to attract consumer attention. One commonly used strategy is utilizing Brand Ambassadors and enhancing Brand Awareness to build a positive brand image in the minds of consumers. PT Dua Kelinci, as the producer of Tos Tos Tortilla Chips, has adopted this approach by collaborating with the South Korean idol group NCT Dream as its Brand Ambassador to expand market reach and attract K-pop fans in Indonesia. The problem in this research lies in the lack of understanding regarding the extent to which Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness influence purchasing decisions. This study aims to determine the effect of Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness on purchasing decisions of Tos Tos Tortilla Chips among NCT Dream fans in West Jakarta. The research method used is a quantitative approach through the distribution of questionnaires and analysis using data quality testing and multiple linear regression. The results show that both variables, Brand Ambassador and Brand Awareness, have a positive and significant influence, both partially and simultaneously, on purchasing decisions. This indicates that selecting the right public figure and maintaining a high level of Brand Awareness can increase consumer interest and purchasing decisions.  

Assya Putri Sanggita; Oktaviana Purnamasari

Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, Administrasi Publik dan Kebijakan Negara 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti Dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

The current increasingly fierce business competition, coupled with the emergence of new businesses, has prompted businesspeople to seek ways to dominate and maintain their market share, including in the skincare and cosmetics business. The purpose of this study is to identify brand ambassadors, to identify Instagram content, to identify brand image, to partially measure the influence of Kim Soo Hyun as a brand ambassador on brand image, to partially measure the influence of Instagram content on brand image, and to simultaneously measure the influence of brand ambassadors and Instagram content on brand image. The theory used for variable X1 is brand ambassador with the dimensions of visibility, credibility, attractiveness, and power. X2 is Instagram content with the dimensions of credible, shareable, useful or fun, interesting, relevant, different, and on brand. Variable Y is brand image with the dimensions of brand identity, brand personality, brand association, brand attitude, and behavior. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. The data collection technique uses a questionnaire distributed to 135 respondents who are followers of the @youbeauty_idn account. The data analysis technique used was multiple linear regression. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling. The results of this study showed that the partial effect of X1 on Y was 44.7%, the partial effect of X2 on Y was 70.5%, and the simultaneous effect of X1 and X2 on Y was 71.8%, with the remaining 28.2% being influenced by factors outside the variables.  

Nia Variesta Aprilia; Endah Kurniawati; Nuril Aulia Munawaroh

Riset Ilmu Manajemen Bisnis dan Akuntansi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research aims to analyze the influence of brand image, product quality, and brand ambassador Lee Min Ho on consumer buying interest in Azarine sunscreen products in Kediri city district. This study uses a quantitative method with an associative approach. The sampling method employed is Non-Probability Sampling with purposive sampling technique. In this study, data collection was conducted using a questionnaire distributed to 130 respondents. The analytical techniques used in this research include validity test, reliability test, normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear regression test, t-test (partial), F-test (simultaneous), and coefficient of determination test (R2) analyzed using SPSS 26 software. The results show that partially, the brand image variable does not have a significant effect on buying interest, indicated by a significance value of 0.555 > 0.05. The product quality variable partially has a significant effect on purchase interest with a significance value of 0.041 < 0.05, and the brand ambassador variable partially has a significant effect on purchase interest with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Simultaneously, brand image, product quality, and brand ambassador have a positive and significant effect on purchase interest for Azarine sunscreen products in Kediri city district, with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination value of 0.581 indicates that 58.1% of the variation in consumer purchase interest can be explained by the three variables: brand image, product quality, and brand ambassador, while the remaining 41.9% is influenced by other external factors outside these variables.

Lukman Setiawan; Amiruddin Saleh

Jurnal Bisnis Kreatif dan Inovatif 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study investigates the influence of employing Atta Halilintar as a brand ambassador on the improvement of products and services at Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI) through the lens of business communication. The research employs a quantitative approach with data collected via questionnaires from 100 respondents, both BSI customers and non-customers. Respondents assessed seven key variables: awareness, image, relevance, product knowledge, purchase intention, word of mouth, and engagement. The findings reveal that the brand ambassador has a moderate impact on strengthening BSI’s products and services, with average scores falling within the “fair” range of 2.76–3.1 on a four-point Likert scale. Awareness recorded the highest score of 3.1, reflecting the effectiveness of Atta Halilintar in enhancing brand recognition among the younger generation. Conversely, purchase intention received the lowest score of 2.76, suggesting that although awareness and positive image improved, they have not yet translated into higher conversion rates or actual product usage. These results highlight that the presence of a brand ambassador primarily boosts visibility and engagement but requires complementary strategies such as product education, interactive campaigns, and community-based marketing to achieve stronger customer adoption. Thus, the study underscores the importance of integrating brand ambassador initiatives with broader business communication strategies to maximize both awareness and transactional outcomes in Islamic banking.

Fitri Adijaya; Dewi Sartika

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of brand ambassadors, sales promotions, and brand image on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo products in Balikpapan. The research utilizes both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire distributed to followers of the Mie Lemonilo Instagram account in Balikpapan, while secondary data were gathered from various supporting sources. The population in this study consisted of all followers of the Mie Lemonilo Instagram account in Balikpapan, with a sample size of 100 individuals. The results of the study indicate that Brand Ambassador (X1) does not significantly influence the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This suggests that the impact of the brand ambassador on consumer purchasing decisions in Balikpapan is not strong enough, possibly due to insufficient engagement or connection between the brand ambassador and consumers. In contrast, Sales Promotion (X2) has a significant positive impact on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This indicates that sales promotions, such as discounts or special offers, have a substantial effect in attracting consumer interest and increasing purchase intention in Balikpapan. Meanwhile, Brand Image (X3) does not show a significant influence on the purchase intention of Mie Lemonilo. This may be due to other factors being more dominant in influencing consumers’ purchase decisions, such as product price, quality, or social factors and market trends. This study provides insights that, although brand image is important, sales promotions play a more significant role in driving purchase intention for Mie Lemonilo products in Balikpapan. Therefore, the company should focus more on promotional strategies to increase sales while continuing to consider the role of brand ambassadors and brand image in their marketing strategies.

Ali Akbar Husein; Dwi Asri Siti Ambarwati

International Journal of Management Science and Business 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study examines how branding ambassador Syifa Hadju and content marketing affect Glad2glow skin care purchases. The research will focus on @glad2glow Instagram followers. This research was inspired by severe local perawatan kulit competition and consumer apathy about buying. Glad2glow hired Syifa Hadju as its brand ambassador and implemented a social media content marketing campaign to address this challenge. Using a Likert-scale questionnaire, quantitative data was analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and SmartPLS software. According to the research, Syifa Hadju significantly improves the possibility of customers completing a purchase, while engaging and consistent content marketing enhances audience engagement. Both components boost customer purchase intent, but the brand ambassador has a greater impact. These findings help create effective digital marketing strategies in the competitive perawatan kulit business.

Dinni Kurnianti; Ely Siswanto; Titis Shinta Dhewi

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The beauty industry is experiencing significant growth due to digital transformation, particularly through the use of brand ambassadors and social media marketing. This study investigates the impact of brand ambassadors and social media marketing on purchase intention, with brand image as the mediating variable. This research focuses on Azarine, the skincare from Indonesia and targets potential consumers in Riau Islands aged 18-44 who follow the Instagram account @azarinecosmeticofficial and recognize Prilly Latuconsina, Syifa Hadju, Angga Yunanda, and Lee Min Ho as brand ambassadors. A quantitative approach was applied using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SmartPLS software. The research shows that brand ambassadors and social media marketing positively and significantly influence purchase intentions, with a higher direct impact compared to an indirect one through brand image. This study highlights the effectiveness of digital brand strategies in shaping consumer decisions and offers insights for marketing professionals in the beauty sector. These results emphasize the strategic role of celebrity endorsements and content-based engagement in influencing consumer perceptions and purchasing behavior.

Heni Anjelica Silalahi; Juliana Br Sagala; Septiana Lumbangaol; Toman Sony Tambunan

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Era Digital 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of social media marketing and brand ambassadors on the purchase interest of Glad2Glow products on MissGlam. The development of digital technology has influenced the way companies market their products, especially through social media platforms. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where data is collected through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents who are active social media users and MissGlam customers. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression to test the influence of each independent variable on product purchase interest. The results of the study show that both social media marketing and brand ambassadors have a positive and significant influence on the purchase interest of Glad2Glow products. Social media marketing, with interesting content and promotion through digital platforms, has a strong impact on building awareness and purchase interest. In addition, the presence of brand ambassadors who have influence on the audience also plays an important role in increasing consumer purchasing decisions. These findings provide implications for companies to further maximize digital marketing strategies and choose the right brand ambassadors to increase product purchase interest in a competitive market.

Anita Rahmaan; Velda Ardia

Filosofi : Publikasi Ilmu Komunikasi, Desain, Seni Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

Infuencer has a big impact on brands in order to improve their image to be more competitive with competitors, this is what Implora uses by using Lyodra's services as their Brand Ambassador, because Lyodra is considered to have Followers who is big and Lyodra himself is considered to have the appropriate charisma in the world of beauty. In this researchis to find out how much INFLUENCEBRAND AMBASSADOR LYODRA GINTING TOBRAND AWARENESS CONSUMERS OF IMPLORA PRODUCTS. The theory used is Brand Ambassador which includes Transference, Attractiveness, Congruence and Brand AwarenessUnware of Brand, Brand Recognition, Brand Recall, Top of Mind Data collection techniques were carried out by distributing questionnaires to 99 respondentsFollowers Instagram account @Lyodraofficial. Sampling using the techniqueProbability Sampling. Questionnaire retrieval method used namelyRandom Sampling. The results of this study indicate that InfluencePersonal Branding Lyodra Ginting as a whole responds well to respondents (Agree), as well as InfluenceBrand Ambassador Lyodra Ginting AgainstBrand Awareness consumers of Implora products (agree) from all statements from all X variables in the research questionnaire. In addition to the magnitude of InfluenceBrand Ambassador has a positive and strong relationship of 0.643 toBrand Awareness consumers of Implora productsFollowers Instagram account @Lyodraofficial with presentationBrand Awareness of 41.3% while the rest is influenced by other factors outside of this study. likeWord Of Mouth, other social media platforms and cosmetic product differences.

Rd. Funny Mustikasari Elita; Ira Mirawati; Muhammad Fauzan Chaidir

Filosofi : Publikasi Ilmu Komunikasi, Desain, Seni Budaya 2024 Asosiasi Seni Desain dan Komunikasi Visual Indonesia

This research aims to determine whether there is an influence of Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness (credibility) of Nagita Slavina and Rayyanza, both simultaneously and partially, as brand ambassadors on the purchase intention of followers of the Instagram account @cessa.official. The research utilizes the Source Credibility Theory proposed by Carl Hovland, Janis, and Kelly in 1953. A quantitative method was employed by distributing a questionnaire via Google Forms to 68 research samples online. The results of this study show that the credibility of Nagita Slavina and Rayyanza as brand ambassadors, which includes Expertise, Trustworthiness, and Attractiveness, has a significant influence, both simultaneously and partially, on the purchase intention of Cessa Essential Oil Roll On among the followers of @cessa.official.  

Armada, Erwin; Yossi Hendriati

The research aims to find out the influence of Price, Product Quality, and Brand Ambassador on Purchase Interest for fashion products on Shopee E-Commerce (study case of Shopee users among the operator workers in Muka Kuning area). In this quantitative method were used where the data were obtained from survey results and questionnaire data were processed based on statistical procedures. Based on the Lemeshow formula, the samples in this study are 96 respondents or rounded up to 100 respondents. In this study, the regression equation result is Y = 2.568 + 0.233X1 + 0.319 X2 + 0.090X3 + e. The price variable has an influence on purchase interest with a value of tcount (2.698) > ttable (1.984), the product quality variable has an influence on purchase interest with a value of tcount (4.868) > ttable (1.984), the brand ambassador variable has no influence on purchase interest as the tcount (0.936) < ttable (1.984) with a significant value of (0.351 > 0.050), and based on the F test results it shows that Fcount (44.910) > Ftable (2.70) with a sig value. < than 0.000. Meanwhile, the results of the analysis of the coefficient of determination with the R Square (R2) value are 0.584. So it can be concluded that the variables Price (X1), Product Quality (X2), and Brand Ambassador (X3) simultaneously have a significant effect on the Purchase Interest variable (Y) amounting to 58.4%, while the remaining 41.6% is influenced by other variables outside this research.

Anggi Fitri Elisah; Nova Anggrainie

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The dairy industry seeks to increase consumption through various marketing strategies, because from BPS data in 2020, the level of milk consumption in Indonesia is still low. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the impact of brand ambassadors, sales promotion, social media marketing, consumptive behavior, brand trust, also halal labels on purchasing decisions for Ultra Milk x ITZY products. This investigation uses a quantitative approach with a questionnaire instrument filled out by 245 respondents, where the data is analyzed using normality, heteroscedasticity, multicollinearity, validity, reliability, also multiple linear regression analysis tests. The outcome showed that all independent variables, namely the impact of brand ambassadors, sales promotion, social media marketing, consumptive behavior, brand trust, also halal labels had a significant impact on purchasing decisions both partially also simultaneously. Overall, these variables influence purchasing decisions by 92.4%. This study concludes that these marketing factors play an crucial role in impacting consumer decisions to buy dairy products, also can be used as a reference to improve marketing strategies in an effort to increase milk consumption in Indonesia.

I Komang Dani Surya Miarta; Ni Ketut Seminari

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Brand ambassador, as a direct representation of the brand, and brand awareness, the level of consumer awareness of the brand, were identified as potential factors influencing consumer purchasing decisions. The concept of brand image, which reflects the overall image of a brand in consumers' minds, is thought to moderate the relationship between brand ambassadorship, brand awareness, and purchasing decisions. The research method uses a quantitative approach by collecting data through surveys with a sample of consumers who have been exposed to brand ambassador activities and information about the brand. The research results show that brand ambassadors and brand awareness have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions; and the interaction of brand ambassadors with brand image on purchasing decisions shows that brand image moderates the influence of brand ambassadors on purchasing decisions; and the interaction of brand awareness with brand image on purchasing decisions shows that brand image moderates the influence of brand awareness on purchasing decisions. This research provides practical implications for brand management in designing more effective marketing strategies.

Ayu Indah; Indri Ferdiani Suarna

Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Teknologi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Cosmetic products have recently become very close to the community and have even become a major need for most women. The magnitude of this cosmetic need causes competition between cosmetic manufacturers. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing on Purchasing Decisions for Viva Cosmetics Products in Bandung City. The type of research used is descriptive and verification with an approach using quantitative methods, with data distribution techniques using a questionnaire. The results of respondents' answers to the questionnaires distributed, then the research instrument analysis, clasi assumption test, and multiple linear regression will be carried out. Statistical analysis tools in this study used Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) software. The number of samples in this study were 385 people, by determining the sample using simple random sampling. Based on the results of the t test in this study, it shows that partially Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing have a positive and significant influence on Purchasing Decisions. Simultaneously Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing have a positive and significant influence on Purchasing Decisions. The results showed that Product Ingredients, Brand Ambassadors, and Social Media Marketing had an influence of 39.1% on Purchasing Decisions while the remaining 60.9% was influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

Gebi Herry; William Widjaja

Jurnal Manajemen Riset Inovasi 2024 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

The current phenomenon is that the entertainment and beauty industry releases many products that can be used by the whole community, so this can create a different culture, encouraging the attraction of celebrity endorsers, who are figures (a person, mascot or group) who are known by the social community and celebrity endorsers. one of them is Twice (K-pop girl group) which is currently collaborating or has an agreement to endorse a brand in the form of Scarlett Whitening skincare products or services.  This will influence a brand ambassador on the buyer's decision through the intention to purchase the product, so the author aims to analyze how much influence the brand ambassador has on the buyer's decision through people's purchase intention by using a survey research type method and a quantitative approach as a data collection tool through questionnaires. Data obtained through questionnaires shows that the percentage of women is 84% ​​and the percentage of men is 16%. The results of this research are that brand ambassadors have a positive and significant effect on purchasing interest. Where Scarlett Whitening has superior quality products including consumer trust so it can be concluded that brand ambassadors do not increase purchasing decisions for Scarlett Whitening products. The author gives advice to Scarlett Whitening as the object of this research, even though Twice is already quite good, it still needs to seek more brand awareness and increase consumer trust.      

Hana Selfiana; Retno Susanti

Jurnal Riset dan Publikasi Ilmu Ekonomi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The aim of this research is to analyze the significance of the influence of brand ambassadors, brand image and price perceptions on purchasing decisions for Emina cosmetic products in Surakarta. This research is a survey with data types using qualitative and quantitative data. Data sources use primary data and secondary data. The population in this research are all consumers who use Emina products in Surakarta. The total research sample was 100 people with a sampling technique using purposive sampling. Data analysis uses descriptive analysis, multiple linear regression test, t test, F test and coefficient of determination test. The research results show that brand ambassadors have a significant influence on purchasing decisions for Emina cosmetic products in Surakarta, brand image has no significant influence on purchasing decisions for Emina cosmetic products in Surakarta and price perceptions have a significant influence on purchasing decisions for Emina cosmetic products in Surakarta. The F test results show a calculated F value of 38.275 with a significance value (p-value) of 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination test result (adjusted R2) is 0.530, meaning that the contribution of the independent variables to the dependent variable is 53%.

Sekar Ayu Kartikaning Bonde; Yunita Primasanti; Erna Indriastiningsih

Kajian Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Terapan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The entry of K-Beauty trend in Indonesia has influenced the interest of skincare consumers in Indonesia. Indonesia. The local skincare market continues to grow every year leading to increased competition in the local cosmetic business in Indonesia. This study aims to examine how the influence of product quality, brand image product quality, brand image and Korean Brand Ambassador on consumer buying interest in local skincare products. local skincare products. The sampling method was carried out with the technique Non-Probability Sampling technique where data is obtained through distributing questionnaires to 250 respondents with the determination of the number of respondents using the formula. to 250 respondents by determining the number of respondents using the Lemeshow formula. Then the data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression analysis multiple linear regression analysis with data processing carried out using IBM software SPSS version 23 which then the data is analyzed and the results of the research are obtained in the form of: (1) Product Quality has a positive and significant effect on consumer interest in local skincare products, (2) Product Image consumer buying interest in local skincare products, (2) Brand Image has a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest in local skincare products. significant effect on consumer buying interest in local skincare products, (3) Korean Brand Ambassador has a positive and significant effect on consumer purchase intention local skincare products, and (4) Product Quality, Brand Image, and Korean Brand Ambassador together have a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest in local skincare products. Ambassadors together have a positive and significant effect on consumer buying interest in local skincare products

Siti Maryam Bolen; Ratnawaty Marginingsih

CiDEA Journal 2024 Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang

Market competition makes companies must be able to innovate in order to compete with other companies. Brand Ambassadors who have a positive image and good product quality can attract consumers and increase the purchase decision of a product to be marketed. This research was conducted with the aim of finding out the influence of Brand Ambassador and product quality on purchasing decisions. The method used in this study is a quantitative research method using research aids in the form of a questionnaire containing 7 questions about NCT Dream as a lemonilo Brand Ambassador, 8 questions about the quality of lemonilo products, and 7 questions about consumer purchase decisions disseminated through the researcher's social media. Based on the results of a questionnaire of 110 respondents, it can be concluded that the use of Brand Ambassadors who have a positive image and good product quality greatly affects the level of consumer purchase decisions. This research is expected to be an analysis material for the Company in placing a good strategy in market competition

Novita Ramadayanti

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of product innovation and brand ambassador to purchasing decisions Scarlett Whitening body lotion tube products in South Tangerang. Scarlett Whitening, a local Indonesian beauty brand, is known for a variety of skin care products such as body lotions, scrubs, scrubs, serums, and creams that aim to brighten and maintain healthy skin. With the motto" Reveal your Beauty, " Scarlett has managed to increase the confidence of its users. This study uses Partial Least Square (PLS) method with the help of SmartPLS and quantitative approach through google form questionnaire survey. The sample consisted of 60 respondents who had bought Scarlett tube body lotion products and knew the boy band EXO. The results showed that product innovation has a significant influence on purchasing decisions with a statistical t-value of 2.263 ≥ 1,96 and p-value of 0.000 ≤ 0,05. In addition, brand ambassadors also have a significant influence on purchasing decisions with a statistical t-value of 3.123 ≥ 1,96 and p-value of 0.000 ≤ 0,05.