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This study aims to examine the development of Islam during the Umayyad Dynasty as one of the important periods in the history of Islamic civilization. The main focus of the discussion is directed at the process of the emergence of Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan as the first caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty and his efforts to establish dynastic power after the Islamic Civil War (Fitnah Kubra). The Umayyad Dynasty played a strategic role in the transformation of the Islamic government system from an elective caliphate to a hereditary monarchy, while simultaneously expanding the territory of Islam to various regions. This study uses a literature review method with a historiographic approach, namely examining and analyzing relevant classical and modern historical sources. The results show that during the Umayyad Dynasty, Islam experienced significant developments in the aspects of politics, government administration, military, and culture. However, internal political dynamics, conflicts over the legitimacy of power, and dissatisfaction of certain groups also contributed to weakening the stability of the dynasty. This study also describes the process of decline of the Umayyad Dynasty until its eventual collapse and replacement by the Abbasid Dynasty.

The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 AD) was the first Islamic dynasty to implement a hereditary monarchy and played a significant role in the massive expansion of Islamic rule. After the end of the Caliphate, power passed to Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan, who founded the dynasty and moved the center of government to Damascus. This study aims to examine the political, social, economic, and religious dynamics during the Umayyad Dynasty through qualitative methods and a literature review approach. The results of the study indicate that the success of the Umayyad expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east was driven by solid military strength, intelligent diplomatic strategies, and an established government administration system. In the economic aspect, the Umayyad Dynasty developed a taxation and currency system that supported the country's financial stability. Infrastructure such as roads, postal services, and communication systems were also improved to support connectivity between regions. In the social and cultural fields, interactions between various ethnicities and religions encouraged the development of science, art, literature, and architecture, including the emergence of a distinctive Islamic architectural style. However, the unequal social system between Arabs and non-Arabs (mawali), as well as discrimination within the government, fueled public dissatisfaction. Furthermore, sectarian conflict between Sunnis and Shiites exacerbated the domestic political situation. Inequities in the distribution of power, nepotism, and authoritarianism were the main causes of the weakening of support for the Umayyad government. Ultimately, this dynasty collapsed after being overthrown by the Abbasid Dynasty in 750 CE. This study emphasizes that the success of a government is greatly influenced by just leadership, an inclusive government system, and the ability to respond adaptively to socio-political challenges.

The Abbasid dynasty was one of the most influential Islamic caliphates and left a long legacy in the development of world civilization. Established in 750 AD and ending in 1258 AD, the Abbasid period is known as the Golden Age of Islam due to its extraordinary progress in various fields, including politics, economics, and science. This study aims to examine how the Abbasid political and economic policies and the development of science that took place during that period were able to contribute significantly to the progress of global civilization. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-historical approach through the study of relevant literature in the last five years. The results of the study indicate that political stability and a structured bureaucratic system provided a strong foundation for economic growth and intellectual progress. The Abbasid government established a center of knowledge in Baghdad known as Baitul Hikmah (House of Wisdom). Here, scientists from various religious and cultural backgrounds gathered to translate, develop, and disseminate knowledge from Greek, Persian, Indian, and other scientific traditions into the Islamic world. Some of the great figures who emerged during this period included Al-Khwarizmi (mathematics), Ibn Sina (medicine and philosophy), and Jabir Ibn Hayyan (chemistry). Their discoveries and work became the foundation for modern science. However, the glory of the Abbasids slowly declined due to internal conflicts, power struggles, and the weakening of the caliph's authority. The peak of the fall occurred when Baghdad was attacked and destroyed by the Mongols in 1258 AD. However, the intellectual and cultural heritage of the Abbasid dynasty continues to have an important influence on the development of world science and civilization to this day.

This article is written to examine the golden age of Islamic intellectuals, focusing on the development of education during the era of Caliph al-Ma'mun (786–833 AD) of the Abbasid Dynasty, and to explore the factors underlying the progress of science during that period. The research method used is a literature study with a qualitative historical descriptive approach; data were collected through a review of primary and secondary sources (books, journals, historical documents), then analyzed systematically through the process of de-contextualization, coding, grouping, and re-contextualization in order to compile a comprehensive historical narrative. The results of the study indicate that al-Ma'mun's policies including the establishment of BaitulHikmah, the movement to translate foreign scientific works, and political and economic support created an open and inclusive intellectual climate, accelerating the development of science, philosophy, and formal education to the village level. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of synergy between state support, political stability, and respect for diversity as a foundation for the development of modern educational institutions and cross-cultural knowledge exchange.

This article explores the political, religious, and socio-cultural dimensions of the Fatimid Dynasty's rule in Egypt, highlighting its unique contributions to Islamic civilization. The Fatimid Caliphate, which ruled from 969 to 1171 AD, represented a significant Shi'a Islamic power that challenged the dominance of the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate. The study analyzes the origins of the Fatimid dynasty, its establishment in North Africa, and its eventual relocation of the capital to Cairo, which became a vibrant center of learning and governance. Special attention is given to the administrative reforms, religious tolerance policies, and architectural advancements initiated by Fatimid rulers. Additionally, the article examines the tensions and conflicts both internally and externally that eventually led to the dynasty’s decline. By using historical and historiographical methods, this research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the Fatimid Dynasty shaped the political and religious landscape of medieval Egypt and left a lasting legacy that can still be seen in Egyptian culture and architecture today.                  

Islam after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW experienced a golden age. The peak of this glory was not seen from the size of its territory, but from the progress of various sectors such as art, culture, building architecture, and education. All of this success was achieved during the Abbasid Dynasty. This dynasty was different from the previous empire, namely the Umayyad, which focused more on expanding the territory of da'wah. In this short and simple article, the development of art, especially architecture, during the Abbasid Dynasty is discussed, which is one indicator of the progress of the Baghdad Caliphate. Architecture is the work of an architect designed to build spaces in a building with certain functions and purposes. The royal palace building is an architectural design that is formed according to the development of the times and contains certain meanings in each of its arrangements. This article aims to explain the architectural style of the Abbasid Caliphate palace, including its types and the influence of other architectural styles in its construction. The method used is a literature study (library research) by collecting data from various relevant literature. The results of this writing are expected to provide a general description of the characteristics of palace architecture during the Abbasid Dynasty.

This study examines the tax policies during the time of Abu Yusuf, a prominent Islamic scholar and economist who significantly contributed to the Islamic financial system through his work Kitab al-Khara. The research aims to analyze Abu Yusuf's taxation concepts, their implementation during the Abbasid Caliphate, and their relevance to modern taxation systems, particularly in Indonesia. This study employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach. The findings indicate that Abu Yusuf favored a proportional tax system (muqasamah) over a fixed tax system (misahah), as it is fairer and more adaptable to economic fluctuations. He also emphasized the importance of tax officials' integrity, transparency in tax administration, and strict supervision of tax collectors to prevent corruption. This study highlights that Abu Yusuf’s taxation principles remain relevant in modern taxation systems, particularly in terms of fairness, efficiency, and fiscal transparency.

Islamic civilization has played an important role in world history, with significant contributions in the fields of science, philosophy, architecture, and culture. Therefore, it is important to study and understand the history of Islamic civilization to understand its significant influence in the modern world. The Abbasid Dynasty was one of the golden periods in the history of Islamic civilization, with significant contributions in various fields. The Abbasid Dynasty was one of the dynasties that had a high civilization in the field of science, of course this was inseparable from the efforts made by the caliphs who led the government. Efforts continued to be made by translating foreign works that had previously experienced civilization in the fields of science and other fields. This article will discuss the history of the Abbasid Dynasty and its contributions to Islamic civilization.