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Overcrowding or excess capacity in correctional institutions is a serious problem in the criminal justice system in Indonesia. One alternative that could be a solution is the application of social work punishment. Social work punishment offers a more humane approach and does not burden correctional institutions. Aim. This study aims to examine the policy of social work sanctions in Indonesia as an alternative sentencing approach and its potential as a solution to address the issues of overcrowding in correctional institutions. It explores the feasibility and effectiveness of implementing social work penalties within Indonesia’s legal framework, specifically in mitigating prison overcrowding and improving rehabilitation outcomes for offenders. Methods. The research employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing laws, regulations, and relevant literature related to criminal sanctions in Indonesia. In addition, qualitative data is gathered through interviews with legal practitioners, corrections officers, and policymakers to understand the perspectives and readiness of the criminal justice system to implement social work penalties. Comparative analysis with international practices is also included to evaluate the adaptability and potential challenges in Indonesia. Results. Findings reveal that social work penalties can serve as an effective alternative to custodial sentences for non-violent offenders, reducing the burden on correctional facilities. Implementation challenges include the need for regulatory support, coordination among institutions, and public awareness. Nevertheless, social work sanctions show promise in promoting rehabilitative justice, lowering recidivism, and creating a more balanced criminal justice system in Indonesia.

Multicollinearity is one of the common issues in multiple linear regression that can lead to instability in the estimation of regression coefficients. This study aims to examine the impact of multicollinearity on regression models and to evaluate the use of Ridge Regression as an alternative estimation method. The study employs simulated data consisting of 1,000 observations, including one dependent variable and four independent variables designed to exhibit high correlation. The analysis begins with model estimation using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, followed by multicollinearity testing using the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF). The OLS results indicate that most independent variables significantly influence the dependent variable, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9863. However, the high VIF values reveal the presence of strong multicollinearity in the model. To address this issue, Ridge Regression is applied, with the optimal penalty parameter determined through cross-validation, yielding a lambda value of 4.201589. The results show that the regression coefficients in the Ridge model undergo shrinkage, resulting in greater stability compared to the OLS estimates. Model evaluation indicates that the Mean Squared Error (MSE) for the OLS model is 24.77, whereas the Ridge model produces an MSE of 29.72. Although the Ridge model exhibits a slightly higher MSE, it effectively mitigates the impact of multicollinearity and provides more stable parameter estimates.

This study analyzes law enforcement related to the application of the death penalty with a ten-year probation period as stipulated in the Criminal Code (KUHP). The results of the study show that the enforcement of the conditional death penalty is carried out in three stages, namely the formulation, application, and implementation stages. The formulation stage is reflected in the establishment of the death penalty as a special alternative and conditional punishment in Law Number 1 of 2023, the application stage is carried out through the application of norms by law enforcement officials, while the implementation stage relates to the execution of court decisions against convicts. The change in the construction of the death penalty from an absolute primary punishment to an alternative and special conditional punishment has fundamental legal implications for the criminal justice system in Indonesia, especially with the existence of discretion for judges and law enforcement officials to assess the possibility of changing the type of punishment based on the convicted person's remorse and efforts to reform themselves during the probation period.

The death penalty is one of the means of protecting society and the state in the form of prevention and action. Indonesia is one of the countries that still maintains and recognizes the legitimacy of the death penalty as a punishment for perpetrators of criminal acts. The death penalty is closely related to human rights because the death penalty is the most severe punishment because perpetrators of criminal acts will lose the right to life which is a priceless right. Therefore, there is a conflict between the imposition of the death penalty on perpetrators of criminal acts and human rights. This paper aims to determine the provisions regarding the death penalty and the protection of human rights. The type of research taken in this study is normative legal research that contains relevant issues. Normative legal research is research that is conducted by reviewing applicable laws and regulations or applying them to legal problems. Several laws and regulations in Indonesia still maintain the threat of the death penalty, although the death penalty has been criticized by human rights activists. Therefore, there is a compromise (criminal policy) in the Criminal Code, namely using the death penalty as an alternative punishment rather than the main punishment and only applies to very serious crimes.

Sentencing must take into account juridical and sociological aspects to provide a deterrent effect and benefit society. In Law no. 1 of 2023, the death penalty is regulated as a last resort for serious crimes, in accordance with human rights principles and Islamic legal views. This research uses a normative method with a statutory approach to examine the death penalty in Law no. 1 of 2023 and compare it with Islamic law. The death penalty in Law no. 1 of 2023 is regulated in Articles 64 and 67, no longer as a basic crime but as a last alternative for extraordinary crimes that threaten life, with stricter implementation because it refers to the ratification of the ICCPR. In Islamic law, the death penalty applies to murder, adultery (for married perpetrators), armed robbery and rebellion, with the principle of qishash as the main basis.

The enactment of the 2023 Criminal Code shows a change in the direction of punishment in Indonesia. The 2023 Criminal Code emphasises the purpose of punishment on prevention, correction, and restoration of balance, in contrast to the old Criminal Code which was more oriented towards providing deterrent effects. This is proven by the emergence of alternative punishment in the form of supervision punishment and social work punishment. The purpose of this study is to examine whether this alternative punishment is appropriate when viewed from the purpose of punishment and how the implementation of alternative punishment in other countries. This alternative punishment not only provides a more humane and restorative punishment option, but is also expected to overcome the problem of overcapacity of Correctional Institutions (Lapas). In addition, this research discusses the implementation of alternative punishment in other countries, such as the Netherlands and Portugal, which have proven effective in reducing the prison population and recidivism rate. By using normative juridical research method, the author makes the Criminal Code 2023 as the main legal basis to be analysed.

This research was conducted with the aim of finding out the arrangements for the death penalty for climbing pregnant women and knowing the legal reasons for having to fulfill special rights, for example pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding for female prisoners who are temporarily carrying out the waiting period for execution of the death penalty. The type of research used in this research is normative research. Normative legal research is more likely to describe law as a descriptive discipline. Law Number 1 of 2023 which has been passed as a new law provides information that the implementation of the death penalty refers to Article 98 of Law Number 1 of 2023 which stipulates that capital punishment is punishable by an alternative which is only permitted to be released after a request for clemency for convicts who are rejected by the President. However, for pregnant women, women who are breastfeeding their babies, it turns out that it can be postponed until the women give birth, the women no longer breastfeed their babies, and also get a 10-year probation period for convicts to do good in prison. So there is a period of 10 years for the pregnant woman's desire to do good while being detained in prison.

This study aims to find out the study of the relationship between capital punishment and human rights. The type of research used is a systematic literature review, namely the study of related journals, articles, laws, and books. The results of this study indicate that the death penalty in Indonesia still experiences several mistakes that lead to violations of human rights, so capital punishment is needed as an alternative punishment.