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API abuse on lightweight edge gateways has intensified as microservice-based services expose many REST endpoints to heterogeneous clients. Conventional per-identity rate limiting, such as static token buckets, is frequently bypassed through distributed bots and identity rotation, while legitimate burst traffic may be rejected and degrade user experience. This study proposes Adaptive Rate Limiting with Verifiable Delay Functions (ARL-VDF), which couples a lightweight risk score with selective VDF challenges to impose a tunable sequential-computation cost on suspicious clients without forcing aggressive dropping for low-risk users. The gateway continuously derives a per-identity risk score from short-window request rate, error tendency, and identity freshness, then maps the score to a target delay bounded by  and . Evaluation uses a 600-second discrete-event simulation on a mixed workload consisting of normal clients, legitimate bursts, and distributed attackers. Compared with a static token bucket baseline, ARL-VDF maintains full success for legitimate traffic, reduces attacker throughput that passes the gateway, and keeps verification overhead within a fixed budget on the edge device. The results indicate that combining adaptive control with verifiable sequential cost can improve availability and fairness on resource-constrained edge gateways without resorting to aggressive dropping.

Loss and grief are psychological experiences that significantly affect an individual’s mental state. This process involves various emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes that can affect a person’s well-being in the long term. This study aims to describe the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral affects that arise in individuals after experiencing loss, as well as the factors that strengthen or weaken their responses to the grieving process. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature review approach from various relevant clinical psychology and mental health studies. The results indicate that individuals who experience loss are vulnerable to increased emotional stress, anxiety, depression, and significant declines in social functioning. Furthermore, this article highlights that the quality of social support received, the way individuals make meaning of the loss, and the coping mechanisms they choose play a crucial role in determining the level of grief response. These factors can either accelerate or delay the healing process. An unresolved grieving process or one that is handled in an unhealthy manner can develop into more serious psychological disorders, such as Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). PGD is a condition characterized by difficulty in accepting the loss, which can persist for months or even years. This article emphasizes that loss is not merely an emotional disturbance but also a complex psychological process. This process requires a deep understanding, strong social support, and appropriate interventions to maintain an individual’s mental health and help them recover more effectively.

A decrease in the height of the uterine fundus is an important indicator of a normal uterine involution process after childbirth. Delayed reduction of fundal height may lead to uterine subinvolution, which increases the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, particularly in post–cesarean section mothers. Early breastfeeding and early mobilization are recommended interventions to support uterine contraction, prevent vaginal bleeding, and accelerate uterine involution. This study aimed to examine the effect of early breastfeeding and early mobilization on reducing the height of the uterine fundus in post–sectio caesarea mothers treated in the Amaryllis SMC Room at Telogorejo Hospital. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. The population consisted of 523 post–cesarean section mothers hospitalized at SMC Telogorejo Hospital between January and November 2023. Data were collected using structured observation sheets to measure fundal height before and after the interventions. The results showed that the average uterine fundal height before early breastfeeding and early mobilization was 19.74 cm above the symphysis, while after the interventions it decreased to an average of 12.49 cm above the symphysis. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect of early breastfeeding and early mobilization on the reduction of uterine fundal height (p = 0.000). These findings highlight the importance of implementing early breastfeeding and mobilization as part of postpartum nursing care to support uterine involution and reduce the risk of complications in post–cesarean section mothers.

The automotive industry requires fast and accurate sales services, particularly in vehicle credit simulation processes. At Mazda dealerships, credit simulations are still commonly conducted using conventional tools such as printed installment tables or static PDF documents, which often cause delays and calculation errors. This study aims to design and develop a mobile-based vehicle credit simulation application using the Human-Centered Design (HCD) approach and the Flutter framework. The HCD method was implemented through the inspiration, ideation, and implementation stages to ensure that the application meets the real needs of Mazda sales representatives. The application supports flexible credit calculations based on vehicle on-the-road price, down payment, loan tenor, interest rate, and insurance schemes, including All Risk and combination insurance. Usability testing results show that the proposed application significantly improves calculation speed, accuracy, and overall user experience compared to conventional methods. Therefore, the application effectively supports sales performance, minimizes human error, and enhances professionalism in automotive sales services.

Anxiety in completing a final thesis is a common issue experienced by final-year students, which can affect academic performance, mental health, and even delay graduation. This condition highlights the importance of effective strategies to manage psychological pressure appropriately. This study aims to explore the application of spiritual coping in helping students reduce anxiety during the thesis writing process. The research employed a qualitative approach with a descriptive design. The participants consisted of three students selected from a total of thirteen who had been identified with severe anxiety. The instruments used were the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale as an initial assessment, followed by in-depth interviews and observations to explore their experiences, coping strategies, and psychological dynamics. Data were analyzed thematically by focusing on the personal, social, environmental, and religious domains in the practice of spiritual coping. The findings indicate that spiritual coping assists students in managing emotions, discovering life meaning, and maintaining academic commitment. Religious practices, prayer, spiritual reflection, and social support proved effective in fostering inner peace and alleviating anxiety symptoms. In conclusion, spiritual coping can serve as an effective strategy to support students in facing academic pressures and in enhancing psychological well-being.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications following surgery under general anesthesia, with an incidence of 20–70% in the general population and exceeding 80% in high-risk patients. PONV can reduce patient comfort, delay recovery, and increase the risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and surgical wound dehiscence. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of single antiemetic therapy compared with combination antiemetic therapy in reducing the incidence of PONV in adult patients after general anesthesia, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study applied the Arksey and O’Malley framework for analysis. Literature was obtained from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, published between 2020 and 2025. Identification and selection of studies followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009). A total of 10 articles were included and analyzed, focusing on outcomes such as the incidence of nausea and vomiting, complete response rates, and the need for rescue antiemetic therapy. The findings indicate that single antiemetic therapy remains effective in low-risk patients, whereas combination antiemetic therapy with multiple mechanisms of action provides more optimal protection, particularly in high-risk patients. These results provide an evidence-based foundation for healthcare professionals in selecting the most effective PONV prevention strategies according to individual patient risk and clinical conditions.

Contemporary digital advancements have significantly impacted the manner in which individuals engage in economic activities, as evidenced by the rising volume of online transactions. While offering convenience and efficiency, electronic transactions also provide numerous legal challenges, especially regarding seller defaults, including delayed delivery, goods that do not conform to the agreement, or sellers failing to meet their duties post-payment by consumers. This scenario may result in consumer losses, necessitating sufficient legal certainty and protection. This study seeks to analyze the legal regulations pertaining to contracts and defaults in digital platform transactions and to evaluate the types of legal liabilities that may be placed on sellers. This study employs normative legal research, focusing on legislative and conceptual approaches, and utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials as data references. The study's findings reveal that seller liability regulations in electronic transactions are defined in the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions. Nonetheless, its execution has several challenges, especially concerning evidence and the efficacy of law enforcement measures. Consequently, it is imperative to enhance the function of marketplaces and establish more adaptive legislative frameworks to guarantee consumer protection and restitution for losses in online commerce.  

The Indonesia Smart Program (Program Indonesia Pintar/PIP) is a government initiative aimed at ensuring equal access to education for students from underprivileged families, including those at the junior high school (SMP) level. However, at the school level, the management of PIP recipient data still faces several challenges, particularly in data searching and utilization, due to the increasing volume of data and the use of simple or manual search methods. These conditions can lead to delays in obtaining information and reduce the accuracy of decision-making. Therefore, an effective information retrieval system is needed to manage and search PIP recipient data efficiently. This study aims to design and develop an Information Retrieval System for PIP recipient data at the junior high school level using the Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF) method. The TF-IDF method is applied to assign weights to terms in each document, enabling the system to identify and rank documents based on their relevance to user queries. The test results show that the system is able to measure document relevance accurately, where documents D3 and D4 obtain the highest similarity value of 0.099586089 and are classified as highly relevant, while other documents show lower similarity values down to zero. These results are also supported by graphical visualization, which helps users compare relevance levels more clearly. Thus, the implementation of the TF-IDF method has proven to be effective in supporting accurate, efficient, and systematic searching and management of PIP recipient data at the junior high school level.

Concept drift, the phenomenon where the statistical properties of data streams change over time, poses a significant challenge in machine learning, particularly for long term data streams. Traditional machine learning models, including batch learning and non-adaptive approaches, struggle to detect and adapt to these changes, leading to degraded performance and inaccurate predictions. This study proposes an adaptive computational model designed to detect and respond to concept drift using incremental learning techniques and statistical drift detection mechanisms. The model integrates an Adaptive Drift Detector (ADD) and Incremental Learning System, enabling real-time adjustments to data distribution changes. The model is evaluated across synthetic and real-world datasets, demonstrating its superior ability to detect abrupt, gradual, and recurring drifts compared to traditional models. Experimental results indicate that the adaptive model maintains high prediction accuracy, minimizes false positive rates, and reduces detection delays. Furthermore, the model performs well in resource-constrained environments, making it suitable for real-time applications such as healthcare prediction, fault detection, and IoT systems. Despite its promising performance, the study identifies challenges related to computational complexity and the model’s performance with imbalanced datasets and noisy data. Future research should focus on optimizing the model’s scalability, computational efficiency, and adaptability to more complex data types to ensure broader applicability in dynamic environments. This work contributes to advancing the detection and adaptation of concept drift, offering a robust solution for dynamic and evolving data streams.

Production planning and inventory control are critical aspects of operations management, as they directly influence cost efficiency, resource utilization, and the continuity of the production process. Ineffective planning and inventory decisions may lead to excessive costs, production delays, or imbalances between supply and demand. The complexity of these problems, which often involve multi-period horizons and multi-stage decision-making processes, has encouraged the application of quantitative optimization methods, one of which is dynamic programming. This study aims to analyze and synthesize the application of dynamic programming in production planning and inventory control through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The SLR process was conducted by systematically identifying, selecting, and analyzing 15 relevant national journal articles published between 2015 and 2024 and obtained from various recognized scientific databases. The reviewed literature indicates that dynamic programming is effective in supporting optimal decision-making by determining appropriate production quantities and inventory levels, minimizing total production and holding costs, and managing fluctuating demand conditions. In addition, this method helps reduce the risks associated with overstock and stockouts by considering sequential decision structures. However, the findings also reveal several limitations of dynamic programming, including high computational complexity, strong dependence on deterministic data assumptions, and limited flexibility in handling high levels of uncertainty. These constraints suggest the need for further methodological development or integration with other approaches to enhance practical applicability.

The Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Railway (KCJB) project, operated by PT Kereta Cepat Indonesia China (KCIC), represents Indonesia’s strong ambition to accelerate national strategic infrastructure development and strengthen bilateral cooperation with China. Nevertheless, behind its physical progress, the project has encountered serious challenges characterized by investment failure, including cost overruns, construction delays, and potential legal disputes. This article aims to analyze the failure of the KCJB investment from a legal perspective by examining the gap between infrastructure ambitions and Indonesia’s regulatory realities. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by an extensive review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The analysis reveals that the KCJB investment failure is largely driven by weak regulatory harmonization, legal uncertainty, imbalanced contract structures, and the complexity of financing schemes that were insufficiently anticipated within the existing legal framework. Furthermore, the absence of competitive tendering processes, overlapping authorities between central and regional governments, and limited legal protection for public interests have significantly increased investment risks. These conditions have ultimately undermined legal certainty and the effectiveness of project governance. The article concludes that strengthening regulatory frameworks, enhancing contractual transparency, and restructuring public–private partnership mechanisms are essential to mitigate the risk of investment failure in future large-scale infrastructure projects and to ensure that development ambitions align with the principles of legal certainty and good governance.

The increasing demand for infrastructure necessitates the construction of reliable bridges with long service lives to ensure smooth mobility. This research focuses on the Griya Lingga Permai Bridge over the Asam River in Jambi City, which is scheduled for widening as part of the Asam River Revitalization program aimed at flood mitigation. Although the project faces delays due to land acquisition constraints, this postponement is leveraged as a strategic opportunity to conduct a design review of the planned bridge superstructure.The bridge is designed using a reinforced concrete "T" beam girder structure. This study aims to perform a design review of the planned superstructure. This review includes the verification of calculations, structural dimensions, and a comparison of reinforcement calculation results, which are crucial for ensuring the future safety and reliability of the bridge against design loads. To support the validation and analysis process, the research utilizes STAAD.Pro software to obtain more accurate and detailed data regarding structural capacity. The results of this study will provide solid technical recommendations for the continuation of the construction project.

This student aims to determine how BPNT contributes community in Sipatana District, Gorontalo City. Method used is qualitative findings show that the implementation of BPNT in Sipatana District, particularly in Molosipat U and Tanggikiki sub-districts, has been carried out in accordance with the statutory regulations of 2019 regarding the indicators of power distribution and actor strategies, without any personal intervention in determining beneficiary eligibility. Regarding the characteristics of the implementing institutions, coordination among agencies from the district level to RT/RW has run well and has been conducted transparently and participatively to ensure that the assistance is well-targeted. However, on the indicators of implementer compliance and responsiveness, several obstacles are still found such as delays in disbursement, a lack of direct socialization to the community, and slow responses from the sub-district office in handling complaints from beneficiary families (KPM). These conditions lead to a lack of optimal understanding among beneficiaries regarding the mechanism of aid distribution. Additionally, the impact of BPNT on improving beneficiary welfare remains consumptive in nature and has not fully encouraged economic independence among poor households. Therefore, improvements in service effectiveness, two-way communication, and periodic evaluation are required to enhance BPNT’s contribution in reducing poverty rates and achieving sustainable community welfare.

This research aims to develop an E-Catalog Information System for the Library of SMPK St. Yohanes Wewewa Barat as a digital platform that provides students and teachers with fast, accurate, and efficient access to book collection information. The system is designed to replace the previous manual book search process, which often caused delays and reduced the effectiveness of library services. The development of this system applies The Model-View-Controller (MVC) method structures the system by dividing it into three distinct parts: the model, the view, and the controller, each with its own specific function resulting in a structured architecture that is easier to manage, maintain, and improve. This method was chosen because it supports modular development and provides flexibility for future system enhancements. The results of this study show that the developed e-catalog system functions properly and performs well according to the intended design. All main features, including book searching, book detail display, and book data management, operate optimally without significant issues. Moreover, the system helps improve the efficiency of library services and enhances the user experience in accessing digital book information.

Early detection of child growth and development is a crucial effort to prevent developmental delays and health problems in children. Family involvement plays a significant role because the family is the closest environment to the child and has continuous interaction in daily life. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of a family education program in improving parents’ knowledge and skills in detecting child growth and development. The research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design using a pretest–posttest method. The population consisted of families with children aged 0–6 years, with samples selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected through questionnaires and observation sheets measuring parents’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to growth and developmental detection. Data analysis was conducted using paired sample t-tests. The results showed a significant increase in parents’ knowledge and skills after participating in the family education program. The findings indicate that structured and continuous family education can enhance parents’ ability to monitor child growth and development independently. This study implies that family-based education programs can be integrated into community health services as a preventive strategy to improve child health outcomes.

The public complaint system is an important facility for the police institution to improve the quality of public services, particularly in receiving, processing, and following up on various reports and complaints from the public. However, in practice, the complaint process is still largely carried out manually, such as through face-to-face interactions, paper-based forms, or direct communication that is not well documented. This gives rise to problems such as delays in handling, difficulties in tracking the history and status of reports, low work efficiency of officers, and limited transparency of information for reporters. These problems ultimately affect the level of public trust in the police institution. This study aims to design a web-based public complaint information system that supports a more structured, measurable, and transparent complaint management process. This system is designed by implementing the Kanban method as a workflow management tool that allows for prioritization, monitoring the handling process, and tracking the status of complaints in real time. The research methods include a literature review related to information systems and the Kanban method, direct observation of the existing complaint process, interviews with stakeholders, system requirements analysis, modeling using UML (Use Case Diagram, Activity Diagram, Sequence Diagram), and database design using Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD). The results of this research resulted in the design of a web-based public complaints information system that can facilitate complaint data recording, report management and status updates, task assignments to officers, performance monitoring, and complaint status notification to the public.

This study aims to develop a student learning progress monitoring system designed to assist teachers and parents in tracking students’ academic performance at SMP Negeri 2 Loura. The main issue identified in the school is that academic information is still distributed using manual procedures, which results in delays and limited transparency regarding students’ learning progress. To address this problem, the system was developed using the Model View Controller (MVC) architecture and the Waterfall approach to system development, which consists of several sequential phases such as analyzing requirements, designing the system, implementing the solution, conducting tests, and performing ongoing maintenance. The findings of this research show that the system that has been created is capable of presenting academic information in a complete and structured manner, including assignment scores, daily tests, and semester examinations. The system provides faster and easier access for teachers to input grades and for parents to monitor their children’s academic development in real time. Functional testing shows that all features operate correctly according to user needs, with no errors found during system operation.

This study aims to develop a Student Progress Assessment Information System for PAUD Laskar Pelangi as a solution to various problems that arise in the academic data management process, which was previously carried out manually. The management of student grades, student data, class data, and subject data often encountered obstacles such as delays, recording errors, difficulty in searching for data, and inaccuracies in report preparation. To overcome these issues, a web-based information system was developed to manage all data in an integrated and more efficient manner. The system development method used the Website Development Life Cycle approach, and the application was implemented using the PHP programming language. The system is designed to enable the admin to manage student data, class data, subject data, grades, and automatically generate student grade reports. Database implementation was carried out to ensure that data is stored properly and can be accessed easily. Functional testing was conducted to ensure that all features operate according to user needs. The results of the study show that the developed information system is capable of improving administrative efficiency, accelerating the grade processing workflow, minimizing recording errors, and generating student grade reports quickly and accurately. Therefore, this system provides significant benefits for PAUD Laskar Pelangi in improving the effectiveness of academic administrative management and can be further developed according to the school's needs.

This study aims to design a web-based information system for vehicle management and monitoring at Bengkel Merdeka Motor, which previously relied on manual recording processes. Manual data management caused several problems, including data loss, inaccurate records, difficulties in monitoring service progress, and delays in report generation. This research applies the Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) method supported by Unified Modeling Language (UML) to analyze system requirements and design the proposed system. The research methodology includes requirements analysis, analysis of existing and proposed systems, system design, and user interface design. The proposed system integrates vehicle data management, service offers, work orders (SPK), service progress monitoring, invoice generation, and automatic monthly reporting into a single web-based platform. The results show that the designed system improves data accuracy, operational efficiency, and transparency of service information. In addition, real-time monitoring features support better coordination between administrators and mechanics. The implementation of this system is expected to enhance service quality, reduce administrative errors, and support managerial decision-making at Bengkel Merdeka Motor.

Concurrent stunting and overweight/obesity (CSO) in adolescents represents a complex form of the double burden of malnutrition, characterized by linear growth faltering coexisting with excess body fat. This condition poses significant metabolic, cognitive, and reproductive risks that may affect long-term health and productivity. This review employs a narrative literature approach by synthesizing evidence from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and national journal portals. Included literature comprises studies assessing stunting, overweight/obesity, metabolic risk, cognitive function, and reproductive health among adolescents. Indonesian evidence (Harits et al., 2024) indicates that obese adolescents with a history of stunting exhibit a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome (18.75%), greater abdominal adiposity, and elevated systolic blood pressure compared to non-stunted obese peers. Biologically, stunting impairs neurocognitive development and reduces muscle mass, while obesity promotes metabolic inflammation; the coexistence of these factors may reduce physical fitness, learning capacity, and overall productivity. CSO also affects reproductive health, including increased risks of ovulatory dysfunction, delayed sexual maturation, and intergenerational nutritional disadvantages. Although linear growth recovery is limited due to epiphyseal closure, functional recovery through improved diet quality and physical activity remains possible. In conclusion, adolescents with CSO experience greater metabolic, cognitive, and reproductive vulnerabilities than those affected by stunting or obesity alone. Interventions emphasizing metabolic function, diet quality, physical fitness, and reproductive health preparation are essential to prevent long-term consequences and break the intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. Further national research is required to map the prevalence and implications of CSO comprehensively.