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This study aims to map the trajectory of syntactic acquisition in three-year-old children through syntactic patterns and communicative functions in naturalistic interaction. Using a mixed-methods approach, data from native Indonesian-speaking children were collected over a period of 1.5 months through the involve-conversation technique. Analysis of 80 utterances using frequency distribution, Mean Length of Utterance (MLU), and functional grammar revealed a dominant Subject–Verb–Object (S–V–O) structure (30%) and an MLU of 5.82 morphemes. These findings indicate a developmental transition from telegraphic speech to early multi-clause constructions, reflecting increasing linguistic complexity. Cognitive compensation is marked by the use of pragmatic particles and non-canonical sentence patterns driven by ideational, interpersonal, and textual functions. The results support the usage-based hypothesis, suggesting that early syntactic development is functional, sequential, and non-linear in nature. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of interactional experience in shaping emerging grammatical competence. This classification serves as a micro-longitudinal assessment tool and provides a pedagogical basis for scaffolding interventions aimed at stabilizing complex linguistic patterns and enhancing language development in early childhood education settings.

This research is motivated by the low skills of students in writing speech texts, especially in the aspects of structure, idea development, and language use. This study aims to describe the application of infographic media, analyze the differences in writing abilities between the experimental and control classes, and determine student responses. The study used a quantitative approach with an experimental design at SMP Negeri 55 Surabaya. The research sample consisted of class VIII B as the experiment and VIII A as the control. Data collection techniques included observation, pretest and posttest tests, and questionnaires. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test. The results showed that the application of infographic media ran very well. There was a significant difference in the ability to write speech texts between the two classes, with an average posttest score of 78.2 for the experimental class and 69.5 for the control class (sig. 0.000 <0.05). Student responses were also in the very good category. Thus, infographic media is effective in improving students' speech writing skills.

Nahwu (Arabic grammar) is a fundamental discipline in learning the Arabic language, helping to prevent errors in speech and serving as a primary key to clearly understanding Islamic legal texts. However, in practice, the teaching of Nahwu often faces complex challenges, particularly the lack of active participation among female students and their uneven mastery of the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore the problems in teaching Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong and to identify the factors causing these issues. This study aims to: (1) reveal the problems faced by second-grade female students of KMI in learning Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong, and (2) identify the contributing factors influencing the emergence of these problems. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher used three data collection techniques: classroom observation, in-depth interviews with the Nahwu teacher, and questionnaires distributed to the students. For data analysis, the researcher applied the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, data triangulation techniques were used. The results of the study indicate that the problems are divided into two main aspects: (1) learning-related problems, including the gap between memorization of grammatical rules and their application (i‘rab), high levels of academic anxiety, and decreased classroom concentration; and (2) contributing factors, including methodological factors, linguistic-psychological factors, and classroom management factors. The researcher suggests that teachers adopt more interactive teaching methods and media, as well as innovative visual tools to reduce the abstract nature of Nahwu materials and enhance students’ functional understanding. Additionally, activating “Halaqah Nahwiyyah” (grammar study circles) in dormitories is recommended to overcome psychological barriers and improve students’ linguistic confidence.

In conveying messages, speakers use utterances. Utterances are forms of speech that contain various communicative functions according to the context and purpose of communication. Speech acts are the main element in verbal interactions that reflect social actions in the form of speech. Speech acts are actions manifested in the form of speech that have a special meaning. One type of speech act is the illocutionary speech act. The purpose of this study is to analyze and describe the types and forms of illocutionary speech acts in negotiation texts in the revised edition of Indonesian language books. This research method uses qualitative descriptions and pragmatic analysis. Data collection in this study uses reading and note-taking techniques and purposive sampling. Based on the data analysis, the author has identified 171 illocutionary speech acts, including assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. Based on the research, the author found that assertive, directive, and expressive speech acts predominate. Commissive speech acts numbered twenty-seven, and declarative speech acts numbered the least, namely seven. This research is expected to provide students with an understanding of the types of illocutionary speech acts, enhance their knowledge, and enable them to use them effectively and correctly.

This study investigates the use of derivational morphemes in David Goggins' motivational speech, “12 Minutes to Change Your Life,” featured on Huberman's podcast. Derivational morphemes, which create new words and alter grammatical categories, are essential in understanding language development and communication. Despite extensive research on derivational morphemes in various texts, there is limited analysis of their usage in motivational speeches. This study addresses this gap by analyzing Goggins' speech, focusing on identifying and classifying derivational morphemes. Using qualitative methods, the speech was transcribed, and words containing derivational morphemes were analyzed based on the theories of Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams (2011). The findings reveal 23 instances of derivational morphemes, divided into class-changing and class-maintaining categories. Notable transformations include adjectives to adverbs, verbs to nouns, and adjectives to nouns, with the most frequent being adjectives to adverbs. The study provides insights into the function and impact of derivational morphemes in spoken motivational content, contributing to the broader understanding of morphology in language use.