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Low Birth Weight (LBW) remains a critical global health issue that significantly contributes to neonatal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. The main challenge in addressing LBW lies in its complex and multifactorial risk profile, which involves biological, social, environmental, and healthcare-related determinants. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the risk factors associated with LBW based on recent scientific literature. A literature review method was applied by searching articles from Portal Garuda, DOAJ, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2020 and 2025 using relevant keywords. The findings indicate that maternal age, interpregnancy interval, nutritional status, anemia, preeclampsia, infections, socioeconomic conditions, environmental exposure, and the quality of antenatal care are significant determinants of LBW. The synthesis of evidence confirms that LBW is influenced by the interaction of multiple individual and healthcare system factors rather than a single cause. In conclusion, this study highlights the urgent need to strengthen antenatal care services, improve maternal nutritional status, control maternal diseases during pregnancy, and implement community-based promotive and preventive strategies as key efforts to reduce the incidence of LBW.

This study aims to model the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in East Nusa Tenggara Province using truncated spline nonparametric regression. In this study, IMR is associated with four predictor variables: the percentage of poor people, the percentage of pregnant women under 19 years of age, low birth weight, and life expectancy. These four variables have an unpatterned relationship, indicating the presence of a nonparametric component in the model. The truncated spline regression method was chosen because of its ability to handle nonlinear relationships between variables. The results showed that the best model was obtained using three knot points, which produced a coefficient of determination (R²) of 97.47%. This indicates that the truncated spline regression model is able to explain 97.47% of the variation in IMR in East Nusa Tenggara Province. In addition, the four predictor variables have a significant influence on the model, making a significant contribution in explaining the factors that influence IMR in the region.

In Indonesia in 2020, there were 28,158 infant deaths, of which 20,266 (72%) occurred during the neonatal period. Among these neonatal deaths, 27.4% were caused by neonatal asphyxia. In West Kalimantan Province, there were 682 neonatal deaths recorded in 2023. The leading causes of neonatal mortality in 2023 were Low Birth Weight (LBW) and prematurity (32%), followed by asphyxia (24%). Based on the 2023 Sintang Regency health profile, the infant mortality rate was 9.6 per 1,000 live births. This study aimed to determine the relationship between LBW and the incidence of neonatal asphyxia. The research used an analytical observational approach with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Ade M. Djoen Sintang Regional Hospital from January to December 2023 using secondary data. The population consisted of all newborns at Ade M. Djoen Sintang Regional Hospital, totaling 104 infants. A total sampling technique was applied, resulting in a sample size of 104 respondents. Data were analyzed using the Chi-square test. The Chi-square analysis produced a p-value of 0.0241 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant relationship between Low Birth Weight (LBW) and neonatal asphyxia. The Odds Ratio (OR) of 4.021 shows that LBW infants have a 4.021-fold higher risk of experiencing neonatal asphyxia compared to infants with normal birth weight.  

Low Birth Weight (LBW) is one of the leading causes of neonatal mortality and contributes to an increased risk of growth and developmental disorders in later life. Maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the utilization of antenatal health services are important factors influencing fetal growth and development. Pregnant women with poor nutritional status are at higher risk of delivering low birth weight infants due to insufficient intake of essential nutrients required during pregnancy. In addition, inadequate utilization of antenatal care services may result in delayed detection and management of pregnancy-related complications. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status and the utilization of health services with the incidence of LBW. The research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of all women who delivered in the working area of Puskesmas X in 2026. A total of 80 respondents were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected from maternal and child health (MCH) books and medical records and analyzed using the Chi-square test. The results showed a significant relationship between maternal nutritional status and the incidence of LBW (p=0.002), as well as between the utilization of health services and the incidence of LBW (p=0.004). It can be concluded that maternal nutritional status and compliance with antenatal visits are significantly associated with LBW, highlighting the need to improve nutritional monitoring and the quality of antenatal care services.

Anemia during pregnancy is a significant maternal health issue with serious impacts on maternal and perinatal outcomes, including complications such as severe preeclampsia, postpartum hemorrhage, and low birth weight (LBW), all of which contribute to increased morbidity and mortality rates. This literature review aims to analyze the clinical impacts of pregnancy anemia, related complications, and effective management strategies based on the latest scientific evidence (2020-2024). The study examines the relationship between anemia and preeclampsia, LBW, and postpartum hemorrhage, as well as the importance of nutritional fulfillment in prevention and management. Five research articles from indexed journals were collected from the Scopus database, with inclusion criteria of studies with clear designs, focusing on pregnancy anemia, and published in Indonesian or English. The analysis results show that pregnancy anemia is a predisposing factor for preeclampsia through mechanisms such as placental hypoxia and oxidative stress. Anemia is also closely related to an increased incidence of LBW and postpartum hemorrhage, particularly due to lower hemoglobin reserves and uterine contractility issues. Adequate nutritional fulfillment is influenced by socioeconomic barriers, supplementation side effects, and lack of family support. Anemia management requires a comprehensive approach, including routine screening, prophylactic supplementation, nutritional education, and effective referral systems for complex cases. Prevention through early detection and timely intervention is crucial in reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants are among the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. This condition is associated with the immaturity of organ systems, including thermoregulation and respiratory function, making infants prone to stress, hypothermia, and oxygenation problems. One nursing intervention that helps improve physiological stability is the nesting technique, which positions the baby similarly to the intrauterine condition using soft rolled cloths as a “nest.” This case study aimed to determine the effect of nesting on oxygen saturation and pulse frequency changes in LBW infants in the perinatology room of RSUD Batang. The design used a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach involving 5 LBW infants who met inclusion criteria. The intervention was carried out by applying nesting for 30 minutes, then measuring oxygen saturation and pulse rate before and after the intervention using a pulse oximeter. The results showed an increase in oxygen saturation and changes in pulse rate after nesting. The mean oxygen saturation before intervention was 94%, increasing to 98% after three days of treatment. The average pulse rate increased from 130 beats/minute to 136 beats/minute, remaining within normal physiological limits (120–160 bpm). This indicates improved comfort and physiological stability due to the flexed position during nesting, which reduces stress and enhances oxygen efficiency. In conclusion, the nesting technique effectively improves oxygen saturation and stabilizes pulse rate in LBW infants. It is recommended as an evidence-based nursing practice for promoting comfort and physiological stability in premature or LBW infants in perinatology units.    

This paper applies the Gamma Regression Model to determine the probability of newborns in the Diyala Province developing neonatal jaundice, or hyperbilirubinemia. This disease is prevalent, and it may be severe due to the large amount of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood. The aim of the study was to test the relationship between the levels of bilirubin and a set of independent variables, including the weight of birth, gestational age, and the proportion of red blood cells (PVC). 67 worth of data regarding neonatal cases was collected, and the outcome was that the model fitted well. The findings further indicated that whereas the influence of PVC was significant and positive on the bilirubin level, lower gestational age and less weight at birth had significant negative influence. As the results of the study indicate, the Gamma Regression Model is an effective tool to assess medical data and predict critical scenarios, which assists a clinician with the timely and accurate decision-making.

Low Birth Weight (LBW) infants are among the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Indonesia. This condition results from the immaturity of organ systems, including thermoregulation, making infants vulnerable to hypothermia. One non-pharmacological intervention to maintain body temperature stability is the nesting technique, which positions the baby in a flexed posture similar to the intrauterine condition using soft rolled cloths as a “nest.” This case study aimed to determine the effect of nesting on body temperature changes in LBW infants in the perinatology room of RSUD Batang. The study used a descriptive case study with a nursing process approach involving five LBW infants (<2500 g, spontaneous breathing). The intervention involved applying nesting for 30 minutes daily over three consecutive days. Body temperature was measured before and after the intervention using a digital thermometer. The results showed an increase in body temperature in all subjects. The average temperature before intervention was 35.9°C and increased to 36.6°C after three days of nesting therapy. This indicates that nesting effectively helps maintain body temperature stability in LBW infants by providing comfort, reducing stress, and conserving body energy. In conclusion, nesting is an effective evidence-based nursing intervention for improving body temperature in LBW infants and is recommended for perinatology care settings.

Red blood cells are essential for carrying oxygen and vital nutrients needed for the growth of the fetus, therefore anemia during pregnancy is a complex issue. It is vital for all expectant mothers to fulfill their iron needs because maternal anemia during pregnancy can result in adverse consequences for the child, such as premature birth and low birth weight. The chance of a woman developing anemia increases as she ages during pregnancy. Bleeding is a direct result of the anemia experienced during labor in 17.24% of cases. The purpose of this study was to determine the connection between the incidence of anemia and young pregnant women in Ir. Soekarno Hospital on Morotai Island. The study used an analytical survey with a cross-sectional approach, which is useful for finding relationships between two or more variables. The whole sampling technique, which included 40 participants in all, was used. A checklist was used as the study's instrument. Chi-Square analysis was used to analyze the collected data using SPSS software. The chi-square statistical analysis produced a P-value (asymp. The p-value (2-tailed) is 0.002, which is less than the 0.05 significance level. This indicates a relationship between the start of anemia and young pregnant women. Thus, it is possible to infer a link between the incidence of anemia and young pregnant women, leading to the rejection of H0 and the endorsement of H1.

Pregnancy is a physiological process that involves various physical and psychological changes in women. One common psychological issue that can arise is anxiety related to body image, which can significantly influence the eating behaviors of pregnant women. This psychological challenge may lead to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The presence of eating disorders during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on maternal health, including nutritional deficiencies, fatigue, and an increased risk of complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth and gestational diabetes. Additionally, these disorders can negatively impact the fetus, resulting in inadequate nutrient intake, low birth weight, and developmental delays. Therefore, maintaining a healthy, balanced diet, alongside psychological support, is crucial for pregnant women. Health education, along with professional counseling and guidance from healthcare providers, plays a vital role in preventing and managing eating disorders during pregnancy. Such efforts ultimately contribute to optimal health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus, ensuring the well-being of both in the long term.

Pregnancy is a physiological process that involves various physical and psychological changes in women. One common psychological issue that can arise is anxiety related to body image, which can significantly influence the eating behaviors of pregnant women. This psychological challenge may lead to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and bulimia nervosa. The presence of eating disorders during pregnancy can have detrimental effects on maternal health, including nutritional deficiencies, fatigue, and an increased risk of complications during pregnancy, such as preterm birth and gestational diabetes. Additionally, these disorders can negatively impact the fetus, resulting in inadequate nutrient intake, low birth weight, and developmental delays. Therefore, maintaining a healthy, balanced diet, alongside psychological support, is crucial for pregnant women. Health education, along with professional counseling and guidance from healthcare providers, plays a vital role in preventing and managing eating disorders during pregnancy. Such efforts ultimately contribute to optimal health outcomes for both the mother and the developing fetus, ensuring the well-being of both in the long term.

Pregnant women with Chronic Energy Deficiency (KEK) are in a condition that can affect the health of both the mother and the fetus. KEK in pregnant women increases the risk of Low Birth Weight (LBW) babies, premature birth, maternal and infant mortality. Various efforts have been made to address KEK during pregnancy, yet its prevalence remains high. The aim of this community service is to improve the knowledge and nutritional fulfillment of pregnant women with KEK, as well as the prevention and management of KEK, through education for pregnant women with KEK and also explaining how to improve the nutrition of pregnant women. The target of this community service activity is pregnant women with KEK at the UPTD Camplong Health Center. The implementation of community service was carried out using a quasi-experimental approach with a pre-test and post-test design in the form of questionnaires for all pregnant women. The goal of this activity is to increase pregnant women's knowledge about KEK and balanced nutrition fulfillment. The results and benefits obtained from this community service activity include educating about fulfilling a balanced diet and improving nutrition, as well as increasing knowledge and insight for the community, especially pregnant women with KEK. The conclusion of this community service activity is that education and assistance can be an effective strategy to improve the health of pregnant women with KEK.

The prevalence of stunting globally in 2021 reached 171 million to 314 million. In Indonesia, the results of the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) showed that the stunting rate in 2019 was 27.7%, in 2021 it was 24.4%, and in 2022 it was 21.4%. Child stunting is a health concern in Indonesia. Causes of stunting in children include poor nutrition, low exclusive breastfeeding rates, low birth weight (LBW), and maternal factors in providing nutrition from pregnancy to 59 months of age. Research reports that stunting is influenced by parents' lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition. Knowledge plays a vital role in the life and development of individuals and society.Purpose This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge about balanced nutrition and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Jambu Village area, Mlonggo District, Jepara City. Method This research is a quantitative correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were mothers with toddlers in the Jambu Village area, Mlonggo District. The sampling technique used total sampling to obtain a sample of 34 respondents. Measurement of the level of knowledge of nutritional balance by providing questions with multiple choices of true and false and for stunting using Microtois and Anthropometric Table. Data processing using SPSS with a computer using the Spearman Rho statistical test.The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents had good nutritional balance knowledge, amounting to 16 (47.1%), while 17 (50.0%) respondents did not experience stunting.There is a relationship between maternal knowledge about balanced nutrition and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Jambu Village, Mlonggo District, Jepara Regency.

Kangaroo mother care is a treatment for low-birth-weight infants that involves direct skin-to-skin contact between the infant and the mother (skin-to-skin contact). This provides health and psychological benefits, particularly in providing warmth to the infant, enhancing maternal bonding, increasing maternal trust and satisfaction, and reducing stress. The difference in body temperature of low-birth-weight infants treated with kangaroo mother care for one hour and three hours. Research Method: The research design used was a quasi-experimental, pre-post test with control group design, which involves administering treatment or intervention to the experimental group and then measuring and analyzing the effects of the treatment. The sample size for this study was 30 people. Bivariate analysis was conducted using the independent t-test and paired t-test. The results showed that the infant's body temperature before the kangaroo mother care intervention was in the below-normal. The infant's body temperature after the intervention was in to normal range. The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the one-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the intervention was in to normal range. The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the three-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the one-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05). The infant's body temperature after the kangaroo mother care intervention in the three-hour had a p value = 0,000 or <0,05).

Asphyxia nonatorum contributed 30.3% to the cause of neonatal death in Central Java Province in 2019, in the case of LBW the percentage was greater than asphyxia neonatoum in cases of neonatal death in Central Java in 2019, namely 46.4%. This research design is quantitative research, with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used the chi-square formula and obtained a sample of 40 respondents. The data collection method used data from medical records. Data analysis used univariate analysis and bivariate analysis using the chi-square test. The characteristics of the respondents were mostly male with a total of 26 babies (65.0%), the majority of the gestational age of the babies in the premature category was 25 people (62.5%). The majority of the babies' mothers had a high school education of 29 people (72.5%), the majority were born by CS procedure of 33 babies (82.5%), with normal amniotic fluid characteristics of 25 people (62.5%). The majority of babies had a weight in There were 22 babies (55.0%) in the LBW category, and the majority of respondents had LBW and moderate asphyxia, 12 babies (54.5%). Based on the analysis results, the d value was 0.518, indicating a moderate positive correlation with a p value (0.000 < 0.05), indicating a relationship between low birth weight and asphyxia at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang. There is a relationship between low birth weight and asphyxia at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital, Semarang.

Pregnancy is a unique natural condition because although it is not a disease, it often causes complications due to various anatomical and physiological changes in the mother's body. Pregnant women who suffer from anemia can have an impact on the fetus, such as premature birth, the risk of low birth weight (LBW), fetal abnormalities, and increased risk of fetal distress. In general, the causes of anemia in pregnancy are iron deficiency and acute bleeding or even the interaction of both. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in the effectiveness of giving red spinach juice and Ambon bananas on Hb levels in pregnant women in the third trimester. The design used in this study was a quantitative inferential study including the pre-experimental type with two group pretest-posttest. Based on the time of data collection, it included the cross-sectional type, sourced from primary and secondary data. An assessment of the difference in increasing HB levels was carried out before and after treatment (Pretest and Postest two Group Design). Data analysis consisted of univariate and bivariate analysis. The results of the analysis showed an effect in giving red spinach juice and Ambon bananas. It is hoped that the Health Center will facilitate health workers (midwives) in providing information on providing guava juice with red spinach leaf juice as an alternative for preventing and managing anemia during pregnancy in the Health Center's work area.    

Neonatal jaundice is a common health problem in newborns, characterized by yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera due to increased bilirubin levels in the blood. This condition, if not detected and treated properly, can lead to serious complications such as kernicterus, which can lead to long-term neurological developmental disorders. Risk factors contributing to jaundice include suboptimal breastfeeding practices, delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and low birth weight. Adequate breastfeeding from an early age plays a crucial role in accelerating the excretion of bilirubin through feces, while monitoring birth weight can help identify infants at risk of hyperbilirubinemia. This outreach activity aims to increase mothers' and families' knowledge about the importance of early and exclusive breastfeeding, as well as monitoring birth weight as a preventive measure for neonatal jaundice. The activity was conducted at Andi Makkasau Regional Hospital using lectures, interactive discussions, and the use of educational media such as leaflets and posters. The training materials covered the definition, risk factors, signs and symptoms of jaundice, early detection procedures, the benefits of breastfeeding in preventing jaundice, and the importance of recording and monitoring infant weight. The activity was evaluated through pre- and post-tests to gauge participants' understanding. The evaluation results showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge, particularly regarding the relationship between delayed breastfeeding, low birth weight, and an increased risk of neonatal jaundice. Furthermore, participants gained a better understanding of home-based measures to detect early symptoms and when to immediately take their baby to a health facility.

Based on the data obtained, 157 babies were born with LBW in 2016. In 2017 there were 142 babies born with LBW. In 2018 there were 134 babies born with LBW. Based on the results of an initial survey conducted by researchers at the TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe Hospital, the prevalence of LBW every month is still high from the last 3 years. The purpose of this study was to analyse the risk factors for the incidence of low birth weight babies at the Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024. The design of this study was quantitative research with a retrospective approach. The population of this study was 138 people, the sample was obtained by saturated sampling technique as many as 138 people. Univariate analysis, bivariate using chi-square and multivariate using multiple logistic regression at 95% confidence level. The results showed that the variables that had a risk with the incidence of LBW in Hospital TK IV 07.01 Lhokseumawe in 2024 were multiple pregnancies (p=0.026 <0.05) and a history of premature birth (p=0.017 <0.05). Variables that did not have a risk with the incidence of LBW were maternal age (p=0.847 >0.05), preeclampsia/eclampsia (p=1.000 >0.05), pregnancy distance (p=0.0322 <0.05) and premature rupture of membranes (p=0.439 >0.05). The study concluded that the incidence of LBW was influenced by 2 factors, namely multiple pregnancies and a history of preterm birth. The most dominant factor influencing it is the history of premature pregnancy.

Preeclampsia is a condition of hypertension occurring after 20 weeks of gestation, accompanied by organ dysfunction and proteinuria. Preeclampsia is classified into Early Onset Preeclampsia (EOPE), which occurs before 34 weeks of gestation, and Late Onset Preeclampsia (LOPE), which occurs after 34 weeks of gestation. EOPE carries a higher risk of maternal and fetal complications compared to LOPE. This research aims to analyze the complications in mothers and fetuses with EOPE and LOPE that were terminated at RSUD Raden Mattaher Jambi between 2020 and 2022. This descriptive research was conducted in the Medical Records Department of RSUD Raden Mattaher, Jambi, involving 82 patients who experienced both maternal and fetal complications with EOPE and LOPE that were terminated. Sampling was carried out using the total sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results of this research showed that the prevalence of EOPE was 69.5%, while LOPE accounted for 30.5%. Maternal complications were more commonly found in EOPE cases, including eclampsia (42.1%), HELLP syndrome (36%), premature rupture of membranes (14%), placental abruption (14%), and maternal mortality (5.3%). Fetal complications in EOPE included Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) (10.5%), prematurity (26.3%), low birth weight (29.8%), Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (10.5%), and Intrauterine Fetal Death (IUFD) (1.8%). The perinatal mortality rate in EOPE was 7%, with asphyxia recorded in 12.3% of cases. EOPE is more frequently encountered than LOPE and is associated with more severe maternal and fetal complications. Early detection and management of EOPE are crucial to reducing complications and improving pregnancy outcomes.

Stunting is a growth disorder in children characterized by height-for-age below the standard due to prolonged nutritional deficiency. This condition affects physical development, learning ability, and metabolic health, and it tends to be persistent. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting remains high. This study was conducted to identify the causes of stunting during the first 1,000 days of life. The method used was a literature review with a narrative review approach. The results show that risk factors for stunting include prenatal conditions such as low birth weight, maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, and maternal height. In addition, low maternal education, limited access to healthcare services, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, infections, and poor dietary patterns also contribute. Strategies proven effective according to the literature include early nutrition education, nutritional supplementation, and technology-based growth monitoring. The most consistently identified determinant is low birth weight (LBW).