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Many senior high school students face significant difficulties in generating ideas, organizing thoughts, and selecting appropriate vocabulary when writing descriptive texts. Traditional teaching methods often limit creativity, making the integration of visual media crucial. Therefore, this study aims to develop creative poster-based learning module for teaching descriptive writing. A Research and Development (R&D) design was employed, adapting the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation) model. However, due to time constraints, this research is strictly limited to the Analysis (Needs Analysis) and the initial Development (Prototype Development) stages. The participants for the needs analysis consisted of 22 senior high school students in Indonesia, selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using an online needs analysis questionnaire. The findings indicate a strong student preference for visual support, which informed the design and creation of a poster-based learning module prototype intended to help students visualize concepts. The implications suggest that while the prototype aligns with student needs, further research is required to validate and test the product.

Reading is a must-have skill for students, regardless of proficiency level. Reading skills are used in all subjects in school. By using reading, they can understand what they learn and obtain information about subjects that help develop their skills. In this term, reading strategies play an important role in defining the success of reading. Many researchers have found that using strategies can help students read effectively and efficiently. This issue is fascinating because success in reading is supported by the strategies readers use. Therefore, the researcher is interested in finding out what reading strategies high school students use. This study aims to examine the reading strategies used by Senior High School students while comprehending descriptive text and their perception of reading strategies. The research design was a qualitative approach based on the theory of case study. The informant consists of tenth-grade students of the eleventh-grade Senior High School. Observation and individual interviews are instruments used by the researcher to collect data, and then the data is analyzed by triangulation, which consists of reducing data, displaying data, and drawing. The results of this study show that there were 7 strategies used by participants namely repeated reading, taking notes, imagine the content, summarizing, bottom up, guessing, getting the purpose of reading, each participant uses more than one strategy in reading, The result also showed that the strategies the students used while reading greatly helped them understand the text and made the reading process more effective and efficient.

This study aims to explore the use of classroom talk in Indonesian EFL classrooms, specifically when teaching descriptive texts. Utilizing Sinclair & Coulthard's (1975) discourse analysis theory, the study focuses on the Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) model, which offers a framework for analyzing classroom interactions. By applying this model, classroom discourse can be broken down into a hierarchical structure that includes Exchanges, Moves, and Acts. This structure allows for a detailed examination of teacher-student communication, making its subtle nuances more explicit and accessible for analysis. The IRF model is widely recognized for its applicability and effectiveness in identifying the functional roles of utterances in classroom talk. One key observation from this study is that teacher-led initiation and questioning often dominate the discourse, with students primarily responding to the teacher’s prompts. The study suggests that the implications of the IRF model can help teachers reflect on their communication patterns and improve their teaching methods. By transforming teacher-centered scaffolding into a more student-centered approach, teachers can foster more effective interactions that enhance student engagement and learning. The study also highlights the importance of using the IRF model as a diagnostic tool for improving classroom communication practices and encouraging more dynamic and student-oriented teaching methods.

This research analyses the effectiveness of descriptive text sentences on the January 2025 edition of Good News From Indonesia as a reading text feasibility. This research is motivated by the writer's analysis of sentences in descriptive texts that do not follow Indonesian language rules. This study aims to review the effectiveness of sentences in four description texts published on the Good News From Indonesia page, which are examined based on cohesion and coherence, word inefficiency, word inflexibility, and spelling errors, to produce more effective sentences, following Indonesian language rules. The method used in this research is a descriptive and theoretical approach using syntax to analyse the effectiveness of sentences. The analysis results in the 4 Good News From Indonesia description texts show several ineffective sentences, including word inefficiency, word inflexibility, spelling errors, and cohesion and coherence between sentences. With this research in analysing sentence effectiveness, it is hoped that it can increase readers' knowledge and insight into understanding the importance of effective sentences in descriptive texts.

This research analyses the effectiveness of descriptive text sentences on the January 2025 edition of Good News From Indonesia as a reading text feasibility. This research is motivated by the writer's analysis of sentences in descriptive texts that do not follow Indonesian language rules. This study aims to review the effectiveness of sentences in four description texts published on the Good News From Indonesia page, which are examined based on cohesion and coherence, word inefficiency, word inflexibility, and spelling errors, to produce more effective sentences, following Indonesian language rules. The method used in this research is a descriptive and theoretical approach using syntax to analyse the effectiveness of sentences. The analysis results in the 4 Good News From Indonesia description texts show several ineffective sentences, including word inefficiency, word inflexibility, spelling errors, and cohesion and coherence between sentences. With this research in analysing sentence effectiveness, it is hoped that it can increase readers' knowledge and insight into understanding the importance of effective sentences in descriptive texts.

The purpose of this study is to describe spelling errors in descriptive texts of grade XI students of SMA Negeri 3 Lhokseumawe. This research method is descriptive qualitative. Data were collected using documentation and note-taking techniques. Data analysis techniques were carried out through several stages, namely collecting data samples and identifying errors, classifying data based on the type of spelling errors, and describing the forms of errors found. The results of the study indicate that many students still make spelling errors, such as errors in capitalization, writing basic words, redundant words, pronouns, prepositions, abbreviations and acronyms, period errors, and comma errors. These errors are caused by students' lack of accuracy and understanding in implementing Indonesian Spelling when writing. In this case, students must be given a better understanding of Indonesian Spelling. To overcome this problem, teachers have an important role in providing more intensive learning related to the implementation of Indonesian Spelling. One effort that can be done is to provide structured writing exercises, accompanied by direct feedback on spelling errors made by students. Furthermore, the use of digital learning media, such as spelling correction apps or interactive writing platforms, can help students improve their writing skills more effectively. With the right learning strategies, it is hoped that students will be able to understand spelling rules in depth and apply them correctly in every writing activity. Furthermore, students' writing skills also need to be honed through more varied activities, such as writing competitions, daily journals, or creative writing projects that require consistent application of spelling rules. Teachers can also implement a peer review method, where students correct each other's writing, thus creating collaborative learning that can increase language awareness.

This study explores senior high school students’ experiences and perceptions of using Wordwall, a gamified learning platform, in writing descriptive texts in an Indonesian EFL classroom. Many learners face challenges such as limited vocabulary, low motivation, and writing anxiety. To understand how students experience the use of Wordwall, a qualitative descriptive design with a phenomenological approach was employed. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, classroom observations, and analysis of student writing samples. Thematic analysis revealed that Wordwall helped students improve vocabulary, boost motivation, and reduce anxiety by offering engaging, interactive tasks like quizzes and instant feedback. Students described their learning process as more enjoyable and confidence-building. Despite minor technical issues, most participants found Wordwall beneficial in supporting their writing development. These findings highlight the value of gamified tools in enhancing student engagement and confidence in EFL writing classes. The study provides practical insights for educators seeking to integrate meaningful digital tools into language instruction.

This study aims to find out: (1) The effect of the application of the DLDPF model on improving TDBI writing proficiency; (2) Differences between student learning outcomes with the DLDPF model and without DLDPF; and (3) Student obstacles in the application of the DLDPF model. The design of this study is a pseudo-experiment with a non-equivalent comparison group design scheme. The researcher used a nonprobability sampling technique in the form of total sampling. The instruments used in this study are tests and questionnaires. The test instrument is in the form of an essay test with four aspects of assessment criteria (content, organization, grammar, and vocabulary). There are also document study instruments and semi-open questionnaires with the Likert Scale. The results of the study revealed the following findings. First, the results of the paired sample test showed a sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 < 0.05 which means that there is a significant influence of the application of the DLDPF model on the improvement of TDBI writing proficiency. Second, the results of the independent sample t-test showed a sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 < 0.05 which means that the application of the DLDPF model has a significant impact on improving TDBI writing proficiency. In addition, the experimental class has an N-gain score of 0.59 which means it has a moderate level of improvement. The control class has an N-gain score of 0.24 which means it has a low level of improvement. In other words, it shows that there is a difference between student learning outcomes with the DLDPF model and student learning outcomes with no DLDPF model. And third, respondents showed few obstacles in the application of the DLDPF model, including: (1) Most of the respondents (70.53%) did not experience linguistic barriers; and (2) Most respondents (70%) did not experience nonlinguistic barriers.

This study aims to find out: (1) The effect of the application of the DLDPF model on improving TDBI writing proficiency; (2) Differences between student learning outcomes with the DLDPF model and without DLDPF; and (3) Student obstacles in the application of the DLDPF model. The design of this study is a pseudo-experiment with a non-equivalent comparison group design scheme. The researcher used a nonprobability sampling technique in the form of total sampling. The instruments used in this study are tests and questionnaires. The test instrument is in the form of an essay test with four aspects of assessment criteria (content, organization, grammar, and vocabulary). There are also document study instruments and semi-open questionnaires with the Likert Scale. The results of the study revealed the following findings. First, the results of the paired sample test showed a sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 < 0.05 which means that there is a significant influence of the application of the DLDPF model on the improvement of TDBI writing proficiency. Second, the results of the independent sample t-test showed a sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 < 0.05 which means that the application of the DLDPF model has a significant impact on improving TDBI writing proficiency. In addition, the experimental class has an N-gain score of 0.59 which means it has a moderate level of improvement. The control class has an N-gain score of 0.24 which means it has a low level of improvement. In other words, it shows that there is a difference between student learning outcomes with the DLDPF model and student learning outcomes with no DLDPF model. And third, respondents showed few obstacles in the application of the DLDPF model, including: (1) Most of the respondents (70.53%) did not experience linguistic barriers; and (2) Most respondents (70%) did not experience nonlinguistic barriers.

This research aims to describe in detail the analysis of language errors in descriptive texts at the linguistic level which includes errors in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, spelling and punctuation. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data from this research are text descriptions of the work of 30 class VII MTS Bahrul Ulum students, and 5 texts were used as samples in this research. The data collection technique in this research was obtained by requesting data from the school through the teacher concerned. The object of this research is the results of student assignments in the form of descriptive text and then the data obtained is analyzed. Data analysis was carried out by reading, analyzing and classifying the data, then the results of the language error analysis were depicted in tables and conclusions were described. The results of the research show that language errors in the descriptive texts of class VII students at MTS Bahrul Ulum include: 1) Phonology with 7 errors, consisting of phoneme changes and phoneme deletions, 2) Morphology with 4 errors consisting of reduplication, composition and affixation errors, 3) 2 semantic errors consist of the use of non-standard words and unclear meanings, 4) 14 spelling errors consist of errors in the use of capital letters and punctuation errors. 4 times, consisting of errors in placing commas, spaces and periods. Based on the results of this research, researchers hope that it can be used as a reference and feedback for both students who are learners, and more specifically for educators, language users, or even for other researchers.  

This study aims to analyze the errors in descriptive texts of class VII students of SMP 12 Jakarta. This study is a descriptive qualitative type. The research instrument is the researcher himself. The data collection technique used is documentation study. The source of indicator data is the choice of words and sentences. The data is then analyzed with preliminary steps then continued to the method, results and discussion and closed with conclusions and suggestions. Based on the results of the descriptive text written by class VII students of SMP 12 Jakarta, several errors were found in writing so that the sentences used were ineffective. The most common error found was an error in phonemes.

This study aims to analyze the errors in descriptive texts of class VII students of SMP 12 Jakarta. This study is a descriptive qualitative type. The research instrument is the researcher himself. The data collection technique used is documentation study. The source of indicator data is the choice of words and sentences. The data is then analyzed with preliminary steps then continued to the method, results and discussion and closed with conclusions and suggestions. Based on the results of the descriptive text written by class VII students of SMP 12 Jakarta, several errors were found in writing so that the sentences used were ineffective. The most common error found was an error in phonemes.

This research was motivated by the lack of students' interest in English lessons, especially in writing descriptive texts. The purpose of this research was to determine the extent to which the use of the Wattpad application could influence students' ability to write descriptive texts. This research was conducted at MA Miftahul Ulum Tanjungpinang in the first-grades students in the second semester of the academic year 2022-2023. This research was a quantitative study using an experimental method. The sample of this research was 50 students. The research method used was a true experiment with a post-test only control design. The result of the research, there is a significant difference between the writing scores of the experimental class and the control class where the post-test scores of the experimental class are higher. It can be seen that the mean value of the control class is 62,12 while the experimental class is 75,64. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant effect of using the Wattpad application on the ability of the first-grade students at MA Miftahul Ulum Tanjungpinang to write descriptive texts. based on student’s feedback using Wattpad application, the results show a strong positive trend across all questions related to Wattpad. Respondents tend to strongly support the statements provided. Mostly showed a positive “Strongly Agree” toward each statement, with only a few being neutral, disagreeing, or strongly disagreeing suggesting that the students had a favorable perception to the Implementation of the Duolingo application on the writing skill of the eleventh-grade students at MA Miftahul Ulum Tanjungpinang.

Through classroom action research conducted in two cycles, this study aims to improve the understanding of grade IX-I students of SMP Negeri 13 Surabaya on the material of main ideas and supporting ideas of descriptive texts by implementing the TPS cooperative learning model. The results of the study showed a significant increase in student understanding after the implementation of the Think Pair Share learning model. In the pre-cycle, the average student test score was 65. After cycle I, the average score increased to 78, indicating an increase of 20%. In cycle II, the average score reached 85, or an increase of 9% from cycle I. This increase is indicated by the increasing number of students who can correctly identify the main idea and supporting ideas of descriptive texts. In addition, student activeness in discussing and giving opinions also increased significantly. This shows that the Think Pair Share cooperative learning model is effective in improving students' understanding of the main idea and supporting ideas of descriptive texts.

This research examines the use of gamification in learning descriptive text conjunctions for class 9I of SMP Negeri 13 Surabaya. How the use of gamification in learning can improve the results and motivation of learning Indonesian for class 9I students. The aim of this research is (1) to increase the learning activities of class 9I students at SMP Negeri 13 Surabaya through the application of gamification in learning (2) to improve the learning outcomes of descriptive text conjunctions for class 9I students at SMP Negeri 13 Surabaya. This research is Classroom Action Research (PTK) which includes planning, implementation, observation and reflection. Data collection methods use questionnaires and observation. The instrument used is quantitative descriptive data analysis. The results of this research show an increase in students' motivation and learning participation, as well as a better understanding of conjunctions in Indonesian descriptive texts.

Teaching writing is not easy. Teacher needs to think the appropriate and effective medium that will be able to attract the students’ interest. Due to this case, an animated video was chosen as a medium to facilitate students' learning process to be more interactive and attract students' interest for composing, particularly to write Descriptive Texts. The research explored the use animated videos to teach descriptive text in grade seventh academic year 2023/2024 at MTsN 6 Tulungagung. The type of experiment utilized is a Quantitative with Pre-Experiment Designs. The sample consisted of 31 students as control group. There are three steps conducting this research: pre-test, treatment, and post-test. The expert formed the validation of the questions. Based of the data analysis results, the pre-experimental class’s mean scores 76.35 and 86.32 in the post-test. Researchers found that the score of Sig. (2-Tailed) is 0.001 less than 0.05, therefore H0 is denied by acceptance of Ha. So in this case it was concluded that the differences in the analysis of the mean between the results of the pre and post-test meant that there were effects of using the animated video as the medium of learning in writing Descriptive Text in class VII in the 2023/2024 school year at MTsN 6 Tulungagung.

Teaching writing is not easy. Teacher needs to think the appropriate and effective medium that will be able to attract the students’ interest. Due to this case, an animated video was chosen as a medium to facilitate students' learning process to be more interactive and attract students' interest for composing, particularly to write Descriptive Texts. The research explored the use animated videos to teach descriptive text in grade seventh academic year 2023/2024 at MTsN 6 Tulungagung. The type of experiment utilized is a Quantitative with Pre-Experiment Designs. The sample consisted of 31 students as control group. There are three steps conducting this research: pre-test, treatment, and post-test. The expert formed the validation of the questions. Based of the data analysis results, the pre-experimental class’s mean scores 76.35 and 86.32 in the post-test. Researchers found that the score of Sig. (2-Tailed) is 0.001 less than 0.05, therefore H0 is denied by acceptance of Ha. So in this case it was concluded that the differences in the analysis of the mean between the results of the pre and post-test meant that there were effects of using the animated video as the medium of learning in writing Descriptive Text in class VII in the 2023/2024 school year at MTsN 6 Tulungagung.

Reading is Reading comprehension ability is very important to improve learning achievement, because it increases vocabulary, fluency and language proficiency in various subjects, thereby influencing all material and teaching in each subject. This research investigates the application of the PORPE strategy in comprehending descriptive reading texts and its impact on student comprehension using a mixed methods research approach. The data was collected using observation, pre-test and post-test. It can be seen in this research, that the PORPE strategy, which consists of the stages of predicting, organizing, training, practicing and evaluating, can significantly improve students' understanding and analysis of descriptive texts, develop critical thinking and reading skills, and encourage active participation. In this research found, that there was a significant increase in students' average scores after implementing the PORPE strategy, from 57.37 to 80.37, which showed a statistically significant difference in scores before and after treatment. The PORPE strategy improved students' reading comprehension and critical thinking skills by facilitating interactive learning, increasing understanding of descriptive texts and fostering students' positive contributions.

Writing descriptive text is an activity carried out by someone in telling or describing a particular object so that the reader will be able to know clearly what the general description of the object being discussed is. At the elementary school level, when learning Indonesian, writing descriptive texts is one of the learning achievements that must be achieved by students. The development of descriptive text writing skills can be achieved using the problem based learning method so that it allows students to think critically during learning so as to improve student learning outcomes.