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This study aims to examine relevant and effective Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning methods in the digital era. The rapid development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes in education, including CRE instruction. The research method employed is a literature study with a descriptive-analytical approach to various academic sources and technology-based CRE learning practices. The results indicate that integrating digital media such as online learning platforms, Bible-based interactive applications, and social media creatively can enhance students' engagement and understanding of Christian faith values. Furthermore, the use of digital technology opens wider opportunities for contextual and meaningful faith formation across diverse learning environments. The study also identifies key challenges faced by CRE teachers, namely digital readiness, infrastructure limitations, and maintaining relational and spiritual dimensions in virtual learning environments. Teachers must therefore be equipped not only technologically but also theologically to navigate these complexities. The research concludes that the transformation of CRE methods in the digital era is not merely a technology adoption but a holistic theological integration of faith, technology, and pedagogy.

This study examines teachers’ strategies in instilling citizenship values among students to develop democratic character and social responsibility. The background of this study is rooted in the increasing need to strengthen students’ civic awareness and character in the face of rapid social and technological changes. The objective of this research is to identify and analyze effective strategies used by teachers in integrating citizenship values into the learning process. This study employs a library research method by analyzing various relevant academic sources, including journals, books, and scholarly articles related to citizenship education and character development. The findings indicate that effective strategies include student-centered learning approaches, the integration of character education into civic education, the use of inquiry-based learning methods, and the utilization of technology to enhance student engagement. Additionally, extracurricular activities and a democratic classroom environment play a significant role in reinforcing students’ understanding and application of citizenship values. These strategies contribute to the development of students’ critical thinking, participation skills, and social awareness. The implications of this study suggest that teachers need to continuously innovate and adapt their teaching strategies to meet the evolving needs of students and societal demands. Furthermore, educational institutions should provide adequate support and resources to optimize the implementation of citizenship education in fostering responsible and democratic citizens.

This study aims to analyze the use of digital learning media in improving learning outcomes and to examine the impact of social media on adolescents’ behavior in daily life in the digital era. The method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study (library research) design, conducted through the collection, review, and analysis of various relevant scholarly sources. The findings indicate that digital learning media play an important role in enhancing students’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes, as they are able to present material in an interactive, engaging, and easily understandable manner. On the other hand, social media has a dual impact on adolescents’ behavior. Its positive effects include ease of communication, access to information, and the development of creativity, while its negative effects include addiction, decreased learning focus, social comparison that lowers self-esteem, exposure to negative content, and the emergence of the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) phenomenon, which can affect mental health.  Therefore, the wise use of digital media and proper supervision are necessary to support the improvement of educational quality while also fostering positive character development in adolescents.

 This study aims to analyze the use of Google Translate in the process of learning English, highlighting its benefits, limitations, and impact on students’ learning quality. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, where data are obtained from various literature sources such as books, scholarly articles, and relevant online publications. The findings indicate that Google Translate is widely used by students as a tool to quickly and practically understand English texts. However, this high level of usage also leads to several issues, including the inaccuracy of translations in certain contexts, increased dependency on technology, and a limited understanding of language structure. Nevertheless, Google Translate still provides advantages in improving learning efficiency and access to global knowledge resources. Therefore, the use of this technology needs to be guided wisely so that it supports the learning process without reducing students’ cognitive engagement. This study is expected to contribute to a better understanding of the role of technology in language learning in the digital era and to serve as a reference for educators and students in utilizing technology more effectively.  

This project is motivated by the increasing rate of deforestation in Indonesia, which has led to ecosystem degradation and the threat of extinction for endemic species, as well as the relatively low environmental awareness among young people due to the abstract and systematic presentation of data. The main objective of this work is to produce a 5-minute 2D animation that effectively raises awareness among adolescents aged 14–24 about the threat of environmental extinction caused by deforestation in Indonesia. This is achieved through a three-act narrative approach using a first-person perspective of the Javan surili, positioned as a narrative “lens” and a representation of a victim of a damaged ecosystem, allowing abstract issues to be understood in a more personal, emotional, and empathetic way. The method includes pre-production (research, concept development, and scriptwriting), production (development of dialogue, monologue, and visual direction based on a three-act structure), and post-production (narrative evaluation and script refinement). The result is an educational animation script titled “Jaga Alam, Cegah Kepunahan,” which integrates scientific data, visual storytelling techniques, and multimedia learning principles to deliver messages in an informative and emotional manner. The three-act structure successfully constructs a systematic storyline from introduction, conflict, to resolution with a call to action. The conclusion shows that 2D animation with a personal narrative approach is effective in transforming environmental issues into accessible messages, increasing empathy, and encouraging audience awareness and participation in environmental conservation.

The use of social media can have both positive and negative impacts on children. Proper use can enhance insight, knowledge, and increase learning motivation. However, excessive use can disrupt study time, reduce awareness of the importance of learning, and result in low learning motivation. To determine the relationship between the duration of social media use and the learning motivation of school-aged children at SDN Gisikdrono 03, Semarang City. This study uses a quantitative method with probability sampling technique, specifically stratified random sampling. The sample in this study consisted of 122 respondents. The instrument in the study used a questionnaire on the duration of social media use and learning motivation. Data analysis used the Spearman rank test. There is a relationship between the duration of social media use and the learning motivation of school-aged children at SDN Gisikdrono 03 Semarang City, with a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05, leading to the rejection of H0 and acceptance of Ha, with a correlation value of -0.636, which falls into the strong category with a negative duration, indicating an inverse relationship. This means that the longer the duration of social media use, the lower the learning motivation. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between the duration of social media use and learning motivation, where the longer the duration of social media use, the lower the learning motivation.

Irregular sleep patterns are a common issue experienced by university students and are often considered a normal part of academic life. However, such conditions can have negative effects on students’ learning concentration and cognitive function. Poor sleep patterns are generally influenced by various factors, including high academic workload, habitual late-night activities, poor time management, and excessive use of electronic devices at night. This study aims to examine the relationship between sleep patterns and students’ learning concentration, identify factors contributing to irregular sleep patterns, and analyze constraints as well as propose solutions to improve sleep quality in order to enhance learning concentration. The method used in this scientific paper is a literature review, which involves examining relevant scientific sources such as research journals and academic literature related to sleep patterns and students’ learning concentration. The results of the review indicate that students with poor sleep patterns tend to experience physical fatigue, decreased immune function, cognitive impairment, and difficulties in maintaining focus and concentration during the learning process. In the long term, these conditions have the potential to reduce academic achievement and learning motivation. Therefore, it can be concluded that effective time management, limiting the use of electronic devices before bedtime, creating a conducive sleep environment, and support from universities through health education play an important role in improving students’ sleep patterns. With regular and high-quality sleep, students’ learning concentration is expected to improve, allowing the learning process and academic achievement to proceed optimally.

Background: Automatic segmentation of the thyroid gland in ultrasonography (USG) images using deep learning requires a user-friendly interface to support diagnostic and educational processes. Purpose: This study aims to develop and implement a Graphical User Interface (GUI) that integrates a deep learning U-Net model for interactive and efficient segmentation and visualization of thyroid USG images. Method: The development method employed the Rapid Application Development (RAD) approach using MATLAB programming language. The GUI is designed to load transverse and sagittal USG images, display automatic segmentation results, and calculate thyroid gland volume based on dimensions measured automatically from the segmentation output. Testing was conducted using USG image data from 15 volunteers, and GUI functionality was evaluated using black box testing. Result: The GUI successfully displayed USG images and segmentation results with a responsive 4-panel interface; zoom, pan, and image navigation features functioned well. Automatic segmentation occurred in real-time after image input, and volume measurement results appeared automatically. Black box testing evaluation showed all GUI features operated as expected. The average Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) of 0.91 indicates high performance of the U-Net model in thyroid segmentation, consistent with previous findings. Statistical testing confirmed no significant difference between volume measurements using the application and manual methods (p = 0.953). Conclusion: This GUI implementation facilitates users in performing deep learning-based segmentation and visualization of thyroid USG images, improving efficiency and accuracy in thyroid volume measurement. The GUI has potential applications in clinical practice and radiology education.

Science learning in elementary schools requires evaluation strategies that are able to measure conceptual understanding while enhancing students’ motivation and engagement. One of the contextual science topics in Grade VI that requires visualization is the adaptation of living organisms. However, science learning evaluation is still dominated by conventional assessment instruments that are less varied and have not optimally utilized digital technology. This study aims to examine the development of an interactive question bank based on Quizlet as an alternative assessment tool for science learning on the topic of adaptation of living organisms in Grade VI elementary schools. This study employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method by analyzing relevant scientific articles, books, and educational policy documents. The results of the review indicate that a Quizlet-based interactive question bank has the potential to improve the quality of learning evaluation through the use of varied and interactive questions accompanied by immediate feedback. The use of Quizlet also supports student-centered learning and aligns with the principles of meaningful assessment promoted in the Merdeka Curriculum.

The rapid growth of short-video-based social media platforms, particularly TikTok, has significantly influenced students learning behavior and productivity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between TikTok usage and students learning productivity. A qualitative literature review method was employed by examining relevant national and international scholarly articles published between 2021 and 2026. The data were analyzed using thematic synthesis to identify consistent patterns and key factors shaping learning productivity in the context of TikTok usage. The findings reveal a consistent pattern indicating that TikTok usage exerts an ambivalent impact on students learning productivity. Excessive and entertainment oriented use is associated with decreased concentration, increased academic procrastination, and poor time management. In contrast, purposeful use of TikTok through educational content and microlearning formats contributes to higher learning motivation, academic engagement, and creativity. These effects are strongly influenced by usage objectives, duration of consumption, and students self regulation abilities. This study concludes that TikTok is not a single determinant of learning productivity but functions as an amplifier of students learning behaviors. The findings contribute to the literature on social media and education by providing a conceptual foundation for developing digital literacy and time management strategies in higher education.

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of academic and social life of students at Universitas Nasional PASIM and identify the factors affecting the balance between these two aspects. Using a qualitative method with interviews as the data collection technique, this study reveals the role of the social environment, particularly peer interactions, in supporting motivation, academic achievement, and student well-being. The findings show that a conducive campus social environment, through interaction with peers, serves as a source of emotional support and information that can enhance motivation and academic performance. Conversely, a less supportive social environment can hinder focus and decrease students' enthusiasm for learning. Students also face challenges in balancing academic demands and social life due to the heavy schedule of classes, academic tasks, organizational activities, and social engagements. The research findings indicate that time management skills and prioritization are key factors in maintaining the balance between academics and social life. The inability to manage time effectively may lead to stress and academic burnout. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of a supportive social environment and good self-management skills in fostering academic success and student well-being.

The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought significant changes to higher education, particularly in the way students think and learn. AI no longer functions merely as a learning support tool but also influences students’ cognitive processes, including critical thinking, problem-solving abilities, and creativity. This study aims to examine the impact of AI usage on the thinking patterns of university students. The research method employed is a literature review, analyzing various accredited national journals and relevant conference proceedings. The findings indicate that AI offers several positive impacts, such as improving learning efficiency, expanding access to information, and supporting the development of creative ideas. However, excessive reliance on AI may also lead to negative effects, including a decline in critical thinking skills and an increased tendency for students to depend on AI-generated outputs without in-depth analysis. Therefore, the role of educators is crucial in guiding students to use AI wisely and responsibly. AI should be utilized as a supportive tool in the learning process rather than a replacement for human thinking. This study is expected to contribute to the development of effective and ethical strategies for integrating AI in higher education.

The rapid advancement of technology has brought significant changes to the field of education, requiring adjustments in the roles and competencies of educators to improve the quality of human resources. The teaching profession is no longer limited to delivering knowledge but also demands the ability to adapt to technological developments, utilize digital tools, and create innovative and relevant learning experiences. This study aims to examine the challenges faced by the education profession in improving the quality of human resources and to identify strategies that can be implemented to address these challenges. This research employs a literature review method by analyzing ten relevant scientific articles using a descriptive qualitative approach. The findings reveal several major challenges, including limited teacher competence and professionalism, constraints in the use of technology, weaknesses in human resource management in education, and the lack of optimal training and professional development programs. In addition, disparities in access and readiness for digital transformation also hinder the improvement of educational quality. The results suggest that improving the quality of human resources through education requires a comprehensive approach, including strengthening teacher competencies, providing continuous professional development, improving educational management, and ensuring adaptive policy support. Therefore, the education profession is expected to play a crucial role as a driving force in producing competent, high-quality human resources who are well prepared to face future challenges.

This study aims to evaluate the impact of leadership education and training on organizational service effectiveness within the Tambrauw Regency Government, Papua. Leadership training is an important instrument in developing the competencies of Civil Servants to enhance leadership capacity, managerial skills, and public service quality. However, its implementation needs evaluation to determine its impact on organizational performance and service effectiveness. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The analytical framework applied is the Kirkpatrick training evaluation model, covering reaction, learning, behavior, and results. Data collection was conducted through documentation studies, policy analysis, and literature review on civil servant development and public services. The results indicate that leadership training has a positive impact on improving civil servant competencies and service effectiveness. At the reaction level, participants showed high satisfaction with training materials and methods. At the learning level, there was improvement in leadership knowledge and skills. At the behavior level, participants demonstrated more professional work attitudes, better coordination, and improved decision-making. At the results level, training contributed to improved service quality, efficiency, and innovation. However, challenges remain, including limited resources, hierarchical bureaucratic culture, and weak policy support. Therefore, strong local government commitment is needed to enhance training quality and organizational support. This study contributes to public administration research and offers practical insights for policy development.

Curiosity is a very important capital to start learning. Because, with curiosity, humans can dig up interesting information and tips so that they can gain broader insight. In this sophisticated era, it is easier for people to find the information they need. One media that is often used to access information is YouTube. There are many videos on YouTube that can provide interesting and quality information, one of which is Maudy Ayunda's video. This research aims to describe the forms of assertive speech acts contained in the booklist edition of Maudy Ayunda's YouTube channel. The approach used in this research is methodological and theoretical. The approach used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach and a pragmatic approach. The data collection method used in this research was the observation method, followed by the observation technique. The data analysis method in this research is the pragmatic subtype. The research results found that there were types of assertive speech acts including, namely, assertive speech acts stating 31 data, suggesting 11 data, boasting that no data was found, complaining about 5 data, and claiming 14 data.

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become a critical requirement in cybersecurity due to the high-stakes nature of security decision-making and the limitations of black-box learning models. This study investigates the construction of an explainable cybersecurity knowledge representation by leveraging standardized terminology from the NIST cybersecurity glossary. The primary problem addressed is the lack of transparent and semantically grounded reasoning mechanisms in existing AI-driven cybersecurity systems, which limits trust, accountability, and analyst adoption. To address this challenge, we propose a NIST-based semantic knowledge graph that embeds explainability directly into its ontology structure and reasoning process. The proposed framework systematically extracts definitional entities and relations from NIST glossary entries to construct a domain ontology and a multi-relational knowledge graph. A rule-based semantic relation extraction method is employed to ensure faithful, interpretable, and reproducible reasoning paths. The resulting knowledge graph contains over 3,000 cybersecurity concepts and approximately 27,000 semantic relations, covering hierarchical, associative, dependency, and mitigation semantics. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach achieves a high level of explainability, with 92.4% of reasoning outcomes being fully traceable and only 1.4% classified as non-traceable. Most explainable reasoning paths are limited to two or three hops, indicating an effective balance between inferential depth and human interpretability. Structural analysis further confirms the presence of meaningful hub concepts that support multi-hop semantic inference. These results confirm that ontology-driven, standard-based knowledge graphs provide a robust foundation for explainable cybersecurity intelligence. The study concludes that explainability-by-design, grounded in authoritative standards, offers a viable and trustworthy alternative to opaque AI models for cybersecurity applications.

Learning media is a tool that can be used to help students learn better and more efficiently. The media used in SMP Negeri 23 Pekanbaru is a teacher-centered picture/poster media so that students quickly get bored, and because of the limited media from the school. Most students prefer learning that involves them directly such as the element of games. The learning models used are discovery, PBL, and lecture models, and student learning activities are still lacking or less active in science learning. The purpose of this study is to develop learning media in the form of a cooperative-based snakes and ladders game with the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type which aims to train student learning activities. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D) by implementing the ADDIE model which consists of five stages, namely Analyze, Design, Development, Implement, and Evaluation. Based on the validation results obtained, media experts were 94% with very feasible criteria, material experts were 92% with very feasible criteria, teachers gave a practicality assessment of 95% with very practical criteria, and students' responses were 85% with very interested criteria. This shows that the snakes and ladders media based on Teams Games Tournament (TGT) is very reasonable, very practical to use, and very interesting for students during the learning process. The results of observations on all student learning activities showed that 79% got a good interpretation.

This research is based on the understanding that increasing the number of entrepreneurs is a crucial element for a country's economic growth. The contribution of the younger generation, especially college graduates, is vital in improving the quality of human resources and driving national economic growth. This study aims to examine the influence of entrepreneurship learning and entrepreneurial motivation on the entrepreneurial interest of students in the Economics Education study program at PGRI Wiranegara University. This education also has the potential to reduce unemployment and make entrepreneurship a promising career path. In addition to physical capital, interest and courage in entrepreneurship are crucial intangible assets for students in optimizing their potential and contributing to the country's economic growth. The method used in this study was quantitative with an associative design. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to Economics Education students from the classes of 2021, 2022, and 2023 who had completed the "Entrepreneurship" course. Validity was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient, while reliability was tested using the Cronbach's Alpha method. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that entrepreneurship learning and entrepreneurial motivation have both partial and simultaneous effects on entrepreneurial interest among students in the Economics Education Study Program at Universitas PGRI Wiranegara.

The digital era presents various opportunities as well as challenges in the world of education, particularly in the formation of student character. The development of technology, social media, and the unlimited flow of information influence the way students think, act, and behave. This condition demands the role and responsibilities of Christian Religious Education (PAK) Teachers that are increasingly complex and strategic. This study aims to describe the responsibilities of PAK Teachers in the formation of student character in the digital era. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study approach. Data were collected through a review of scientific journals, academic books, and theoretical sources relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that PAK Teachers are not only responsible for conveying Christian faith material, but also guiding students in internalizing and practicing Christian values such as love, honesty, responsibility, self-control, and empathy, both in real life and digitally. PAK Teachers act as educators, role models, guides, and spiritual counselors who integrate character education into the learning process. In addition, PAK Teachers are required to have adequate pedagogical, professional, personality, and social competencies, as well as the ability to utilize technology wisely. Collaboration with parents and schools is a crucial aspect in sustainably shaping students' character. Thus, Christian Religious Education teachers act as agents of transformation in shaping a generation with Christian character ready to face the challenges of the digital era.

This study aims to analyze the influence of teachers' teaching styles on the formation of student character in the school environment. The study focuses on comparing democratic-humanist and authoritarian teaching styles, and their implications for student character development. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature review approach, through a systematic analysis of books, scientific articles, and previous research results relevant to the topic of teaching styles and character education. The results and discussion indicate that education is not only oriented towards academic achievement, but also on the formation of moral values, attitudes, and personality of students. Teachers have a strategic role as educators, mentors, and role models whose behavior and teaching styles greatly influence student character. Democratic and humanist teaching styles have been shown to encourage the growth of self-confidence, courage to express opinions, independence, empathy, and moral integrity in students. Conversely, authoritarian teaching styles tend to instill fear, reduce creativity, weaken self-confidence, and shape students' character under pressure. This study confirms that student character formation is strongly influenced by the quality of teacher-student interactions, the emotional atmosphere in the classroom, role models, and moral communication established by teachers. Therefore, a balance is needed in implementing a firm but humanistic teaching style in order to create a learning environment that is conducive to optimal character formation of students.