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This study examines the use of politeness principles in netizens’ comments on the Instagram account of Prabowo Subianto. The focus of the research is on utterances that reflect the six maxims of politeness proposed by Leech, namely the tact maxim, generosity maxim, approbation maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, and sympathy maxim. This research employed a qualitative method with a content analysis approach. The data were collected through digital documentation, listening, and note-taking techniques from netizens’ comments on Prabowo Subianto’s Instagram post dated April 13, 2026. The findings show that five politeness maxims were identified in the data, namely the tact maxim with 78 utterances, the approbation maxim with 145 utterances, the modesty maxim with 4 utterances, the agreement maxim with 190 utterances, and the sympathy maxim with 33 utterances. Meanwhile, the generosity maxim was not found in the data. These findings indicate that the comments on the post generally express polite, appreciative, and supportive attitudes toward Prabowo Subianto.

Curiosity is a very important capital to start learning. Because, with curiosity, humans can dig up interesting information and tips so that they can gain broader insight. In this sophisticated era, it is easier for people to find the information they need. One media that is often used to access information is YouTube. There are many videos on YouTube that can provide interesting and quality information, one of which is Maudy Ayunda's video. This research aims to describe the forms of assertive speech acts contained in the booklist edition of Maudy Ayunda's YouTube channel. The approach used in this research is methodological and theoretical. The approach used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach and a pragmatic approach. The data collection method used in this research was the observation method, followed by the observation technique. The data analysis method in this research is the pragmatic subtype. The research results found that there were types of assertive speech acts including, namely, assertive speech acts stating 31 data, suggesting 11 data, boasting that no data was found, complaining about 5 data, and claiming 14 data.

This study is motivated by the importance of politeness strategies in film discourse as a reflection of social interaction and cultural values. It aims to identify the types of politeness strategies used in the film Dilan 1990 and to determine the most dominant strategy along with its contextual use in interpersonal interactions, based on Brown and Levinson’s framework. Employing a descriptive qualitative method, the data consist of 40 utterances containing potential face-threatening acts. The data were analyzed through identification, classification, and interpretation according to four politeness strategies: Bald on Record, Positive Politeness, Negative Politeness, and Off-Record. The findings reveal that all four strategies appear in the film dialogues, with Positive Politeness as the dominant strategy, indicating closeness, humor, and social solidarity, particularly between the main characters, Dilan and Milea. Bald on Record is mainly used in instructional and hierarchical relationships, while Negative Politeness and Off-Record occur in more sensitive situations or when indirect meanings are intended. These results imply that Dilan 1990 represents politeness values within Indonesia’s collectivistic culture, especially in youth communication that emphasizes harmony and social cohesion.

This research examines cases of extortion and threats between young couples through social media in Bengkalis. The analysis is conducted from the perspectives of forensic linguistics, semantics, and pragmatics. The research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The data consists of language use in the Expert Witness Interview Report, specifically messages exchanged via WhatsApp. The findings indicate that the perpetrator engaged in both extortion and threats against the victim. The extortion involved financial demands, causing the victim to experience insecurity and trauma. Additionally, these actions violate Article 368, Paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code regarding extortion and threats against another person, as well as Article 45b of the Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE) Law, which addresses extortion and threats carried out online. Based on these findings, strict legal action is necessary, along with increased awareness of the importance of responsible social media use.

This study explores the use of Leech's politeness maxims and the cost-benefit principle in LinkedIn comments about job postings, aiming to understand how job seekers maintain politeness when pursuing job opportunities in a professional digital environment. The research objects used were comments in 5 job postings. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the comments on the LinkedIn platform were analysis and classified based on the 6 maxims proposed by Leech: Tact Maxim, Generosity maxim, Approbation Maxim, Modesty Maxim, Agreement Maxim and Sympathy Maxim. The findings showed that out of a total of 31 data found, the Tact Maxim (32%) was the most common, followed by Approbation Maxim (16%), Generosity maxim (13%), Modesty Maxim (13%), Agreement Maxim (3,2%) and Sympathy Maxim (3,2%). Further cost-benefit analysis revealed that most of the comments showed a lack of politeness, focusing only on personal benefits without providing benefits to the interlocutor.

The study titled “Judges’ Speech Acts in Handling Criminal Cases at the Gorontalo District Court” aims to describe the forms, functions, and meanings of speech acts used by judges in leading court sessions. The introduction emphasizes the importance of language in judicial processes to establish effective, fair, and authoritative communication among judges, defendants, prosecutors, and legal counsels. This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a pragmatic approach. Data were collected through direct observation, documentation, and transcription of court proceedings. The analysis is based on Austin and Searle’s speech act theory, which includes locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. The results show that judges use various types of speech acts, such as directive, declarative, representative, and expressive acts. Illocutionary acts, particularly commands, questions, and assertions, are the most dominant. Their functions are not only to direct the course of the trial but also to maintain order, emphasize legal aspects, and clarify understanding among the parties involved. In conclusion, judges’ speech acts serve as strategic communicative tools with pragmatic power that influence the course of the trial and determine the effectiveness and fairness of the judicial process.

This research analyzes the speech acts used by the student community at Universitas Negeri Medan in both academic and social interactions. Speech acts are the smallest components in communication that determine the meaning or intention of an utterance as conveyed by the speaker in accordance with a specific context or condition. The communication context consists of social contexts, which refer to the relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor. The purpose of this study is to identify the forms, principles, implicatures, deixis, and how various communication contexts influence the choice of speech acts and linguistic politeness. The methodology employed in this study combines methodological and theoretical approaches. The methodological approach is descriptive qualitative, while the theoretical approach applies pragmatic perspectives supported by literature review. The research methods include observation, interviews, audio recordings, transcription, and literature study by analyzing relevant sources. The findings reveal that in social interactions, students more frequently employ expressive and commissive speech acts to build and express emotions. Factors influencing this include situational context, the impact of media and technology, relationships with interlocutors, and cultural background. The study concludes that understanding speech acts is crucial for improving communication effectiveness among students in both academic and social settings. The implications of this research can be applied to the development of better communication strategies in educational environments and to enhance students’ awareness of polite and contextually appropriate language use.

This research aims to analyze the behavior and function of speech acts used by Fadil Jaidi in reviewing products online, which encourages the interlocutor to take action. This research is based on persuasive language, which has a big role in influencing consumers. The methods used in this study are methodological approach and theoretical approach. The data sources used in this study are fragments of speech discourse included in directive speech acts in several videos uploaded by Fadil Jaidi on digital platforms. The results show that there are nine forms of directive speech acts in several online product review videos by influencer Fadil Jaidi, namely (1) suggestive speech, (2) ordering speech, (3) commanding speech, (4) forcing speech, (5) convincing speech, (6) inviting speech, (7) urging speech, (8) questioning speech, (9) requesting speech. With this research, readers are expected to be able to understand the forms of directive speech acts as well as the intentions of the speech performed by Fadil Jaidi through online product review videos.

Language has a crucial role in understanding human communication, one of which is through speech actions carried out by humans. The existence of speech acts is so diverse, one of which is expressive speech that can reflect the psychological condition of the speaker. This research chose the film Kukira Kau Rumah as an object, because film is one of the objects that contains speech acts through dialogue. In the film, there are many dialogues that are emotionally charged and relevant to mental health issues. The study of this film is important because it can provide a new perspective in pragmatics, especially understanding how language is used to express emotions, build character dynamics, and represent the form of expressive speech itself. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method whose analysis is carried out on the dialogues in the film to find various expressive speech acts, identify the types of expressive speech acts, and define the meaning of speech acts to the context related to these speech acts. The types of expressive speech that were found included the expressive act of praise, thanks, criticism, complaining, blaming, congratulating, and apologizing. This research is expected to contribute new insights in pragmatic studies, especially regarding the analysis of expressive speech acts and new references for linguistic studies.

This research examines directive speech acts in the “Burnout” playlist on the Satu Persen YouTube channel. The aim of this research is to analyze the classification of types, contextual meanings, functions, and intentions of directive speech acts in the “Burnout” playlist on the Satu Persen YouTube channel. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative methodological approach with a pragmatic theoretical approach. Analyzing directive speech acts through comprehensive examination based on relevant theories and presenting the findings descriptively. Directive speech acts in the “Burnout” playlist include directive requestives, directive questions, directive requirements, directive prohibitives, directive permissive, and directive advisories. The research is expected to contribute to enriching pragmatic studies and expanding public awareness of pragmatics in communication. Understanding the variations in directive speech acts patterns in YouTube social media and understanding their correlation with societal realities can serve as a foundation for the public to engage more intelligently and consciously in building effective, wise, and multidimensional communication.

In everyday communication, expressive speech acts play an important role in conveying the speaker's emotions, feelings and attitudes towards a situation. Film as a communication medium also utilizes expressive speech acts as a medium that builds character and conveys messages to the audience. One film that is interesting to study from the perspective of expressive speech acts is the short film "Kembali Pulang" by Klamby. This film presents various forms of emotional expression that can be explained to understand the function and meaning of language in interactions between characters. The aim of this research is to explain the forms of expressive speech acts contained in the short film "Kembali Pulang" by Klamby. The method used in this research is a theoretical approach and methodological approach. The results of this research found that there were expressive speech acts of feeling guilty, speech acts of praise, speech acts of asking for reassurance, speech acts of complaining, speech acts of refusing, speech acts of confusion, speech acts of anger, speech acts of prayer or hope, and speech acts of congratulating. The benefit of this research is to find out the forms of expressive speech acts in films through pragmatic studies and to train analytical skills through pragmatic studies.

Pragmatics is a subdiscipline of linguistics that studies the application of language in social communication by considering situational factors, the purpose of the conversation, and the status of the interlocutor. The main focus of this research is on directive speech acts. A directive speech act is a type of speech act aimed at prompting action from the speech partners by the speaker's direction. This research analyzes the directive speech acts in the movie Home Sweet Loan. A theoretical approach with pragmatic analysis and a methodological approach using a qualitative descriptive method are applied in this research. Data collection employs listening and recording techniques, utilizing the advanced technique of unparticipatory listening. The presentation of the data uses informal techniques. The results indicate a diversity of types of directive speech acts used in the dialogues of this film, including asking, ordering, suggesting, pleading, urging, commanding, advising, charging, and inviting. This finding highlights the importance of directive speech acts in sustaining communication between speakers and partners, clarifying the meaning of each interaction in the social dynamics portrayed in the film. This research contributes to a broader and deeper understanding of speech closely related to social context.  

This study is based on the urgency of understanding assertive speech acts as part of pragmatic studies in speech acts in the movie Sweet 20 by Ody C. Harap. Sweet 20 was chosen because of its richness in dialogue and cross-generational representation, thus allowing in-depth analysis of speech acts. This research aims to identify, classify, and analyze the form and function of assertive speech acts used by the characters in the film. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative with a pragmatic approach. The data were obtained through listening and note-taking techniques on the characters' speech in the movie. Data analysis refers to Searle and Galassi's speech act theory, which emphasizes assertive speech acts. The results show various forms of assertive speech acts, such as stating, telling, suggesting, boasting, complaining, reporting, expressing positive emotions, self-affirmation, and expressing negative emotions, which are influenced by the social and cultural context in the movie. This research contributes to the development of pragmatics studies in linguistics, can be used as a reference in learning Indonesian, especially speaking skills, and provides further insight into the use of speech acts in audio-visual media.

The Communication process of human life will not be separated because language has an important role in conveying information. Pragmatics is a field of science that examines the relationship between language and its context and the relationship between language use and its users. This article will focus more on analyzing illocutionary speech acts in a podcast, where the speech act discusses the existence of social, political symptoms, and its sustainability depends on the speaker's language skills in the speech act. The purpose of the study is to identify the use of illocutionary speech acts in the podcast “Indonesia Lebih Baik” on Raymond Chin's YouTube channel. This research uses two approaches, namely pragmatic theoretical and qualitative descriptive methodology. The data is in the form of discourse in the podcast “Indonesia Lebih Baik” on Raymond Chin's YouTube channel, retrieving data using the method of listening and recording and the technique of free listening. The data is analyzed using the commensurate method, and the agih method, and the presentation uses formal and informal data presentation methods. The result shows that there are 426 illocutionary speech acts in the podcast video “Indonesia Lebih Baik” on Raymond Chin's YouTube account and if it is detailed there are 178 repsentative speech acts, 70 directive speech acts, 44 expressive speech acts, 33 commissive speech acts, and 101 declarative speech acts. The dominating speech act is representative speech which is 178 data. While the least data found is 33 data on commissive speech. The realization of this paper is expected to be useful in enriching pragmatic studies on social media speech acts to create an effective work of art, as well as facilitating the public to better understand the purpose and function of speech acts in the ever-growing digital media.

A speech act is a medium to express an idea and emotion of a person. Speech acts have several types, one of which is illocutionary speech acts. One form of illocutionary speech acts is assertive speech acts. This assertive illocutionary speech act is found in everyday life, one of which is through movie media. The purpose of this research is to identify and describe the form of assertive illocutionary speech acts contained in the movie "Rumah Dinas Bapak" and to describe the purpose and meaning contained in the movie. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative and theoretical approach in the form of written or spoken words from individuals and observable behavior. The result of the research that has been done is that there are nine assertive illocutionary speech acts in the movie studied. "Apa jangan-jangan maling mas?" is one of the assertive illocutionary speech acts of speculating. The benefit of this research is that it helps readers improve their understanding of the intent and meaning contained in an utterance and apply them correctly in daily life.

Language functions as a means of communication used by humans to convey goals, ideas, ideas, emotions, and feelings to others. This research aims to identify and describe the types of illocutionary speech acts contained in the short film “Lemantun”. This research is categorized as descriptive qualitative research. The data source for this research comes from all the speech acts contained in the short film “Lemantun”. The data analyzed includes pieces of speech allegedly containing illocutionary speech acts from the short film “Lemantun”. The data collection method used in this research is the technique of free listening and note taking. The data source utilized is the short film “Lemantun” by utilizing the analysis of speech act types according to Searle, which includes representative, directive, expressive, commissive, and declarative. This article can be useful for students because it provides knowledge about the types of illocutionary speech acts, so it is hoped that students can identify various types of illocutionary speech acts in daily activities.

This study aims to describe the types and functions of directive speech acts found in Indonesian language learning interactions at SMP Negeri 3 Gianyar. Employing a descriptive qualitative research design, the data were obtained through note-taking and recording of teacher–student interactions during classroom activities. The analysis followed four main stages: data reduction, data collection, data display, data interpretation, and conclusion drawing. Directive speech acts, which are utterances intended to prompt the listener to perform a specific action, are an essential component of classroom discourse, as they directly influence student participation, classroom management, and instructional clarity. The findings reveal a total of 109 directive speech act utterances produced by both teachers and students. These utterances are categorized into six types: 18 requests, 52 questions, 22 commands, 3 prohibitions, 10 permissions, and 4 pieces of advice. Each type of directive speech act is used to achieve specific communicative purposes. Further analysis identified 11 distinct functions realized within these utterances, namely: requesting, inviting, pleading, asking, wishing, demanding, directing, instructing, prohibiting, permitting, and advising. For instance, teachers predominantly employed questioning and commanding functions to guide learning processes, check comprehension, and maintain classroom order, while students tended to use requesting and asking functions to seek clarification or assistance. The results of this research highlight the significant role of directive speech acts in facilitating interactive and goal-oriented communication in the language learning environment. Understanding the types and functions of such speech acts can provide valuable insights for educators in designing effective communication strategies that foster active learning, encourage student engagement, and create a positive classroom atmosphere. This study contributes to the broader field of pragmatics and educational linguistics by emphasizing the practical application of speech act theory in Indonesian language teaching contexts.

In Indonesia and many other EFL contexts, English is often taught in structured classroom settings that rely on scripted dialogues and controlled practice. This limits students’ exposure to spontaneous, real-life communication, reducing their ability to use English naturally and appropriately in authentic situations. This study investigates the pragmatic competence of Indonesian students during English interview interactions with foreign tourists, using Grice’s Cooperative Principle as the theoretical framework. Five video recordings were analyzed, featuring elementary and secondary students conducting unscripted interviews with tourists at Seminyak Beach, Bali. While the students generally demonstrated adequate grammatical control and vocabulary range, the findings reveal recurring challenges in sustaining natural and cooperative conversations. The most frequent violations involved the Maxims of Relation, Quantity, and Manner, with students often failing to respond appropriately to tourist answers, providing minimal elaboration, or speaking in unclear and disorganized ways. The results highlight the need for English language teaching to include explicit instruction in pragmatic skills, such as turn-taking, topic development, and interactional awareness.

This study aims to examine the realization of Grice’s cooperative principles in transactional speech acts between sellers and buyers at the Depo Air Minum Isi Ulang Sehat Lestari (Healthy Refill Drinking Water Depot). The cooperative principles consist of four maxims: quantity, quality, relevance, and manner. The research is motivated by the importance of effective communication in sales interactions, particularly to avoid misunderstandings in conveying intentions and information. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, with data collected through participatory observation and recorded conversations. The findings indicate that all four maxims were naturally realized in daily interactions. Utterances such as “Mas, air satu” (“One gallon, please”), “Air galon segar loh” (“The water is fresh”), and “Tolong kirim air 10 galon” (“Please deliver 10 gallons”) reflect contextually appropriate and functionally effective applications of the maxims. Furthermore, the use of concise, clear, and straightforward speech structures shows that the cooperative principles are not only evident in content but also in the linguistic form used. These findings highlight that communication in micro-level services such as water refill depots tends to be pragmatic, efficient, and shaped by local social norms and contextual understanding.

This study investigates conversational implicature in the 2024 animated film Inside Out 2 by analyzing characters’ utterances through the lens of Grice’s theory of implicature and cooperative principles. Conversational implicature refers to the implied meanings not directly expressed but inferred through contextual understanding. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, this study examines both particularized and generalized implicatures, drawing data from selected dialogues in the film and its official transcript. The emotional complexity of the movie—highlighted by the presence of characters such as Anxiety, Envy, and Embarrassment—provides rich ground for analyzing indirect communication. Findings show that from 28 data items, 25 are particularized implicatures and 3 are generalized. This distribution emphasizes a strong reliance on context-sensitive communication, where meaning emerges from emotional, psychological, and situational cues. Particularized implicatures often occur in emotionally charged interactions, reflecting the characters’ internal struggles and development, particularly Riley’s journey through adolescence. Generalized implicatures, though less frequent, serve to convey socially shared assumptions, enhancing audience understanding in broader, often humorous contexts. The analysis also highlights how the characters’ utterances align with Grice’s maxims. The maxim of relevance is maintained through contextually appropriate responses; the maxim of quantity appears when speakers provide adequate information; the maxim of quality surfaces through honest and sincere exchanges; and the maxim of manner is evident in clear, concise communication. Together, these implicatures and maxims enrich the film’s emotional depth and narrative subtlety.