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The term history comes from Arabic, namely from the word syajaratun (pronounced syajarah), which means a tree of wood. The meaning of a wooden tree here is the existence of an event, development or growth of something (event) in a continuity (continuity). In another sense, history is not always defined by past (history is past actuality). Only in a general sense is the reality of the past. As for the social (social) itself can be interpreted with regard to interpersonal behavior, or related to social processes. But seen in social science, the word social refers to its object, namely society. When combined between history and social, it can be interpreted as the past reality of a society regarding behavior and all the processes that occurred in society. Social history is history that focuses attention on neglected, alienated, or marginalized people who are actors of social history. The roles of the community in an event in the past are the focus of the discussion of social history. This study aims to examine the social development of Indonesian society throughout history. Use a qualitative approach and include information from secondary data sources, previous research or existing knowledge of organizations and institutions. The data collection method used by the author in this article, the author uses the library method (path search). The library method is a method used to collect information from books and magazines. Where this social history is populist. Thus it is very different from conventional political history which is elitist in nature. It can be said that without social history, the existence of economic history will feel bland and shallow because social history provides the necessary link in economic history where the scope can cover the daily life of the inhabitants of an area in the past, which includes humans with different economic relationships. -different.

Language is the primary tool humans use to convey thoughts and messages, both verbally and in writing. According to experts, language is a system of sound symbols used for communication and interaction, consisting of phonology, lexicon, and grammar. Phonology studies the sounds of language and is a crucial aspect of linguistics, divided into phonetics and phonemics. Language plays an important role in daily life, not only as a communication tool but also as a reflection of individual or group identity. Language preserves cultural heritage and strengthens social relationships within a community. Proper use of language facilitates communication and influences the understanding of the interlocutor. The development of globalization makes language a means of cross-cultural connection, aiding in collaboration and participation between countries. However, every language faces challenges in pronunciation, word formation, writing, and sentence usage. Phonological disorders, such as in individuals with cleft lip and stuttering, affect speaking ability and language comprehension. A cleft lip causes difficulties in producing certain consonants, while stuttering causes disruptions in speech flow. Phonological error analysis helps to understand the patterns of sound production errors and design interventions to improve speaking abilities. This research is essential for identifying phonological disorders and developing effective therapy methods. The study titled "Phonological Disorders in Mustofa in the Wkwk Project Podcast by Genflik" aims to gain a deeper understanding of phonological disorders in individuals with cleft lip and stuttering, and to find solutions to improve their communication abilities.    

Large organisations have many different interests, so there is often a lack of understanding of tasks and missions. This study identified several issues, including the impact of current elder performance in GPP Sukadono Helvetia, the condition of elder support that does not meet performance standards, the influence of management on performance, and the impact of elder workload on performance became the main focus of this study. This research is descriptive-inferential, where there are functional relationships. If leadership (X) is systematically related to employee performance (Y), then future phenomena are likely to be predicted and the results may propose new or additional hypotheses that can be tested. This study wants to reveal that there is a significant contribution between leadership effectiveness (X) and employee performance (Y), to the empirical contribution of 27.3%. This shows that leadership plays an important role in overcoming all challenges in the organisation. Elder leadership plays an important role of 27.3% in the performance of GPP Sukadono Helvetia. Then, this study also found that the role of management in this area has not been optimal, resulting in ineffectiveness in achieving the desired performance, especially in promoting learning and improving congregational performance. This study suggests that the role of management in the future should be more aligned with the management and effectiveness of GPP Sukadono Helvetia. This will ensure that the work of GPP Sukadono Helvetia elders is not only focussed on programme activities but also that the programme contributes to the overall success of the organisation.      

Basically, the ingredients for forming concrete consist of cement, water, and aggregate, namely fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. The aggregates commonly used are natural aggregates, namely sand as fine aggregate and gravel or crushed stone as coarse aggregate. Sand as fine aggregate is obtained from mining processes in nature, especially in Indragiri Hulu district, sand mining occurs almost along the Indragiri river. Rock ash is generally dark in color (blackish gray), and consists of fairly coarse grains. When compared to sand, rock ash has a cheaper price. The method used in this study is the experimental method, namely research that aims to investigate causal relationships between one another and compare the results so as to make an innovation. The results of the tests that have been carried out by the author on variations in the addition of stone ash to the concrete mixture for fine aggregate with variations of 25%, 50% and 75%. The results of laboratory tests in this study found that the optimum percentage of rock ash as a substitute for sand was a variation of 50% rock ash with a compressive strength of 28 days of 19.60 Mpa. Rock ash on 50% test specimen can be used as a substitute for sand because in terms of compressive strength with the quality provisions K-225 meets the requirements with a value of 19.60 MPa.    

There have always been ups and downs in regional governance, with a number of autonomy issues and less-than-perfect institutional working relationships between the Centre and the regions. Instead of being resolved by the 2014 Local Government Law, Law No. 23/2014, these issues have further complicated the relationship between local authorities and the central government. This research aims to analyze the review of the principles of regional government and the implementation of the SOTK. This research uses a normative juridical method that focuses on legal precedents, relevant laws, and regulations. The result of this research is that regional autonomy is based on the idea that autonomous regions have the authority as well as the rights and obligations in managing their own local interests in accordance with the law. In Indonesia, local governance is guided by three basic principles, namely 1) The principle of decentralization. 2) The idea behind de-concentration. 3) Assistance tasks as a concept. There are three parts to the model of how local governments and the federal government work together, namely 1) agency model, 2) the interaction Model, and 3) the relative Autonomy Model The structure of each region will include various interventions. However, the drafting guidelines from the government make the SOTK look uniform, centralized and rigid, so despite the differences, each region's SOTK still has some similarities.

Introduction: Elderly is a life where from babies, toddlers, teenagers, adults and the elderly. In this process there are significant Bio-Psycho-Social changes in his life such as social changes, namely the breaking of relationships with colleagues, loss of status or role (tasks, authorities and responsibilities) in the workplace environment, changes in individual roles in the family and public. Method: The research method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method. The collection techniques for this research were interviews, observations, physical examinations and documentation. Results: The results showed that before giving dhikr and meditation therapy, 4 patients (80%) were in the moderate stress category, and 1 patient (20%) was in the severe stress category. After giving dhikr and meditation therapy, 4 patients (80%) were found with mild stress category, and 1 patient (20%) with moderate stress category. Conclusion: Prior to the remembrance therapy, the mental condition of the elderly at the Peni Griya Jannati experienced depression due to the pressures of daily life, experiencing loneliness due to living with family or loved ones, mental emotional disorders that were not yet stable, and anxiety disorders. So that the process of dhikr therapy must be carried out in the elderly.  

Indonesia is a country that has diversity, starting from culture and customs in the era of globalization, so it is necessary for students of the nation's generation to preserve culture through the independent education program (MBKM), independent campus learning, one of the second batch of independent student exchange programs launched by the Ministry of Education and Culture, many universities are encouraging students to take part in one of them is HKBP Nommensen University Medan which sends its students to existing universities starting from Sabang-Merauke which are student destination universities namely Jakarta State University and Trunojoyo Madura University. The students carry out cross-major lecture activities, in the independent student exchange program students also carry out Nusantara module activities which aim to get to know the cultural diversity that exists in Indonesia through this students can get to know the culture at the destination university and even make friends with various ethnic groups so that students know the beauty of life various. Students register through the MBKM account through file registration following the exam selection until departure to the destination university. So by participating in the second batch of domestic independent student exchange activities, students become more enthusiastic about getting to know culture, preserving culture, learning across new science majors and even adding to relationships and taking care of and respecting one another.

Group companies grow and develop and many group companies cannot be controlled so that they can result in monopolies. The monopoly will occur in networks or business relationships owned by group companies. This relationship can be understood as a legal entity that has a relationship within the grub company. This research method uses normative research, where normative legal research is research by collecting secondary data that is in accordance with the problem to be studied and then processed. The results of this study explain that the responbility of the holding company to its subsidiaries in group companies is a legal relationship related to the parent and subsidiary companyes. This legal relationship after the merger, the parent company has the authority as the majority shareholder of the subsidiary. Therefore the parent company will control the operation of the subsidiary. The parent and subsidiary companies have different articles of a of association are a positive law where if the articles of association are violated it will result in the cancellation of the transaction. If the subsidiary is sued and the subsidiary violates the law, the party who is aggrieved will be sued, namely the subsidiary because based on the law, the subsidiary has its own responbilities in running the company.

Narcissistic attitudes usually develop in adolescence, where students are looking for self-identity and pay attention to their self-image. Second, social media and popular culture that highlight self-interest and public recognition can also reinforce narcissistic attitudes. Third, the impact of students' narcissistic attitudes can affect their social relations with other people, both in the family, school and community environment. In the school environment, students with narcissistic attitudes tend to pay less attention to the needs and feelings of others, and to focus more on themselves. This can make it difficult for these students to work together in groups or teams, because they tend to want to be the center of attention and take over decisions. In the long term, this can hinder students' ability to develop social skills and build healthy interpersonal relationships. In addition, students with narcissistic attitudes may also experience difficulties in maintaining their social relationships with peers. They tend to be less sensitive to other people's feelings and more easily see others as tools to achieve their own goals. This can cause conflict and tension in social relationships, as well as make it difficult for students to build closeness and trust with others.

This research departs from the phenomenon of interpersonal relationships that are owned by the children of the Al-Ghasyiyah Orphanage which are still low and medium, this is marked by the orphans who do not know each other closely, do not understand each other's personal characteristics, are not familiar, lack of cooperation, orphans they still lack the courage to express their ideas or opinions, there are still social conflicts between them, they close themselves off because they lack confidence in getting along with other orphans, they lack a sense of initiative in making friends and working together. Researchers try to provide group guidance services with sociodrama techniques to orphanages to improve interpersonal relationships, the goal to be achieved in this study is to find out whether or not there are significant differences in the interpersonal relationships of orphanage children before and after being given sociodrama technique group guidance services, as well as effective whether or not the sociodrama technique group guidance services to improve the interpersonal relations skills of orphans at the Al-Ghasyiyah Bathin Solapan Duri Orphanage, Riau. This research is classified as a pre-experimental study using a one group pretest posttest design. The population in this study was the adolescent children of the Al-Ghasyiyah Bathin Solapan Duri Orphanage, Riau. The population is young women at the Al-Ghasyiyah Bathin Solapan Duri Riau Orphanage, totaling 20 people. The sample is adolescents who are indicated to have a poor level of interpersonal relations, namely 8 people, sampling based on purposive sampling technique. The instrument used was a Likert scale questionnaire. Data analysis used non-parametric statistical tests using the Wilcoxon signed rank test method with the help of Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 20.00. pretest and posttest. From the results of the Wilcoxon test calculation, a significant p-value of 0.011 < α (α = 0.05) is obtained, which means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. From the results of the calculation of the Wilcoxon test, it can be interpreted that the interpersonal relationship skills of the orphans increased after being given treatment, namely the sociodrama technique Group Guidance Service.

A wedding is one of the most essential public ceremonies in life. This matters is based on the fact that marriage involves more than simply the bride and husband.; it also involves parents and other families from both sides, as well as some tricky issues. In case with mixed relationships, the issue of the child’s nationality often comes up. Under the old Citizenship Law, which was constructed on the concept of a single nationality, children from mixed marriages were allowed only one nationality; the law dictates that the nationality of the father must be obeyed. This arrangement caused problems down the road of course, the mother would have a hard time finding care for her child if her parents’ marriage broke up. However, considering that Law Number 12 of 2006 concerning Citizenship has been in effect. Mixed-marriage kids have a variety of options. Due to the assurance of their status, they can apply to become citizens of the Republic of Indonesia after they turn 18 or are legally married. When a child turns 18 or marries, they must choose a nationality and they can no longer have dual citizenship.  

Abstract with "School Principal's Visionary Leadership Style in Improving Teacher Performance at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman Sukabumi City". The main problems are: 1) What is the leadership style of the principal at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman, Sukabumi City? 2) What are the implications for the performance of teaching staff at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman, Sukabumi City? 3) How does the school principal transform the school's vision and mission in improving the quality of education at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman, Sukabumi City? The research method used is a qualitative research method, data collection techniques used are through observation, interviews, and documentation. While the objectives to be achieved are to determine the leadership style of the visionary principal at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman Sukabumi City and to find out the implications for the performance of educational staff at Mts Ylpi Ibaadurrahman Sukabumi City. The results of this study indicate that the principal's leadership style applied by the principal is generally responded to by good cooperation by his subordinates, who use a democratic-participatory leadership style. With this leadership that has an impact on educational staff because of democratic leadership the freedom to develop potential is enormous, good working relationships are established between superiors and subordinates, creating a comfortable work environment and understanding how important it is to invite all school parties to realize this vision in accordance with their duties and responsibilities. each. Thus the author can conclude that in this study principals are generally carried out with the cooperation of leaders and their members and how a leader motivates morale, fosters discipline, shows exemplary attitudes and behavior that school principal leadership in improving the performance of educational staff greatly contributes which is good for the progress of the quality of learning so that it can encourage the quality of education where the performance of educators and education staff is the key to success in the world of education. Research implication: The author suggests that the Principal maintains the main duties and functions of leadership that have been well developed, and continuously improves educational performance according to the needs of the institution and maintains time discipline and responsibility with each task as planned by the institution and prosper educators by carrying out assignments according to their respective pokies.  

This study aims to analyze the influence of the school environment on the growth of faith and morality among Christian students at Elpida Senior High School Noelbaki. The research is based on the premise that a Christian school is not merely an institution for knowledge transfer, but also a formative environment for spiritual and moral development. The study employed a quantitative approach with a survey method. The population included all students of Elpida Senior High School Noelbaki, while the sample consisted of 80 purposively selected students. The research instrument was a five-point Likert scale questionnaire covering spiritual, social, and academic aspects of the school environment. Data were analyzed using simple linear regression to determine the effect of the school environment on students’ faith and moral growth. The results revealed that the school environment has a positive and significant influence on students’ spiritual and moral development (t = 5.36, p < 0.05). A Christian-based school environment encourages students to live in obedience, love, and responsibility toward others. This study concludes that faith and moral education are not only taught theoretically but also modeled through school culture, teacher-student relationships, and a spiritually nurturing atmosphere.

In Islam, marriage is a sunnatullah that applies to every creature. Marriage cannot always achieve its essential goals, one of which can be seen in divorce. It can even be stated that the most sad event in marriage is divorce, so God really hates it. So the author raised the theme "Sexual Needs Are the Main Cause of High Divorce Rates". The type of research used in this paper is Library Research. Using primary data sources that use material from several books about sexual needs and books about divorce. Secondary material as support for this research uses books, articles, papers that discuss divorce caused by sexual needs. So, based on this research, it can be concluded that one of the factors that can influence a family to divorce, among others, is the dissatisfaction of one partner in sexual relations, resulting in the partner's inner income not being met. Biological factors that are not fulfilled by partners are the main factor in the high divorce rate, either because they do not get satisfaction from their partners or for various reasons.

This study aims to examine the intricate relationship among brand image, intellectual capital, human capital, public relation strategy, and firm value. The research adopts a qualitative approach utilizing semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders from diverse industries. A purposive sampling technique is employed to select participants with relevant expertise. Data analysis involves thematic analysis to identify patterns, themes, and relationships among the variables. The findings reveal nuanced interconnections between brand image, intellectual and human capital, public relation strategies, and firm value, highlighting the importance of holistic management approaches in enhancing organizational performance and competitiveness.

This qualitative study aims to delve into the intricate interplay between public relation strategy, digital marketing, brand awareness, and their influence on customer loyalty. Employing a qualitative research approach, the study will utilize in-depth interviews and focus group discussions to gather rich insights from participants. A purposive sampling technique will be employed to select participants who possess relevant experiences and perspectives in the domain of interest. Data analysis will involve thematic analysis, allowing for the identification of recurring themes and patterns within the data. The findings of this research endeavor are anticipated to shed light on the nuanced relationships between the aforementioned factors and customer loyalty, offering valuable insights for businesses seeking to enhance customer retention strategies in today's competitive landscape.

The Bible is God's Word written by the prophets through His guidance and also through God's breath itself in ancient times. As God's creation, church people need to build relationships through the intimacy of reading, contemplating and carrying out God's heart through God's Word contained in the Bible. In fact, most Christians and even young people think that this is not important so that there is a tendency for church members to rarely read the Bible. Therefore, the strategy of God's servant is really needed in motivating church members so that the love of reading the Bible increases and continues to be maintained for the continuity of church discipleship and the spiritual growth of mature congregations. This study aims to describe the duties of a servant of God in carrying out his duties as a pastor of the congregation and how the church creates devices, facilities, programs, methods or technology in order to motivate the congregation to cultivate reading the Bible in creative ways, as well as to guide and direct the congregation to grow in the knowledge of God and to accompany each member of the congregation to grow spiritually to mature one's faith in Jesus Christ.

The purpose of this study is to describe, analyze, and find the style of language contained in song lyrics adrift by the time of one of Danilla Jelita Poetri Riyadi's works in the Telisik Album. In the lyrics of the song Adrift by the time of the album Telisik there are interesting words for the author to study based on his language style. Time adrift means "a series of processes" (in one's romantic relationships). And the real meaning in the lyrics of this song is a person's hope for the idol, wanting to have and also wanting to be loved by him. Hoping if his feelings can be accepted by that loved one. This song also describes how a person who is immersed in his longing for his sweetheart but he realizes that he has it alone he has not. This research uses descriptive methods and qualitative approaches. Data analysis techniques begin by identifying words that contain language style. The research results of this article are exploring and clarifying the style of language as well as the meaning contained in the song

This study examines the importance of open and honest communication in personal and professional relationships and its impact on group dynamics, team effectiveness, and individual well-being. Through literature review and empirical analysis, it was found that openness in sharing feelings, thoughts, and concerns is key in maintaining healthy and harmonious relationships. Couples who regularly discuss important issues report higher levels of satisfaction in their relationships. Active listening, where full attention is given without distraction, also increases understanding and emotional closeness between couples. However, the study also identified communication challenges such as misunderstandings and conflicts that often trigger disputes, especially among young couples who face difficulties in conveying messages clearly and understanding emotional context. Emotion management during conflict is a major challenge, as many couples find it difficult to remain calm and rational in situations that trigger negative emotions.  overcome this challenge, strategies such as using humor and spending quality time together have proven effective. Humor can ease tension and improve mood after conflict, while quality time without technological distractions strengthens bonding and communication. The influence of technology in couples' communication is also reviewed, with an emphasis on the importance of setting boundaries for technology use to avoid misunderstandings and loss of emotional nuance. Social support from family and friends was found to play an important role in helping couples overcome conflict and strengthen their relationship. Couples who had a strong support network felt more confident and optimistic about the future of their relationship. In addition, the evolution of communication in relationships suggests that couples learn to communicate more effectively and efficiently over time, with improved communication skills such as empathy, emotion management, and constructive problem solving.

Property price determination is a complex challenge influenced by various factors, thus requiring an effective method for accurate prediction to support investment decision-making. In the current digital era, conventional approaches are being replaced by data-driven and artificial intelligence methods, where Linear Regression remains a popular choice due to its simplicity and effectiveness in modeling linear relationships. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the physical characteristics of a house and its selling price, and to build an accurate predictive model using the Linear Regression algorithm. A quantitative method was used, focusing on Building Area , Number of Rooms, and Building Age  against the House Selling Price. Correlation analysis results show that Building Area has the strongest correlation (0.81) with price, while Building Age shows a negative correlation (-0.52). The Linear Regression model demonstrated very strong and stable performance. The model achieved an R² Score of 0.9396 on the testing data, meaning 93.96% of house price variability can be explained by the model. Furthermore, the low MAE of only 11.31 million rupiah indicates a small prediction error, and the consistency of R² scores confirms that the model does not suffer from overfitting. This study concludes that the Linear Regression model provides excellent, stable, and reliable prediction performance for projecting house selling prices