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Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), commonly known in Indonesia as belimbing wuluh, is widely used as a natural acid in traditional cuisine. It is often processed into dried sour starfruit (asam sunti), which can last 1–1.5 years. However, traditional sun-drying methods are inefficient due to weather dependency, long processing times, and inconsistent product quality and color. This study aims to design and develop a tunnel-type starfruit dryer equipped with a blower system and heat control based on the Arduino Mega 2560. The research employs a quantitative method to evaluate tool performance. The dryer is cylindrical and supported by key components, including LPG gas as a heat source, a blower for air circulation, and a drum holder. Drying is conducted in six stages, each lasting 120 minutes, totaling 12 hours to achieve optimal dryness. Temperature monitoring at three points (T1, T2, T3) uses a MAX6675 sensor with a thermocouple connected to the Arduino Mega 2560, while weight measurement is done manually. Results indicate the tool functions effectively. A denser drying chamber and proper blower installation are recommended to ensure even heat distribution and improved drying efficiency for community use.

Starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L.), commonly known in Indonesia as belimbing wuluh, is widely used as a natural acid in traditional cuisine. It is often processed into dried sour starfruit (asam sunti), which can last 1–1.5 years. However, traditional sun-drying methods are inefficient due to weather dependency, long processing times, and inconsistent product quality and color. This study aims to design and develop a tunnel-type starfruit dryer equipped with a blower system and heat control based on the Arduino Mega 2560. The research employs a quantitative method to evaluate tool performance. The dryer is cylindrical and supported by key components, including LPG gas as a heat source, a blower for air circulation, and a drum holder. Drying is conducted in six stages, each lasting 120 minutes, totaling 12 hours to achieve optimal dryness. Temperature monitoring at three points (T1, T2, T3) uses a MAX6675 sensor with a thermocouple connected to the Arduino Mega 2560, while weight measurement is done manually. Results indicate the tool functions effectively. A denser drying chamber and proper blower installation are recommended to ensure even heat distribution and improved drying efficiency for community use.

Indramayu mango is a seasonal fruit that is highly favored due to its delicious taste and high nutritional content. However, high mango production is often not supported by adequate post-harvest facilities, particularly in terms of fruit ripeness classification. Currently, mango ripeness classification is still performed manually, which tends to be subjective and inconsistent. To address this issue, this study proposes a ripeness detection system for Indramayu mangoes by integrating the TGS2602 gas sensor and the YOLOv11 algorithm based on image processing. The TGS2602 sensor is used to detect ethylene gas emitted by ripe mangoes, while YOLOv11 is employed for visual image analysis of the fruit. This study aims to evaluate the system’s performance in classifying ripe and unripe mangoes, as well as analyze the integration between the gas sensor and the object detection model. The test results show that the TGS2602 sensor can detect increased ethylene gas concentration in ripe mangoes, while YOLOv11 demonstrates high accuracy in detecting mangoes based on visual images, with precision and recall close to 1.0. The system was also tested under various lighting conditions, including dark environments, and still performed well, although with a slight decrease in accuracy under low-light conditions.

This study discusses the design and development of an automatic safety system for a wood cutting machine using Arduino Uno, a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor, and a servo motor as the main components. The system is designed to automatically stop the movement of the wood cutting machine when human motion is detected around the cutting area, thereby minimizing the risk of work-related accidents. The research method includes hardware design, microcontroller programming, and system response testing using two types of test objects: the human body and a wooden block. The results show that the system operates according to the programmed logic. When the PIR sensor detects human motion, the servo motor stops and the red LED lights up as a danger indicator. In contrast, when no human motion is detected, the servo motor continues to move normally and the green LED remains on as a safe indicator. The system’s average response time is 0.6 seconds, indicating a fast and accurate performance. Therefore, the designed system is considered effective and can serve as a prototype of a simple safety tool to enhance operator safety in wood cutting machines.

The braking system is a crucial component in a vehicle, where its performance is highly influenced by the wheel's rotational speed and the geometry of the brake pad. This study aims to analyze the impact of wheel rotational speed and variations in pad geometry on the temperature of the brake pad. The braking process generates heat due to friction, which, if not properly managed, can reduce braking performance and accelerate brake pad wear. The experiment was conducted at four levels of wheel rotational speed: 1000 RPM, 1500 RPM, 2000 RPM, and 2500 RPM. The testing system was designed using a braking system simulator equipped with a speed sensor (LM393) and a temperature sensor (K-type thermocouple), which were connected to an Arduino microcontroller and displayed in real-time through a Graphical User Interface (GUI) in MATLAB. The test results indicated that both the geometric shape of the brake pads and the wheel rotation speed significantly affected the resulting temperature. Standard brake pads produced the highest temperature at a speed of 2500 RPM, reaching 63.33°C. In contrast, brake pads with holes offered the best performance by maintaining a lower temperature of only 43.00°C. Furthermore, an increase in wheel rotation speed led to a noticeable rise in temperature; for standard pads, the temperature increased from 36.67°C at 1000 RPM to 63.33°C at 2500 RPM. This demonstrates that RPM is a major factor in heat generation due to friction. The MATLAB GUI effectively visualized the relationship between RPM and temperature, facilitating the analysis and evaluation of the data.

Work safety is always a priority, especially in the mining world which has a high potential for danger. Therefore, there are many regulations that must be obeyed, including the prohibition of smoking in the cabin of the Dump Truck unit. This study aims to design a cigarette smoke detector in the cab of a dump truck as a form of warning to drivers who violate the ban on smoking in the cab. The method used in this research is a quantitative method by conducting experiments. The research conducted is to analyze the effect of smoke thickness levels (20%, 40%, and 60%) on different sensor types (MQ-4 and MQ-7). The expected result is the effect of smoke thickness variation on the response time of different sensors.

This research presents the design and testing of an automatic color detection system using TCS3200 color sensor integrated with Arduino Uno microcontroller. The system was developed and tested using Wokwi virtual simulation platform before physical implementation. The TCS3200 sensor converts RGB light intensity reflected from objects into frequency signals, which are processed by Arduino Uno to classify colors into red, green, and blue categories. The system incorporates audio feedback using DFPlayer Mini module to provide sound notifications for detected colors. Testing results show that the system can accurately detect and classify primary colors with frequency-based thresholds: red (R<48 &R>37 & G<95 & G>85), blue (G<75 & G>65 & B<33 & B>23), and green (R<55 & R>40 & B<25 & B>5). The simulation validation demonstrates stable performance with consistent color recognition capabilities, making it suitable for industrial sorting applications and assistive technology for visually impaired individuals.

The rise in motor vehicle theft cases in various regions indicates the weakness of the security systems implemented by most users. Systems such as manual locks and alarms often fail to prevent crime, either because they are easily hacked conventionally or due to user negligence in their operation. In today's technological era, a system is needed that is not only secure, but also intelligent and practical. One promising solution is the implementation of a facial recognition-based security system. This study aims to design and test a vehicle security simulation system using facial recognition technology integrated with Arduino Uno and MATLAB. This system utilizes a laptop camera to capture the user's facial image, then performs a detection and verification process using the FaceNet algorithm. If the face is recognized and verified with data stored in the database, the Arduino will activate the actuator components in the form of a DC motor to simulate starting the engine, and a servo motor to simulate opening the vehicle door. This study uses a quantitative experimental approach to analyze the effect of variations in distance (30, 40, and 50 cm) and lighting brightness levels (10–20, 21–30, and 31–40 lux) on the system's response time. A total of 27 combinations of conditions were tested, and the data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and ANOVA tests in Minitab software. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal response time was obtained at a distance of 40 cm with a medium level of illumination (21–30 lux). In addition, both distance, brightness, and the interaction between the two factors were shown to have a significant effect on the system's response time (P-Value < 0.05). These findings indicate that the system is quite sensitive to environmental changes, so further testing is highly recommended, especially to measure the actual delay, the detection error rate, and the development of a more robust face detection algorithm so that the system can be used reliably in various lighting conditions and face capture angles in the real world.

Public Fuel Filling Stations (SPBU) are important facilities that provide various types of fuel such as gasoline, diesel, and Pertamax to meet the needs of motorized vehicles. The existence of SPBU greatly helps the public in obtaining fuel at a more economical price compared to purchasing retail. However, the transaction system at SPBU generally still uses conventional methods, such as cash payments or the use of debit/credit cards that have not been fully integrated with an efficient digital system. The use of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technology has been implemented as a non-cash transaction method at several SPBUs, but this system still has various weaknesses, such as limited device compatibility and delays in transaction processing. This prompted the author to develop the concept of an independent SPBU based on modern technology that is more efficient and secure. The proposed innovation includes the use of contactless smart cards and coin acceptors for the payment system, allowing users to make self-service transactions without operator involvement. In addition, the author also added several supporting components such as proximity sensors, which function to detect the presence of vehicles or people around the SPBU area. These sensors can help in saving electrical energy by activating the system only when needed. Another component is a vibration sensor, which plays a crucial role in detecting excessive vibrations that could potentially cause leaks. If excessive vibration is detected, the system automatically closes the solenoid on the pump to prevent the risk of fire or damage. By integrating this technology, the autonomous gas station system is expected to improve operational efficiency, user convenience, and safety during the automatic refueling process. This development is expected to be an innovative solution for modernizing the gas station system in Indonesia.

Internet of Things (IoT)-based digital transformation has become a major catalyst in improving the efficiency of operational systems in various sectors, including the modern retail industry. One of the common logistics problems found in supermarket environments is the accumulation of unorganized shopping trolleys, which can hinder service flow and increase staff workload. This study presents a design of an IoT-based autonomous smart trolley system and automatic navigation to address these problems in a structured manner. The system design utilizes the integration of ESP32 and Arduino UNO microcontrollers, ultrasonic sensors for distance detection, line sensors for automatic path navigation, and Raspberry Pi modules for visual image processing in location tracking. The system is designed to be able to independently reposition the trolley to a predetermined parking station. Conceptual analysis shows that this system has significant potential in reducing operational costs, increasing labor efficiency, and strengthening customer service automation. Initial evaluation of technical and economic feasibility aspects strengthens the opportunity for widespread system implementation in the future. This design is the first step in developing a smart retail solution based on adaptive technology that is in line with the principles of Society 5.0. Furthermore, the development of this smart trolley system also considers user safety and comfort through additional features such as anti-collision sensors, an early warning system in the event of technical problems, and a manual control option as an alternative in emergency situations. The integration of Internet of Things-based technology also enables real-time monitoring and management systems through a web-based dashboard or mobile application, which can be accessed by supermarket management for operational analysis. Thus, this system not only addresses internal logistics needs but also contributes to improving the overall customer experience.

In the modern era, the need for sophisticated vehicle security systems is increasing along with the high rate of motor vehicle theft. This research designs and implements a fingerprint sensor-based vehicle security system using an Arduino Uno microcontroller. This system aims to improve security by utilizing biometric technology that can only be accessed by verified users. The fingerprint sensor is used to recognize the user's fingerprint, then activate the system through a relay instead of a conventional key. System testing shows a fast response time with an estimated rise time of about 0.5 seconds and settling time of about 2 seconds, without any misidentification (false positive or false negative). Thus, the system is proven to provide higher security, good authentication speed, and ease of use compared to conventional security systems. These results show that the implementation of biometric technology in vehicles has the potential to be widely applied.

Engine overheating is a critical condition that can cause damage to internal components, reduce operational efficiency, and lead to overall system failure. The absence of an automatic protection system is one of the primary factors contributing to damage. This study aims to design and test a temperature sensor-based safety device that can automatically cut off the engine's working system when the temperature exceeds the safe limit. The method used is descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate the effect of independent variables (operational time duration and workload) on the dependent variable (coolant temperature). The system was tested through water heating simulation using an electric heater and controlled by an Arduino Nano microcontroller, a MAX6675 temperature sensor. Testing was carried out with variations in power load (150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 Watts) and operational duration (20, 40, and 60 minutes). Temperature data were collected and analyzed using ANOVA to determine the effect of load and time on temperature increase. The results showed that the temperature increased significantly with increasing power load, with temperatures approaching 100°C at loads ≥450 Watts in less than 20 minutes. The load variable shows a significant effect on temperature (p < 0.05), while the duration of time shows a nonlinear but not statistically significant upward trend. The safety device is proven to be able to automatically disconnect the system when the temperature reaches the specified maximum limit, thus effectively preventing engine damage due to overheating.

The increasing number of motorcycle thefts in various regions indicates that conventional security systems are not yet fully effective in protecting vehicles, necessitating new technology-based innovations. This study discusses the planning and implementation of a motorcycle security system utilizing Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) technology as a more responsive and modern solution. The system is designed using a passive RFID tag placed on the motorcycle key, an RFID reader integrated with the motorcycle unit, and an Arduino microcontroller that functions to control the ignition system. With this combination, the motorcycle can only be activated if the appropriate tag is detected, while access attempts using an invalid tag or the loss of the tag will automatically disconnect the ignition system. Test results announced that tag recognition can be done very quickly, in less than a second, so as not to disrupt the user's comfort when starting the vehicle. In addition, this system is able to maintain consistent performance by providing an automatic response that supports advanced security. The implementation of this plan is expected to reduce motorcycle theft by providing an additional layer of security that is more difficult to penetrate than a manual key system. From the user's perspective, this technology remains practical because it does not require complicated procedures in its operation, simply by ensuring the appropriate RFID tag is attached to the motorcycle key. Overall, this research confirms that the application of Arduino microcontroller-based RFID technology can be an alternative, inexpensive, and applicable security system in everyday life. It is hoped that this system will not only improve protection for vehicle owners but also serve as a benchmark for the development of more sophisticated transportation security technologies in the future. Implementation of this system is expected to reduce motorcycle theft and provide a greater sense of security for vehicle owners.

The PG45 DC motor is a drive system used on sediment detection boat. To achieve the desired stability and speed, it is necessary to apply a control system to the sediment detection boat drive system. Control systems need to be tuned to ensure that they function properly and are responsive to changes. In order to complement the previous research, further research was carried out focusing on determining the PID control parameters on the angular speed of the PG45 DC Motor using Simulink. The PG45 DC motor works based on the Arduino programming algorithm that has been designed so that it can rotate at a predetermined speed. This research modeled the sediment detection ship system on Simulink with a similarity rate of 94.09%. The results of this study indicate that the tuning method used, namely trial and error, produces good control on the sediment detection ship system model that has been assembled in Simulink with the value of Kp = 100; Ki = 5; Kd = 15 obtained the value of rise time = 0.2474 seconds and settling time = 0.4104 seconds and overshoot = 0.2175%%.

Wireless communication, in its infrastructure nature, faces many challenges such as fading, data coverage, and interference issues. Therefore, High-Fidelity or (Li-Fi) is utilized due to its ability to naturally provide high-density wireless data coverage in closure’s particularly helpful for application(s) in some areas while the radio interference conditions are concern. This article illustrates an advanced Li-Fi approach performing high-speed data transmission between two Personal Computers (PCs) utilizing the Arduino Nano-based technique. In the experimental phase, data is mainly used to be transmitted over red laser diode (630 nm) through (30 cm) in distance, a distance of 30 cm, achieving a high peak speed reach to about (512Bps). The proposed approach performance is computed by evaluating the most important and related metrics like Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit-Error-Rate (BER), and influence of throughput on input data over various light circumstance. The proposed approach mainly utilizes a keypad as a user input and two related detection models for both a solar cell and a photodetector in order to make a powerful comparison in terms of performance. the results showed that when the photodetector applies a higher-detection efficiency (via BER enhancement which reaches to 20% over solar-cell), the solar-cell clarify outstanding power and cost-activity. The mentioned findings are propped by elaborated statistical-analyses and MATLAB simulation to design, simulate and visualize the validate functionalities of the robustness and scalability properties of the proposed Li-Fi approach.

Overhead cranes are an important device in the manufacturing and construction industry that functions to move heavy loads efficiently and safely. However, human error often occurs which can cause work accidents, equipment damage, and decreased productivity. Therefore, this research aims to design and build an Arduino-based automatic overhead crane system that can increase work efficiency and safety. This system is designed using an Arduino microcontroller as a control center, equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the position and distance of the load, as well as a servo motor to regulate crane movement automatically. The system also features a wireless communication module to monitor and control the crane remotely. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which includes the stages of needs analysis, system design, hardware and software implementation, and performance testing. Test results show that this automatic overhead crane is capable of moving loads with high accuracy and a speed that can be adjusted according to needs. The system also succeeded in reducing manual intervention, thereby increasing work safety and reducing the risk of accidents by up to 30% compared to manual systems. The Arduino-based automatic overhead crane design succeeded in meeting the research objectives, increasing work efficiency and safety. Routine maintenance and periodic checks on mechanical and electronic components need to be carried out to ensure the system continues to function optimally and reduces the risk of damage.

Oka Jamur Bali is one of the oyster mushroom cultivation farmers. Lack of efficiency in regulating temperature and humidity in mushroom barns is an important factor in the growth of mushroom fruiting bodies. This condition requires an innovative solution to regulate and monitor temperature and humidity in the barn area. This research aims to build a prototype using Arduino UNO, ESP32, DHT11, pump and Internet of Things (IoT) technology.  The monitoring system design uses Arduino UNO, NodeMCU ESP32, DHT11 and DC pump with 12V voltage. Arduino UNO functions as a control system to manage and control the temperature and humidity parameters of the mushroom barn environment with the DHT11 sensor used to accurately measure temperature and humidity. The combination of NodeMCU ESP32 and Arduino UNO aims for monitoring through the ThingSpeak platform which can be accessed with a smartphone connected to the internet network. Based on the results of the prototype of the automatic temperature and humidity control system, the system is able to measure the environmental conditions of the mushroom barn with humidity measurement results in the range of 79% - 82% and the average temperature during the test reached 29.35°C. The application of the system was able to reduce the temperature by 2.28% with an average temperature of 28.19°C and increase the relative humidity by 6.27% with an average humidity of 81.1% in the mushroom barn area. The results of income between the income generated by using the automatic temperature and humidity control system tool and the income of farmers without using the tool increased by Rp. 16,416.

The increase in online buying and selling due to government appeals during the Covid-19 pandemic has created a new habit in society, which also serves to reduce physical contact and prevent the spread of the virus. However, with the increase in delivery of goods, challenges arise in maintaining the cleanliness and safety of received packages. To address this, a smart package receiving system was developed that features automatic sterilization using ultraviolet (UV) lights and disinfectant spraying on incoming packages. This system aims to prevent the transmission of viruses that may be attached to the package. In addition, the system helps monitor and secure packages, especially when the owner is not at home. The system uses a microcontroller as the control center, equipped with an ESP32-CAM camera to document photos of the sender, as well as an ultrasonic sensor to detect whether the package is in the box or not. The process starts when the courier presses the “there is a package” button, which sends an OTP code to the receiver's Telegram. The courier enters the OTP code, places the package in the box, and closes it. After that, the UV lamp turns on for sterilization, the ESP32-CAM photographs the package, and the ultrasonic sensor detects the package status. If the package is detected, a photo notification of the sender is sent to Telegram, informing the recipient that the package is ready for pickup.  

Socks are essential daily wear that require special care, including an effective drying process to prevent unpleasant odors and the growth of bacteria and fungi. Conventional drying methods often face challenges, especially in high-humidity environments or during unfavorable weather conditions. This study aims to design and develop a prototype sock dryer that is more efficient and hygienic. The prototype utilizes a combination of a heater, UV lamp, and humidity and temperature sensors to ensure optimal drying without damaging fabric fibers. A microcontroller-based control system using Arduino Uno is implemented to regulate device operation and monitor sock conditions during drying. Testing results indicate that the device effectively dries cotton socks in damp conditions faster than conventional methods. Additionally, the sterilization feature with a UV lamp helps reduce the risk of microbial growth. This innovation is expected to provide users with a practical, hygienic, and efficient way to dry socks without depending on weather conditions. Further development can be carried out to enhance drying capacity and energy efficiency.

This project aims to design and develop a prototype system based on gesture sensors to monitor visitors and smoke sensors to detect the presence of smoke in designated smoking rooms. The system is designed to enhance comfort, safety, and operational efficiency in multipurpose buildings. Utilizing the Arduino Uno microcontroller, the device is equipped with various components, such as a gesture sensor to detect visitor movements entering and exiting the building, enabling visitor monitoring for resource allocation. Meanwhile, the smoke sensor is designed to identify and monitor smoke concentration in the smoking room to prevent the spread of smoke to other areas.The device also includes additional features, such as an automatic exhaust fan and an LCD display for process monitoring. Test results show that the developed prototype has a high accuracy rate in detecting visitor gestures and can reliably and quickly detect the presence of smoke. This system provides an innovative solution to support smarter, safer, and more eco-friendly management of multipurpose buildings. This research is expected to serve as a foundation for further advancements in the application of sensor technology in public facilities.