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This study analyzes the minimum age of marriage in Islamic jurisprudence and compares it with the positive law regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using a normative legal method with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study draws on primary sources, including the Qur'an, hadith, Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage in Indonesia, and the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on how Islamic legal principles concerning marriage eligibility are interpreted and incorporated into contemporary legal frameworks in both countries. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) associates marital readiness with the concept of baligh (puberty) without prescribing a specific numerical age, whereas state law establishes fixed minimum age requirements to safeguard the rights and welfare of women and children. Indonesia sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years for both males and females, while Malaysia prescribes 18 years for males and 16 years for females, with judicial dispensation available in both jurisdictions under certain circumstances. These legal arrangements demonstrate each country's effort to harmonize classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary social protection objectives through institutional ijtihad, reflecting a balance between religious principles, legal certainty, and public welfare in regulating marriage.

Judicial digital transformation through the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation represents a strategic initiative of the Supreme Court of Indonesia to establish a modern, effective, and efficient judiciary. These innovations have successfully transformed various stages of civil case administration and litigation into faster and more transparent processes. However, the success of digitalization in case examination has not been accompanied by similar reforms in the execution of court judgments. This study aims to analyze the regulation of civil judgment execution following the implementation of e-Court and e-Litigation, identify challenges encountered in practice, and formulate a concept of execution digitalization as part of judicial reform. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The legal materials consist of primary legal sources in the form of legislation and Supreme Court regulations, as well as secondary legal sources including scholarly literature and previous studies. The findings reveal that although e-Court and e-Litigation have accelerated dispute resolution processes, the execution of civil judgments remains largely conventional. Consequently, several challenges persist, including delays in execution, lack of transparency, and limited supervision by litigating parties. Therefore, the development of an integrated Digital Execution System linked to existing electronic judicial platforms is necessary to enhance the effectiveness of judgment enforcement and ensure greater legal certainty for justice seekers.

The management of extracurricular activities at SMP Islam Manba'ul Ulum still relies on manual processes, leading to administrative inefficiencies such as data loss, delays in reporting, and difficulties in monitoring student participation. This community service program aims to implement an information system for extracurricular management to improve administrative effectiveness. The approach used includes needs analysis, system design, system development, training, and evaluation. The implemented system integrates features for student registration, attendance monitoring, activity scheduling, and automated report generation. The results show a significant improvement in administrative efficiency, with a 78% reduction in data processing time and a 90% increase in data accuracy. Teachers and administrators reported high satisfaction with the system, and student extracurricular participation increased by 25%. This program demonstrates that technology-based solutions can effectively address administrative challenges in Islamic junior high schools.

This community service activity was conducted on May 6–7, 2026, at the Cipancar Village Hall, Leles District, Garut Regency, West Java, Indonesia. The activity was initiated in response to the fact that many micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Cipancar Village had not consistently recorded their business transactions and had not separated personal finances from business finances, making it difficult to manage and evaluate business performance effectively. This community service program aimed to enhance the knowledge and skills of business owners in implementing simple bookkeeping practices to support more orderly, measurable, and sustainable business management. The implementation methods included lectures and practical bookkeeping exercises based on case studies involving 50 MSME owners. The post-test results indicated that 90% of participants reported a very good understanding of the objectives of bookkeeping, while the remaining 10% reported a good understanding. Furthermore, 85% of participants reported a very good understanding of the importance of separating personal and business finances, while 15% reported a good understanding. In addition, 75% of participants reported a very good understanding of the types of financial statements, while 25% reported a good understanding. The implication of this community service activity is the improved ability of MSME owners in Cipancar Village, Garut, to record business transactions properly, thereby promoting more orderly and measurable business management and supporting business sustainability.

Indonesia is currently experiencing an emergency situation regarding sexual violence, which compromises national social resilience. The enactment of the Sexual Violence Crimes Law (UU TPKS) creates new legal mandates for healthcare professionals. Midwives, serving as frontline providers in primary care and remote areas, act as the first professional contact for survivors, yet they lack adequate legal certainty regarding medico-legal duties and preparedness within the midwifery educational framework. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the regulatory synchronization concerning the limited medico-legal authority of midwives in implementing the UU TPKS and to formulate reconstruction strategies for professional standards and the national midwifery curriculum. Methods: This normative juridical (doctrinal) research utilizes statute, conceptual, analytical, and comparative approaches. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively-normatively through systematic and teleological interpretations, evaluated using coherence and prescriptive frameworks. Results: The study reveals a significant disharmony of norms between the UU TPKS and Minister of Health Regulation (Permenkes) No. 2 of 2025, which imposes bureaucratic barriers on safe abortion access for rape victims. Additionally, the Midwife Professional Standards (Kepmenkes No. 320/2020) fail to integrate basic clinical forensic authorities, compounded by a national techno-centric curriculum that overlooks Trauma-Informed Care (TIC). Conclusions: Legal certainty for midwives and comprehensive justice for survivors can only be accomplished by reconstructing inclusive competency standards, eliminating administrative boundaries through the "Medical First" principle, and integrating primary health law and trauma-sensitive care modules into the national midwifery curriculum.

Dental caries is an oral health problem associated with the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids with antibacterial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The research method used was an in vitro experimental study with a post test only group design. A total of 24 samples were divided into four treatment groups with extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that water hyacinth extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The largest inhibition zone was observed at 50% concentration, while the smallest was found at 6.25% concentration. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed significant differences among groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Microsoft Excel training is one of the approaches that can help students improve their digital competencies in managing simple financial data. This study was designed to examine the extent to which Microsoft Excel training is effective in enhancing the abilities of students at SMPN 1 Banyuputih Situbondo, particularly in managing class cash records. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach. Data collection procedures included presentations, hands-on practice, and questionnaire distribution. The sample consisted of 12 students selected using a sampling technique. The data collection instruments included a closed-ended questionnaire containing 10 statements based on a Likert scale, as well as students’ practical work results in processing class cash data using Microsoft Excel. The findings revealed that the training had a positive impact on improving students’ skills. This was reflected in the large number of positive responses, where the average “strongly agree” response exceeded 80%. In addition, students were able to prepare class cash reports in a more organized and systematic manner after participating in the training. Therefore, the Microsoft Excel training program proved to be highly beneficial in strengthening students’ technical competencies in financial data processing while simultaneously supporting the development of their digital literacy within the school environment.

Adolescents face significant barriers in accessing reproductive health services due to fears of privacy breaches and social stigma. In primary healthcare facilities, healthcare professionals are often trapped in a dilemma between the obligation to maintain medical confidentiality based on professional ethics and national regulatory demands requiring parental involvement for underage patients. This study aims to analyze the practice of protecting adolescent patient data privacy at Mardi Saras Primary Clinic and identify the gap between practical implementation and the norms of medical ethics and applicable legal regulations. This study employs a socio-legal research method with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with doctors and nurses, observation of service procedures, and study of the clinic's Standard Operating Procedures. The results indicate that although Mardi Saras Primary Clinic has implemented basic confidentiality protocols such as closed consultation rooms, there are substantial weaknesses in informed consent management, which still heavily relies on parental presence for all adolescent cases. This practice is driven by healthcare professionals' fear of legal risks, thereby ignoring the principle of developing autonomy in adolescents. These findings indicate a disparity between rigid administrative compliance and the spirit of protecting adolescent health rights within national regulations. The implication of this study underscores the urgency of developing specific SOPs that are sensitive to adolescent rights, as well as the need for continuous training for healthcare professionals regarding the legal and ethical boundaries of maintaining confidentiality for underage patients without compromising legal safety aspects.

This community service activity aimed to strengthen the capacity of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and support the development of the local creative economy through an innovative KKN student bazaar at the Rimpu Mantika Festival in Bima City. The bazaar served as a platform for promoting local products, expanding market access, and increasing product competitiveness while preserving local cultural values. The program involved KKN students, MSME actors, local government, and the community in a collaborative effort to encourage economic empowerment. The implementation consisted of three stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. The preparation stage included coordination with stakeholders and the provision of promotional facilities. During implementation, students organized the bazaar, promoted local products, provided marketing assistance, and introduced digital marketing strategies. Evaluation was conducted to assess participation levels, sales improvement, and community responses. The results indicated increased visibility of local products, higher public interest in MSME products, improved awareness among business actors regarding innovation and branding, and stronger collaboration between students, MSMEs, and local government. Overall, the KKN student bazaar innovation proved to be an effective strategy for empowering MSMEs and fostering sustainable local creative economic development in Bima City.

Discrimination in the workplace is a problem that can hinder the creation of a fair and inclusive work environment. Discrimination can take the form of differential treatment of employees based on gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors unrelated to individual performance and competence. To address this issue, the law plays a crucial role in providing employee protection to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the workplace. Various legal instruments, both national and international, regulate employee protection from discrimination, including the Employment Law, the Human Rights Law, and conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, the effective implementation of these regulations remains a challenge, particularly in terms of implementation, enforcement, and employee awareness of their rights. This study aims to analyze the role of law in protecting employees from discrimination in the workplace by examining applicable regulations and the challenges in their implementation. The research method used is a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of relevant laws and legal principles. The analysis is conducted on national legal provisions and international legal instruments as references for protecting workers from discrimination. Furthermore, this study identifies barriers to legal implementation and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of legal protection for employees. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the urgency of regulatory reform and strengthening so that the law can play an optimal role in creating a fairer and more discrimination-free work environment.

In contemporary legal systems, social conflict between the state and indigenous communities is a complicated matter, especially when it comes to the acknowledgement and defense of indigenous peoples' rights to land, natural resources, and cultural identity. Indigenous peoples' rights, which before the establishment of the modern state, are frequently disregarded by imbalances in official policies that prioritize development interests. In this context, legal reconciliation is a relevant approach to resolving these conflicts in a just and sustainable manner. Legal reconciliation emphasizes the integration of customary law into the national legal system and the harmonization of state policies and the interests of indigenous peoples to create a more inclusive legal order. The study of legal standards relevant to resolving disputes between the state and indigenous peoples is the main emphasis of this research, which employs a normative juridical approach. The approach used in this research includes an analysis of national legislation, international legal instruments related to indigenous peoples' rights, and relevant legal doctrines. Using a statute approach and a conceptual approach, this research explores how legal reconciliation can be implemented in resolving social conflicts. Furthermore, this research highlights the role of legal principles such as restorative justice, legal pluralism, and recognition of indigenous peoples' rights in developing more effective conflict resolution mechanisms. This analysis is expected to establish a strong legal foundation for promoting more inclusive and socially just legal policies for indigenous peoples.

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created various digital innovations, but it has also generated new forms of crime through the misuse of deepfake technology. This study aims to analyze the legal liability of social media platforms for the dissemination of AI-based deepfake content and the forms of legal protection for victims of digital fraud, particularly elderly groups, in the case of the “magical money ritual” scam using the identity of Ujang Busthomi. This research employs normative legal research methods using statutory and case approaches. The results show that perpetrators of deepfake fraud can be held criminally liable under Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning fraud. In addition, social media platforms as Electronic System Providers also bear preventive and repressive responsibilities under the ITE Law, Government Regulation on Electronic Systems and Transactions, and the Personal Data Protection Law to prevent the spread of illegal content. Legal protection for victims is carried out through criminal law enforcement, personal data protection, restitution mechanisms, and the enhancement of digital literacy in society.

Hypertension is a major public health problem that can lead to serious cardiovascular complications, yet it often remains undetected in communities. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of blood pressure screening and hypertension education in improving knowledge and awareness among community members, as well as identifying hypertension risk factors and casual blood glucose levels. The community service program was conducted at Nurul Iman Mosque, Talang Putri Village, Plaju Subdistrict, Palembang City, using a promotive and preventive community-based approach and involving adult participants aged 40 years and above. The methods included blood pressure screening, casual blood glucose testing, interactive education delivered by an Internal Medicine specialist, and assessment of knowledge changes through pre-test and post-test. The results indicated that the majority of participants had hypertension, while some exhibited elevated casual blood glucose levels. Participants’ knowledge improved significantly from 30% in the pre-test to 82% in the post-test. These findings demonstrate that community-based hypertension screening and education are effective strategies for enhancing health awareness and promoting preventive behaviors.

This study was conducted to analyze the relationship between students’ critical thinking skills and mathematical problem-solving abilities through a literature review approach. The study is based on the importance of mastering higher-order thinking skills in the mathematics learning process, particularly when students are faced with complex problems related to real-life situations. The method used in this research was a literature review by examining various relevant scientific journals and academic books published between 2021 and 2026. The data analysis process was carried out through stages of identification, classification, evaluation, and synthesis of the collected sources. The findings revealed a significant and positive relationship between critical thinking skills and students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities. Critical thinking skills play an important role in helping students understand problems, process and analyze information, select appropriate solution strategies, and systematically review the results obtained. Students with strong critical thinking skills generally demonstrate more optimal mathematical problem-solving abilities. In addition, the implementation of learning models such as Problem-Based Learning and contextual approaches has been considered effective in improving both abilities. Therefore, critical thinking skills are regarded as an essential aspect that needs to be developed in mathematics learning in order to enhance students’ mathematical problem-solving abilities.

PT Internusa Master Niaga Pati is an online trading company whose operational activities involve Customer Sales Online (CSO), Admin, and Warehouse divisions in managing customer orders. However, the order management process is still carried out manually, causing several problems such as data recording errors, duplicate orders, delays in order processing, and difficulties in monitoring sales performance in real time. This community service activity aimed to provide training on a web-based customer sales performance monitoring system to improve operational efficiency and support sales monitoring activities within the company. The implementation methods included observation, interviews, system development, training, and user assistance. The system was developed using PHP and MySQL and provides features such as order management, data validation, duplicate detection, shipping management, and a real-time monitoring dashboard. The training activities were conducted for the Owner, Admin, and PIC Customer Sales Online to improve their understanding and ability to operate the system according to their respective responsibilities. The results of this activity indicate that the implementation and training process helped users manage order data more effectively, monitor sales performance more efficiently, and improve the utilization of web-based information systems in supporting company operations

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

This study aims to develop and evaluate the feasibility of Teknoran, a website-based digital learning medium developed through the Canva application for the Office Technology subject in Grade X at SMKN 31 Jakarta. The study was motivated by learning activities that were still dominated by lecture methods and limited learning media. Teknoran was designed to facilitate learning through integrated features such as learning materials, assignments, and educational games within a single platform. This research employed the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. Data were collected through observation, needs analysis questionnaires, validation sheets from material and media experts, and student response questionnaires during one-to-one and small group trials. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results showed that the Teknoran website achieved a feasibility score of 95% from material experts and 93.33% from media experts, both categorized as “Very Feasible.” Student responses also indicated a very high level of acceptance, with an average score of 95.68%. These findings demonstrate that Teknoran is highly feasible as a digital learning medium and can support more interactive, flexible, and independent learning in Office Technology subjects at SMKN 31 Jakarta.

The low level of social awareness and limited access to basic food and clothing for some residents of Brebek Village, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, has created a social problem that requires attention from various parties, including universities. This situation prompted scholarship students from Sunan Giri University Surabaya to establish a program to distribute basic food packages and suitable clothing as a manifestation of their social awareness and to demonstrate their role as agents of change. This program aims to build social awareness and alleviate the economic burden on the community, especially vulnerable groups. The method used was a qualitative descriptive approach through observation, interviews, and documentation throughout the program. Results showed an increase in empathy, a sense of togetherness, and community participation in social activities, as well as the development of more harmonious relationships between students and the community. This program has a positive impact on increasing social awareness and serves as a relevant community service program for sustainable implementation in the surrounding environment.

Smoking among adolescents is a risky behavior that can lead to various short-term and long-term health problems. Limited knowledge regarding the dangers of smoking is one of the factors contributing to smoking behavior among adolescents. Therefore, promotive efforts through health education are needed to improve adolescents' knowledge and awareness of the negative impacts of smoking. This community service program aimed to increase students' knowledge about the dangers of smoking through health education interventions. The study was conducted using a pre-test and post-test design consisting of 20 questions administered before and after the educational session to 45 participants. The data were analyzed using univariate analysis to describe the results of each test and bivariate analysis to determine the effect of the intervention. The univariate analysis showed differences in knowledge categories between the pre-test and post-test. In the post-test, 97.8% of respondents were categorized as having high knowledge, while 2.2% were categorized as having moderate knowledge. Furthermore, the bivariate analysis revealed a significant effect of health education on adolescents' knowledge regarding the dangers of smoking (p < 0.001). Therefore, health education is expected to improve adolescents' knowledge and awareness of the harmful effects of smoking as an effort to prevent smoking behavior from an early age.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a fundamental paradigm reconstruction to the Indonesian criminal justice system through the explicit recognition of the "living law" (hukum yang hidup di masyarakat). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of living law within the Indonesian legal system and examine the juridical and sociological implications of integrating these unwritten norms from the perspective of Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results indicate that the positioning of living law holds a strategic standing rooted in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is further reinforced by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. Following the promulgation of Law Number 1 of 2023, Article 2 paragraph (1) formally deconstructs the rigidity of the colonial-inherited formal legality principle (Wetboek van Strafrecht) and transforms it toward a material legality principle. Consequently, living law is now recognized as a valid basis for criminal liability and acts as a complement to national law, manifested through additional criminal penalties in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations to support restorative justice. Nonetheless, the state imposes limitations through a codification mechanism into Regional Regulations guided by Government Regulations, which must be aligned with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Human Rights, and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations to prevent legal uncertainty and subjective interpretations of the law.