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Minerals are solid objects that can be found in nature, formed inorganically, with chemical composition at certain limits and have atoms arranged regularly. Rocks can be distinguished based on the formation process and mineral content. The purpose of this study is to identify minerals in sedimentary rocks and laterite deposits in this study used analytical methods, namely Binocular Microscope and XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) laboratory tests. XRD analysis is used to determine the type of mineral in the sample. Based on the results of the XRD X-Ray Diffraction lab test, each sample has a different mineral content.

Rock mining along the Bone River, Bone Bolango Regency, contributes to infrastructure development but also has negative environmental impacts. This study aims to analyze the effects of mining activities on river environmental quality, particularly water discoloration, erosion, river widening, and material accumulation. Data obtained indicate that mining activities cause water pollution characterized by discoloration due to increased sediment and mining waste. Moreover, rock excavation accelerates erosion along riverbanks, resulting in land degradation that affects the stability of surrounding areas. Mining activities also trigger river widening, altering the river's natural morphology and increasing flood risks. The accumulation of mining residues around the river worsens conditions by obstructing water flow, causing sedimentation, and damaging aquatic habitats. The analysis highlights the need for better environmental management to mitigate the adverse effects of rock mining. Recommendations include implementing strict environmental policies, monitoring mining operations, conducting reclamation, and ensuring sustainable waste management. Additionally, involving local communities in river rehabilitation efforts can expedite environmental recovery and sustain ecosystem balance. This study is expected to serve as a reference for policymakers in managing mining activities sustainably and preserving the Bone River ecosystem.

This study aims to select four Mining Companies that have the best implementation of Occupational Safety and Health and to identify the implementation of Occupational Safety and Health that has been carried out by the Company so that it can be assessed as a whole. Therefore, data collection in this study was carried out by conducting observations, interview sessions with employees and observations of locations that have been selected as research objects as primary data and making location maps as secondary data. 4 (Four) Companies selected as research objects are located in SG Village Arso Satu Keerom Regency, Papua Province. The results showed that there were 4 (Four) companies that became the object of research, namely CV. SG, CV. ABC, CV. CTT Keerom and CV. JT XXX of the four Rock Mining companies have not implemented the Occupational Safety and Health Policy in the work environment in the Company. For this reason, it is hoped that the Keerom Regency government can pay attention to this matter.

To determine the mineral content and composition of a rock, a petrographic test is carried out using a thin section method. Petrographic test is known as an efficient test of time and energy with accurate results in obtaining the composition and mineral content of rocks. The Point Load test is an index test that has been widely used to predict the UCS value of a rock indirectly in the field. This is due to the simple test procedure, easy sample preparation and can be done in the field, so that the strength of the rock can be quickly known in the field before testing in the laboratory.

The uniaxial compressive strength value is one of the important parameters that is widely used in rock engineering projects in determining rock mass. The strength of rocks is greatly influenced by the water content and degree of saturation in the rock. Reduction of strength in rock is associated with an increase in water content, a slight increase in water content will cause a significant deviation in the compressive strength test value.This research is quantitative research, so to obtain accurate calculation data, testing methods are used in the form of compressive strength tests on rocks and physical properties tests in the treatment of samples of original rock, saturated rock and dry rock before testing. In this research, 2 types of rock were used, including limestone and sandstone in 2 rock formations, namely the Balikpapan formation and the Pulaubalang formation, so that the accuracy of the test result values ​​could be obtained well. Based on the results of observations and calculations that have been carried out, the water content values ​​of limestone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Balikpapan formation are obtained with average values ​​of 1.709%, 2.262% and 0.961% respectively. The water content of sandstone in natural, saturated and dry conditions is the Pulaubalang formation with average values ​​of 2.491%, 9.425% and 0.463% respectively. The UCS value of limestone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Balikpapan formation has an average value of 25.29 Mpa, 37.57 Mpa and 40.70 Mpa respectively. The UCS value of sandstone in natural, saturated and dry conditions in the Pulaubalang formation has an average value of 9,565 Mpa, 6,537 Mpa and 12,730 Mpa. It can be concluded that the correlation between uniaxial compressive strength values ​​and water content values ​​in limestone and sandstone shows a positive linear correlation, which means they have a strong relationship. The higher the compressive strength value of limestone and sandstone, the lower the water content value.    

This study aims to determine the system used by the Regional Income Agency in the collection of non-metallic mineral and rock tax in increasing the original income of the region, as well as to know the constraints in the implementation of the collection of Mineral Taxes instead of Metal and Bengkalis Regency Rocks. The type of research used in this study is qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of documentation, interviews, and literature study. The results of this study indicate that Bengkalis District Income Agency apply selfassessment system in the collection of Non-Metallic Mineral and Stone Taxes where taxpayers calculate, report and deposit / pay their own taxes to the Regional Regulatory Agency Bengkalis District. With the implementation of self assessment system in the collection of Non-Metallic Mineral and Stone Tax the taxpayers are encouraged to pay the taxes, so that each year the target of the Original Revenuerealized. From the data analysis of the target report on the realization of non-metallic mineral revenues and Bengkalis Regency's Rocks in 2014-2016 explained that the target of non-metallic mineral and mineral tax receipts every year reaches the set targets. However, revenue growth has decreased. Overall implementation of self assessment system in the collection of non-metallic mineral taxes and rocks at Bdan Revenue District Bengkalis is good, this is evidenced in the data target of realization of Non-Metallic Mineral and Stone Minerals reach the target set.

Rocks are naturally formed solid objects which are a collection of minerals, both similar and dissimilar, in certain proportions. Minerals are the building blocks of each type of rock. In the beginning, rocks came from magma. The types of rock that exist include pyroclastic rocks. Pyroclastic rocks contain contents that are of economic value and useful for human life. The type of method used is a qualitative research method. The data collection technique in this method is the literature study method. The method in this research focuses on in-depth observations from various reading sources such as books and scientific journals. Pyroclastic rocks are rocks formed by the lithification process of loose materials thrown from volcanic centers in explosive eruptions, which are then transported through the media of gas, wind and then deposited on dry land or in bodies of water. In fact, pyroclastics are almost the same as sedimentary rocks, but the difference is that sedimentary rocks come from the weathering of previous rocks. Meanwhile, pyroclastic rocks come from volcanic eruptions, meaning there is no weathering process.