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The principle of freedom of contract is a fundamental concept in civil law that provides parties with the autonomy to form, determine the content of, and implement an agreement. However, the development of information and communication technology has brought about the phenomenon of the digital economy, which has transformed patterns of contractual relationships, particularly through electronic contracts. The characteristics of digital contracts uniform, instantaneous, and generally expressed in standard clauses raise the question of the extent to which the principle of freedom of contract remains relevant. This article aims to analyze the concept of freedom of contract in civil law, its application in the digital economy, and to assess its relevance in addressing contemporary legal challenges. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches. The findings indicate that the principle of freedom of contract continues to hold relevance, but its application cannot be understood in absolute terms. In the digital context, the principle requires reinterpretation by taking into account contractual justice and consumer protection.

Traditional settlements are a reflection of the way of life, cultural values, and interactions of society with the natural environment. In the context of Luluo Village, settlement patterns are not only formed by physical factors such as topography and natural resources, but are also influenced by the local wisdom of the Gorontalo people who have a value system, customs, and cosmology-based spatial planning. The objectives of this study are: 1) To describe the traditional settlement patterns of Luluo Village, Biluhu District, Gorontalo Regency; 2) To analyze the development and changes in settlement patterns in Luluo Village; 3) To identify forms of local wisdom that play a role in the formation and preservation of settlement patterns. Method: used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Results: This study is 1) Traditional Settlement Patterns of Luluo Village seen from the distribution pattern of houses, building orientation, distance between houses, open spaces. 2) forms of local wisdom in traditional settlements. 3) The development of settlements in Luluo Village. 4) The impact of settlement development on socio-cultural life. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the development of traditional settlement patterns in Luluo Village is a dynamic process influenced by environmental, social, cultural, and economic factors. Local wisdom is the main foundation in the formation and development of settlements, despite facing the challenges of modernization. Traditional settlement patterns based on local wisdom have proven capable of creating a harmonious, sustainable, and socially value-oriented residential environment.

The development of modern business has given rise to various marketing models, one of which is Multi-Level Marketing (MLM). However, in practice, many parties misuse this system into a pyramid scheme, a business model that prioritizes profits from recruiting new members rather than from actual product sales. This phenomenon causes harm to society and raises moral as well as religious concerns in Islamic law. This study aims to analyze the recruitment strategies and compensation patterns used in pyramid schemes disguised as MLM, examine them from the perspective of Islamic economics, and provide a comparison with Multi-Level Marketing systems that operate in accordance with Islamic principles. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a literature study approach by reviewing various sources such as books, scientific journals, and relevant academic documents. The results indicate that the recruitment system and compensation pattern in pyramid schemes contain elements of gharar, tadlis, dharar, and zhulm, all of which contradict Islamic economic principles. Therefore, the public is advised to be more cautious in choosing MLM businesses, as such models are permissible in Islam only if they focus on selling lawful (halal) products, are conducted honestly and transparently, and provide fair benefits for all parties involved.

Globalization is a major phenomenon that brings rapid changes in the mindset, behavior, and culture of society, including students in formal educational settings. This condition presents significant challenges for Islamic Religious Education, which plays a crucial role in shaping character and internalizing Islamic values. This study aims to analyze how globalization influences students’ understanding, attitudes, and practices of Islamic values, as well as how Islamic Religious Education can respond adaptively to these changes. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature study method that reviews books, scholarly articles, and relevant documents related to globalization, Islamic education, and character formation. Data were analyzed through processes of collection, classification, and interpretation to identify patterns of global influence on Islamic values. The findings reveal that globalization offers two major impacts: opportunities for the development of religious literacy through technological and informational access, and threats in the form of external values such as hedonism, individualism, and decreasing religious sensitivity. These findings highlight the need for educational strategies that balance the use of technology with the reinforcement of Islamic character, including the integration of Islamic values into digital-based learning, strengthening teacher role modeling, and habituating moral behavior within school activities. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of innovation in Islamic Religious Education to maintain the relevance of Islamic values amid the ongoing developments of globalization.

The flash floods and landslides that occurred in Central Aceh and Bener Meriah Regencies demonstrate that disaster issues are not only related to natural factors but are also influenced by community social communication patterns. This study aims to analyze disaster communication based on local wisdom to improve preparedness, emergency response, and recovery of disaster-affected communities. The study used a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with traditional leaders, religious leaders, village officials, and affected communities, as well as field observations and documentation studies. The results indicate that the local wisdom of the Gayo community, such as the role of the village reje, mosque imam, customary deliberations, and the value of maintaining natural balance, serves as an effective and trusted disaster communication medium. However, this local wisdom has not been optimally integrated into the formal disaster communication system of the local government. This study recommends strengthening the synergy between modern communication and local wisdom as a sustainable and contextual disaster communication strategy.

This study examines how Christian marriage is represented in the modern era through theological, symbolic, and contextual perspectives. Although Christian marriage is traditionally understood as a sacred covenant emphasizing unity, fidelity, and permanence, contemporary social realities reveal shifts in how Christians interpret and express marital life. Economic pressures, evolving family roles, digital communication patterns, and cultural influences shape the modern experience of marriage. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature-based research, this study analyzes the theological foundations, ritual symbols, and contextual factors that influence changes in the representation of Christian marriage today. The findings indicate that while the core theological essence of Christian marriage remains, its practical expressions undergo adaptation to remain relevant within modern life. Symbols such as wedding rings, marital vows, and liturgical blessings continue to convey theological meaning, while premarital education and pastoral support play a crucial role in strengthening marital stability. The study highlights the need for a contextual and integrative ecclesial approach that responds to the realities faced by Christian couples in contemporary society.    

The rapid development of artificial intelligence has encouraged the widespread use of chatbots on social media platforms, transforming patterns of digital communication and interaction. This study aims to examine the role of chatbots in shaping social interaction, fandom dynamics, and users’ digital identities within contemporary online culture. The research employs a literature review approach using grounded theory as an analytical framework to identify patterns, themes, and emerging concepts from relevant academic publications published between 2021 and 2025. Articles were collected through academic databases and systematically selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings indicate that chatbots have shifted from being purely functional technological tools to becoming cultural actors that influence emotional engagement, community formation, and identity expression in digital spaces. Chatbots contribute to creating perceived emotional closeness, strengthening fandom interactions, and facilitating self-expression, particularly within popular culture and creative industries. However, the study also highlights several challenges, including emotional dependency, algorithm-driven homogenization of preferences, gender bias, and aggressive behavior in human–machine interactions. Cultural context plays a significant role in shaping user acceptance and interpretation of chatbots. These findings imply that chatbot development and implementation should consider not only technical efficiency but also social, psychological, and ethical dimensions to ensure responsible and inclusive digital interaction.

The implementation of management information systems is a crucial instrument for improving the effectiveness of performance and service quality in local government agencies. The digital transformation driven by national policy requires local governments to manage data and information in an integrated, accurate, and timely manner. However, in practice, the implementation of management information systems still faces various obstacles, both in terms of human resources, technological infrastructure, and organizational policy support. This study aims to analyze the implementation of management information systems in local government agencies and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors that influence it. The research method used is a qualitative approach through a literature review of national journals and relevant scientific papers published between 2021 and 2025. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically to obtain a comprehensive picture of the implementation patterns of management information systems in local government. The analysis results indicate that management information systems contribute positively to improving the effectiveness of organizational performance and the quality of public services when supported by competent personnel, available infrastructure, and leadership commitment. Conversely, weak coordination, limited human resources, and resistance to change are the main factors hindering implementation. This research is expected to serve as evaluation material and a reference for local governments in optimizing the implementation of management information systems on a sustainable basis.

This study aims to explore how religious Muslim students interpret halal labels on product packaging and how these interpretations influence their consumption behavior. In the context of increasing awareness of halal product importance, halal labeling is not just a symbol of religious law, but also a guarantee of quality, safety, and trust. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method phenomenological approach, involving students from UIN Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto who were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, literature study, and documentation, then analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that highly religious students tend to be more selective, careful, and responsible in choosing products, prioritizing those with halal certification even when priced higher. The halal label provides psychological comfort and certainty that the product aligns with Islamic principles. Additionally, a strong understanding of halal labels increases consumer loyalty and supports the growth of the halal industry through rising demand for certified products. Thus, the halal label plays a significant role in shaping the consumption patterns of religious Muslim students and contributes to the broader development of the halal industry in Indonesia.

This study formulates a design concept for the Beach Tourism Resort Area in Botubarani Village by applying tropical architecture that responds to coastal climatic conditions while enhancing the quality of visitor experiences. The research integrates principles of thermal comfort, environmental sustainability, and the ecological potential of coastal environments as the basis for creating climate-adaptive and environmentally responsive tourism areas. The methodology includes site analysis, field observation, climatological assessment, and a literature review related to tropical architecture and coastal tourism design. The collected data were used to determine building orientation, mass layout patterns, visitor capacity, materials, vegetation, and utility systems appropriate for humid tropical climates. The findings show that the site’s position between the sea and the mountains, combined with full-day sun exposure, requires design strategies that maximize cross-ventilation, utilize sloped roofs, provide natural shading, and apply local materials such as wood, bamboo, and red brick. The large spatial needs based on visitor capacity projections are accommodated through a flexible cluster layout that supports visual and functional connectivity between buildings while incorporating green open spaces to enhance microclimate comfort. The utility system is designed using sustainability principles through greywater–blackwater separation, infiltration wells, and recycling-based waste management. This study confirms that the application of tropical architecture in coastal tourism areas can improve thermal comfort, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability. These findings guide developing tropical tourism area designs that are more adaptive to climate change and more responsive to visitor needs.

Research on the history and development of the Indonesian language has shown a significant increase in recent years, influenced by social dynamics, language policies, and digital transformation. However, systematic mapping of research trends, collaboration patterns, and thematic focus in this field remains limited. This study aims to analyze the development of research on the history of the Indonesian language during the 2023–2025 period using a bibliometric approach. The data were retrieved from the Dimensions database using the keyword History of Indonesian Language and were limited to journal articles published between 2023 and 2025. A total of 889 articles were selected for analysis. Bibliometric analysis was conducted using VOSviewer to visualize bibliographic networks, including country, institutional, journal, and author collaborations, as well as keyword co-occurrence. The indicators used in this study include the number of publications, citation counts, and total link strength. The results indicate that 2023 recorded the highest number of publications. Indonesia emerged as the leading country in terms of publication output and citation impact, while China, Germany, and the United States demonstrated strong academic collaboration networks. Keyword analysis revealed dominant themes related to language history, language policy, and linguistic dynamics within global and digital contexts. This study concludes that bibliometric analysis is an effective method for identifying research trends, directions, and collaboration patterns in studies on the history of the Indonesian language. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for future research development and to support evidence-based language policy formulation.

This study examines the phenomenon of code-mixing among Generation Z in Banjarmasin, particularly in The comments section of TikTok content, which has become a primary digital expression space for young People. The aim of this study was to identify the forms, patterns, and social and cultural factors underlying This linguistic practice. Using descriptive qualitative methods with listening and note-taking techniques, Information was collected from comments on two TikTok posts on the accounts @BudRab and @Fazarbungaz. The findings indicate that the code-mixing that occurred was dominated by the insertion Of Banjarese elements into Indonesian (Banjar-Indonesian code-mixing), as well as a mixture of Banjarese, Indonesian, and English (Outer Code-mixing and Mixed Code-mixing). The forms of code-mixing found Included the insertion of Banjarese words, phrases, and lexical items such as kd (kada), makai, and mun. An analysis of the functions of code-mixing shows that this practice has a dual role: referential (for specific Local contexts), directive (to guide conversations), emotive/expressive (to indicate emotional closeness, for Example, longitude), and most importantly, as a marker of digital identity and cultural solidarity among Banjar speakers in the digital realm. This phenomenon confirms that social media serves as a new, flexible and essential space for the Banjar language to survive and negotiate with global and national languages. This study contributes to sociolinguistics by mapping the dynamics of language evolution among Gen Z in A digital context, highlighting the creative and social aspects of code-mixing.

This study analyzes pronunciation learning activities in the English class at SDN 060877 through direct classroom observation techniques. The research aims to understand how teachers organize pronunciation instruction, the strategies applied during learning sessions, and the level of student participation in practicing correct sounds, stress patterns, and intonation. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through on-site observations focusing on teaching procedures, interaction patterns, learning media, and students’ responses. The findings indicate that pronunciation learning is integrated into reading and speaking activities, where the teacher models sound, guides repetition drills, and provides corrective feedback. Students demonstrate varied levels of confidence, with some actively engaging in pronunciation tasks while others rely heavily on teacher prompts. Environmental factors, such as limited audio-media tools and large class size, affect the intensity and effectiveness of practice sessions. Despite these challenges, classroom interactions show that learners gradually improve their sound accuracy and rhythm through continuous modeling and peer practice. This study concludes that direct observation provides comprehensive insights into real classroom dynamics, revealing both the strengths and areas needing improvement in pronunciation teaching. Recommendations are offered to enhance instructional techniques, learning materials, and student engagement.

This study analyzes the water storage capacity and operational patterns of reservoirs in the Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER) to support efficient and sustainable water resource management. The research adopts a quantitative approach by collecting hydrological data, analyzing storage capacity, and simulating reservoir operations based on seasonal scenarios. The findings indicate that SIER's reservoirs have sufficient capacity to meet industrial water demands, although a supply deficit occurs for four months annually. Technical optimization efforts, such as sediment dredging, have proven to increase storage capacity by more than 200%. Practical recommendations for reservoir management include sedimentation normalization and planned operational strategies. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for other industrial zones in addressing water management challenges due to climate variability and increasing industrial demands.  

The government places the protection of women and children in Surabaya City as a top priority in efforts to reduce the annual surge of violence. To strengthen prevention, handling, and the fulfillment of women’s and children’s rights at the community level, the Surabaya City Government issued Regional Regulation No. 3 of 2023 concerning the Implementation of Child Protection, which is then implemented through the Program of Women- and Child-Friendly Arek Suroboyo Village (KAS-RPA). Focusing on Benowo District and Kandangan Subdistrict, this study aims to examine the synergy of policies among stakeholders in the implementation of the KAS-RPA program. To obtain a real understanding of the implementation conditions, this research applied a descriptive qualitative approach through field observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. A shared perception among DP3APPKB Office, Benowo District, Kandangan Subdistrict, and Kandangan village cadres in supporting the implementation of the KAS-RPA program demonstrates the level of policy synergy achieved, according to the research findings. Communication patterns among institutions also take place openly and in a structured manner through regular coordination. The attitudes of policy actors indicate a positive commitment to the success of the program, supported by a clear and well-coordinated organizational structure. However, limitations in resources still exist, such as the lack of supporting facilities and the insufficient number of active cadres, affecting program optimization. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of enhancing resource support and community participation to ensure a more sustainable implementation of the policy and a direct impact on reducing violence against women and children in Surabaya.

The Bemeteng tradition in Cempaka Hamlet, Tebas Sungai Village, Tebas District, Sambas Regency, is a form of community mutual cooperation in helping to organize wedding parties, especially for families who experience economic limitations. The implementation of the event involves extended family, neighbors, and local residents, while the main responsibility remains with the host. This tradition reflects the value of togetherness, social solidarity, and a culture of helping in community life. This study uses a qualitative method with a historical and sociocultural approach. Data was collected through observations, interviews with traditional leaders, religious leaders, and communities, and documentation studies. The analysis was carried out through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing to understand the dynamics and sustainability of the Bemeteng tradition during the period 2001–2025. The results of the study show that the implementation of Bemeteng began with a call from the community by the sarok about one week before the party. The Head of the Hamlet opened the activity by conveying the host's wishes, followed by the division of tasks such as collecting aid, kitchen work, and welcoming guests, then closed with prayers and a simple banquet. This tradition developed from a simple self-help pattern (2001–2010), underwent revitalization (2011–2019), restrictions during the pandemic (2020–2021), and has been active again since 2022 with digital support and cultural policies. The community views Bemeteng as an important heritage that strengthens unity and is in line with the values of deliberation and helping in Islamic teachings.

Toddlers are a vulnerable age group to various types of diseases due to their immune systems that are still developing. Limited utilization of medical record data and the lack of structured information regarding disease patterns in toddlers based on age and causative factors have resulted in suboptimal prevention and treatment efforts. Therefore, an approach is needed to systematically classify toddler disease data. This study aims to apply data mining techniques using the clustering method with the K-Means algorithm to group types of diseases in toddlers based on age and causative factors. The variables used in this study include toddler age, type of disease, and causative factors. The data were obtained from RSUD Dr. R. M. Djoelham Binjai and processed using MATLAB software with three clusters. The results show that the K-Means algorithm successfully groups toddler disease data into three clusters with different characteristics. The first cluster is dominated by toddlers aged 0–11 months with appendicitis caused by genetic factors. The second cluster is dominated by toddlers aged 1–3 years with diarrhea caused by environmental factors and has the largest number of members. Meanwhile, the third cluster is dominated by toddlers aged 0–11 months with sore throat caused by environmental factors. The clustering results indicate a relationship between toddler age, disease type, and causative factors, which can be used as supporting information for decision-making in the prevention and treatment of toddler diseases.

The increasing public awareness of global environmental issues has encouraged the emergence of the green consumerism trend, or environmentally friendly consumption behavior, across various segments of society. This shift in consumption patterns occurs in response to growing environmental sustainability challenges and climate change, which demand consumers to be more responsible in selecting, using, and disposing of products. Consumers no longer consider only price and quality, but also the environmental impact of the products they consume. This study aims to analyze the concept of green consumers, identify the factors influencing green consumption behavior, and examine its implications for the modern business environment. The research method employed is a literature study (library research) using a qualitative descriptive approach, reviewing various sources such as scientific journals, books, research reports, and recent publications relevant to the topic of green consumerism. The results indicate that environmental awareness, sustainable lifestyle values, concern for ecological impacts, as well as social influence and digital media, are the main factors shaping green consumer behavior. Furthermore, the study finds that companies capable of adapting to the green consumption trend through eco-friendly product innovation, sustainable business practices, and the implementation of corporate social responsibility will gain a positive corporate image, increase consumer trust, and create competitive advantages in an increasingly environmentally conscious market.

The development of traditional markets is increasingly threatened by market transformation, both physically and through online sales systems (e-commerce). This study aims to analyze the forms of resilience implemented by clothing vendors at Wage Market, Tulungagung, in maintaining their business continuity amidst declining market conditions. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study research design. This research utilizes James S. Coleman's Rational Choice Theory. The methods used are observation, interviews, and documentation. The subjects in this study were six people consisting of four clothing vendors, the Head Coordinator of Wage Market, and the Heads of Market Technical Implementation Units throughout Tulungagung Regency. Subject selection was based on a purposive sampling technique. The results show that the forms of trader resilience consist of economic, innovation, social networks, and psychological aspects. Economically, traders maintain their businesses through managing capital owned by personal savings and cooperative loans. In terms of innovation, traders utilize simple technology and a variety of merchandise patterns. In terms of social networks, family support and solidarity among traders are the main strengths, while psychologically, optimism and religious beliefs help them survive. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of strengthening vendor strategies through digital marketing training and support for market revitalization policies from local governments to maintain the economic sustainability of vendors during times of market transformation.

This research aims to analyze the role of knowledge management in improving organizational performance. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach, examining various national and international scientific journals published between 2019 and 2025. Data was obtained thru documentation techniques from secondary sources such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink. Analysis was conducted using content analysis and thematic synthesis methods to identify patterns of relationships between knowledge management dimensions and organizational performance. The research results indicate that effective knowledge management implementation has a positive impact on improving organizational performance, both in terms of operational efficiency, innovation, and competitive advantage. The four main dimensions of knowledge management that play the most significant role are knowledge creation, knowledge storage, knowledge sharing, and knowledge application. Additionally, organizational culture, transformational leadership, and employe commitment are key supporting factors for the successful implementation of knowledge management. Thus, it can be concluded that the systematic and integrated management of knowledge is an important foundation for organizations to achieve superior and sustainable performance in the digital age.