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Food Additives (BTP) in current consumer products increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, kidney failure, and cancer, particularly in children. Housewives play a central role in managing family consumption to minimize these risks. This community service activity aims to enhance the knowledge and awareness of 'Aisyiyah women in Buluspesantren, Kebumen Regency, regarding food safety and BTP regulations. The implementation method included preparing materials based on BPOM regulations, interactive education, product discussions, and simulations on reading nutrition labels. The results showed high enthusiasm from participants who are now more critical in distinguishing between natural and synthetic additives. Participants reported a significant improvement in their ability to identify food ingredients and additives in everyday products. The final evaluation recorded a 22.2-point increase in participant understanding. By establishing the habit of reading food labels, it is expected that the risk of non-communicable diseases within the family environment can be reduced, thus improving public health literacy and dietary choices within the community.

This study explores the principal’s leadership strategies and the role of organizational climate in improving teacher work discipline. Teacher discipline is a crucial element in ensuring instructional quality, professional accountability, and sustainable school performance. A qualitative case study approach was employed to obtain an in-depth understanding of leadership practices implemented in the natural setting of the school. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observations, and document analysis involving the principal, vice principals, and teachers. The findings reveal that discipline improvement is shaped by exemplary leadership, dialogic communication, continuous coaching, and the application of humanistic regulations supported by moral and social rewards. In addition, a collegial and supportive organizational climate strengthens collective awareness and encourages teachers to comply with professional standards voluntarily. Discipline is therefore constructed not merely through administrative control but through shared values and social interaction. This study contributes to educational leadership literature by providing contextual evidence of how leadership practices interact with organizational environments in shaping teacher behavior. Practically, the findings offer guidance for school leaders in designing participatory and sustainable discipline development strategies.

Copyright infringement in the music sector continues to be a significant issue in Indonesia, particularly when musical works are commercially used by business operators. Copyright law provides legal protection for creative works, including songs or music, by granting exclusive rights to control use and derive benefits from such creations. This research examines the legal analysis of copyright holders in compensation for royalty payments. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature studies, including relevant regulations and previous research on song or music copyright. The research findings indicate that royalty payment is a legal obligation for every user of songs in commercial activities, and creators are entitled to such compensation. However, in the Mie Gacoan case in Bali, it is evident that the implementation of these provisions remains constrained due to weak legal understanding, supervision, and compliance, necessitating strengthened law enforcement and optimization of the role of collective management institutions.

This study aims to analyze the investigation process involving children as perpetrators of trafficking in persons at the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of Bukittinggi Police Resort and to assess the forms of legal protection provided at each stage of the examination. This research applies an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with investigators and related parties. The findings indicate that the investigation process has been conducted in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, while upholding the principle of the best interests of the child. Legal protection is implemented through legal assistance, closed hearings, limited detention periods, and coordination with relevant institutions to support the child’s recovery and rehabilitation. However, several obstacles remain, including the limited number of investigators, restricted investigation timeframes, and difficulties in presenting witnesses. This study concludes that legal protection for children involved as perpetrators of trafficking in persons has been carried out in line with normative regulations, yet it requires strengthened institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination to ensure more effective implementation.

The position of children in marriage plays an important role in family law because it is related to the legal status and fulfillment of children's civil rights. Differences in regulations regarding legitimate children and children born out of wedlock in Indonesian positive law create legal uncertainty, particularly regarding civil relations with biological fathers. This study aims to analyze the legal status of legitimate children and illegitimate children and the changes in the legal paradigm following Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VII/2010. This study uses normative legal methods with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that before the Constitutional Court decision, illegitimate children only had a civil relationship with their mother and their mother's family, whereas after the decision, illegitimate children can have a civil relationship with their biological father as long as the blood relationship can be legally proven. This decision confirms legal reform efforts to guarantee protection and legal certainty for children without discrimination based on birth status.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of financing coordination between the National Health Insurance (BPJS Kesehatan) and supplementary health insurance providers under the Coordination of Benefits (KAPJ) scheme, which creates potential claim disputes and administrative risks for hospitals. Although Minister of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1117/2025 regulates payment allocation and membership verification mechanisms, it does not explicitly recognize pre-admission confirmation as a preventive legal protection instrument. This research aims to analyze the normative position of pre-admission confirmation within the KAPJ framework, conceptualize it as a preventive legal protection mechanism, and formulate a proportional implementation model. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through literature review of relevant regulations and scholarly works. The findings indicate that pre-admission confirmation possesses implicit normative legitimacy through membership verification obligations and system integration requirements, and functions as a risk allocation mechanism that clarifies payment responsibilities prior to service delivery. Its implementation enhances legal certainty, reduces fraud potential, and minimizes claim disputes, provided that access to emergency medical services remains guaranteed.

This research examines Islamic legal protection for victims of social engineering crimes within the context of cybercrime. Social engineering is a form of digital crime that exploits psychological manipulation and trust to obtain personal data, system access, or financial benefits. Such crimes cause not only material losses but also immaterial harm, including psychological trauma, violations of privacy, dignity, and personal security. However, positive legal frameworks tend to prioritize offender punishment, while victim protection and recovery remain insufficiently addressed. This study adopts a qualitative approach with a normative-juridical research design, complemented by limited empirical insights. Data were collected through library research on Islamic legal sources—namely the Qur’an, Hadith, and fiqh jināyah—alongside statutory regulations on cybercrime and selected interviews with legal scholars and practitioners. The analysis employs a descriptive-analytical method grounded in the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah framework, particularly the principles of ḥifẓ al-māl (protection of property), ḥifẓ al-‘irḍ (protection of dignity), and ḥifẓ al-nafs (protection of life and psychological security). The findings demonstrate that Islamic law provides a robust normative foundation for protecting victims of social engineering crimes. Such protection extends beyond retributive punishment through ta‘zīr and emphasizes restorative justice by prioritizing victims’ rights restoration, offender accountability, and public welfare. Islamic law is both adaptive and relevant in addressing contemporary cybercrime challenges and may serve as a humanistic, just, and responsive model for victim protection in the digital era.

The use of cosmetics, especially day creams, is increasing along with the high public interest in facial skin care. However, day cream products are still found to potentially contain hydroquinone, a skin whitening agent whose use is restricted because it can cause harmful side effects on skin health. This study aims to identify the presence and determine the levels of hydroquinone in day cream products circulating in District X, Sukoharjo Regency, and to assess their compliance with the regulations of the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency (BPOM). This study was a descriptive analytical study using a purposive sampling technique. A total of 15 day cream products were analyzed, consisting of 8 BPOM-registered products and 7 products not registered with BPOM. Qualitative analysis was conducted using color reaction tests with FeCl₃, Benedict’s, and o-phenanthroline reagents. Furthermore, quantitative analysis was performed using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method to accurately and specifically confirm the presence and determine the levels of hydroquinone. The results showed that the color reaction test has limitations in specifically identifying hydroquinone. HPLC confirmation revealed the presence of hydroquinone in several day cream samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.024% to 0.150%. These findings indicate the need for stricter monitoring of day cream distribution to ensure the safety of cosmetic products for the wider public.

This research investigates integrated legal-human resource frameworks for autonomous vessel operations in Indonesian archipelagic waters, addressing regulatory compliance gaps and seafarer workforce transition challenges. Through qualitative analysis involving 38 stakeholders including maritime lawyers, regulatory officials, ship operators, seafarer unions, training institutions, and autonomous technology developers, this study examines how existing maritime legal frameworks prove inadequate for unmanned operations while workforce displacement threatens 150,000+ Indonesian maritime workers. Results demonstrate that successful autonomous vessel adoption requires coordinated legal-HR approaches addressing liability allocation (achieving 75-85% clarity through multi-party frameworks), competency certification for remote operators (reducing training gaps by 60-70%), career transition pathways (enabling 55-65% workforce adaptation), and regulatory harmonization (improving compliance efficiency by 45-60%). Key barriers include UNCLOS Article 94 incompatibility, insurance unavailability, seafarer resistance, and jurisdictional fragmentation. Findings reveal that archipelagic contexts demand unique legal-HR solutions integrating traditional maritime rights, hybrid operational modes, and just transition principles. This research contributes frameworks enabling Indonesia to proactively shape autonomous vessel regulations protecting both technological innovation and maritime workforce interests during critical technology transition.

One of the most contentious topics in modern Islamic family law is polygamous marriage, especially in plural legal systems like Indonesia where national laws and human rights concepts collide with religious standards. With an emphasis on the pursuit of substantive justice within both Islamic and national legal paradigms, this study uses a socio-legal framework to analyze Indonesia's reform of polygamous marriage law. In order to evaluate the efficacy of current legal regulations, such as Law No. 1 of 1974 as amended by Law No. 16 of 2019 and the Compilation of Islamic Law, this study combines the principles of maqāṣid al-sharīʿah with socio-legal theory, drawing on normative-theological analysis and qualitative doctrinal research. The results show that normative legal ideals and actual socio-legal reality continue to diverge. The ability of statutory rules to provide women and children with meaningful protection is limited because, although they set stringent procedural requirements to prevent polygamy, their execution frequently remains formalistic and institutionally constricted. Furthermore, the achievement of justice as envisioned in Islamic ethical principles is undermined by the persistence of dominant patriarchal legal cultures in influencing judicial procedures and public attitudes. In order to reframe polygamy as a conditional socio-ethical institution rather than an inalienable legal privilege, this paper suggests a reform-oriented legal framework. The study promotes a contextualized view of Islamic law that is consistent with both international human rights norms and constitutional ideals by placing a strong emphasis on substantive justice, gender fairness, and public benefit. The results provide policy-relevant insights for creating a more just and socially responsive family law system in Indonesia and add to the ongoing discussions on Islamic legal reform.

This study aims to examine the implementation of restorative justice within Bungo Regency's criminal judicial system from the perspective of Islamic law. Although restorative justice has been formally adopted in Indonesia through various regulations, its application at the regional level remains an important issue that requires careful attention. The study employs a juridical-empirical research design with a qualitative approach. Data was gathered through observations, in-depth interviews with law enforcement, religious leaders, victims, and offenders, and document analysis. The analysis integrates perspectives from both positive law and Islamic law, particularly focusing on the principles of qiṣāṣ–diyāt, ṣulḥ, ‘afw, ta‘zīr, and maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah. The findings indicate that restorative justice is used in certain criminal cases during the investigative phase in Bungo Regency. However, its effectiveness is limited by factors such as varying levels of readiness among victims and offenders, insufficient technical regulations, community resistance, and inconsistent understanding among law enforcement. From an Islamic law perspective, restorative justice aligns well with Islamic justice principles, particularly those emphasizing public welfare, forgiveness, and restoration. The study concludes that restorative justice is a contemporary manifestation of principles deeply rooted in Islamic legal tradition and not a contradiction of Islamic law. To improve its application, enhancing law enforcement competence, engaging religious and community leaders, and integrating Islamic legal principles into criminal justice policies are essential.

Law Number 11 of 2006 on the Governance of Aceh embodies the principle of lex specialis due to its territorial scope, while Law Number 4 of 2009 on Mineral and Coal Mining also contains a lex specialis character as it specifically regulates the mining sector. This situation raises a legal question regarding how the principles of lex specialis derogat legi generali, lex superior derogat legi inferiori, and lex posterior derogat legi priori should be interpreted and applied by the Government within the framework of Aceh as a Special Autonomous Region. This study aims to conduct an in-depth legal analysis using a progressive law approach to examine whether the principles of lex posterior or lex superior may override the principle of lex specialis as applied in Aceh’s special autonomy regime. The research employs normative legal methods with qualitative analysis. The findings indicate that the principle of lex specialis derogat legi generali as stipulated in the Law on the Governance of Aceh must take precedence due to its specific territorial applicability and special autonomous status. In resolving such normative conflicts, a clear legal framework is required, accompanied by the renewal of legal theories and principles to ensure legal certainty, prevent regulatory overlap, and promote harmony among statutory regulations.

A traffic accident is a social risk event that causes serious losses, either in the form of injury, loss of property, or death of a family member. The State provides protection through the Road Traffic Accident Fund as stipulated in Law Number 34 of 1964 and Government Regulation Number 18 of 1965. However, in practice, the regulation of the status of victims and the coverage of the heirs of the beneficiaries still raises juridical and social problems because they do not fully reflect substantive justice. This study aims to analyze the concept of victims and heirs in the applicable Road Traffic Accident Fund regulations, as well as formulate a more equitable reconstruction of the regulation. This research is normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and comparative approach. Analysis is carried out on positive legal norms and social realities that develop in society. The results of the study show that the definition of victim and the limitation of the coverage of heirs in the current positive law are narrow and administrative, so they are less responsive to the complexity of social relations and the economic dependence of the families of traffic accident victims. The mismatch between normative boundaries and social realities has implications for the non-achievement of the goals of social protection and substantive justice. Therefore, this study offers a reconstruction of the interpretation of the concept of victims and an expansion of the coverage of heirs that is more responsive, inclusive, and oriented towards social protection.

This article explores the concept and implementation of restorative justice in Indonesia, an approach currently at a crucial crossroads within the criminal justice system. Rather than solely focusing on punishment, restorative justice offers a path towards repairing relationships between victims, offenders, and the community, seeking solutions oriented around conflict resolution. Through comprehensive analysis, this paper identifies the philosophical foundations and regulations supporting the adoption of restorative justice, while dissecting the dynamics of its application across various levels of legal processes in Indonesia. However, this noble endeavor is not without its challenges, ranging from institutional resistance and uneven understanding to harmonization with the conventional criminal law framework. Behind every case lies a human story yearning for more substantive justice. Therefore, this article argues that the success of restorative justice does not merely lie in its legal umbrella, but in our ability to understand and embrace the human dimension in every dispute resolution process. Consequently, this paper recommends adaptive and collaborative strategies to strengthen the role of restorative justice, ensuring it can guide our criminal justice system towards a more just and dignified future for all parties.

Social change in Indonesia has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, one of which is reflected in the emergence of the Sole Proprietorship Company concept under Law No. 6 of 2023 on Job Creation. This framework allows individuals to establish a Limited Liability Company, particularly to support micro and small enterprises (MSEs). The innovation is not merely an adaptation of global practices but also a response to the need to strengthen economic independence. This study applies an interdisciplinary method with normative and socio-legal approaches to examine the provisions of the Sole Proprietorship Company by integrating social change factors underlying its necessity, despite substantive differences from conventional Limited Liability Companies. The analysis explores legal legitimacy and social readiness, concluding that social transformation drives the demand for this concept. Thus, regulations should be refined to remain simple and effective while encouraging MSEs to use it as a legal safeguard.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia has undergone a paradigmatic shift from voluntary philanthropic activities to a legally binding obligation grounded in various statutory regulations, particularly Law Number 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies and Law Number 25 of 2007 on Investment. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing CSR in Indonesia from a public policy perspective, to evaluate the implementation of CSR by corporations, and to identify normative and empirical constraints that hinder the optimization of CSR as an instrument of sustainable development. The research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, case-based, and policy analysis approaches. The findings indicate that CSR regulation remains partial in nature, primarily due to the limitation of mandatory obligations to specific sectors, the absence of clear and enforceable sanctions, and the lack of national standards for reporting and oversight.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of theft committed by 15-year-old adolescents in market environments, which creates tension between criminal law enforcement and the principle of child protection in the Indonesian legal system. The study aims to analyze the legal regulations of theft under the old Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 1946), the new Criminal Code (Law No. 1 of 2023), and the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law; to examine the criminal liability of adolescents from the perspective of criminal law theory; and to review the implementation of restorative justice and diversion. The research method used is normative legal research with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, particularly reviewing the provisions of Article 591 of the new Criminal Code, the theory of fault, and the principle of proportionality. The results indicate that the criminal liability of children must take into account psychological limitations, maturity levels, and criminogenic factors, including the influence of the social environment. Furthermore, the mens rea element in the phrase "known or reasonably suspected" is difficult to apply in practice to transactions involving small losses, as price reasonableness can obscure indications of malicious intent. This finding affirms that imposing criminal penalties on children in cases of petty theft potentially contradicts the principles of ultimum remedium and proportionality. Therefore, law enforcement should prioritize diversion, mediation, and restorative justice approaches by involving families and communities to achieve substantive justice and prevent excessive criminalization of children.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia's economy with a contribution of more than 60 percent to the Gross Domestic Product and the absorption of 97 percent of the national workforce, but their participation in international trade is still low with only 14 percent involved in export activities. This research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities faced by MSMEs in accessing the global market and identify adaptation strategies developed by entrepreneurs. A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was applied through in-depth interviews with 18 export-oriented MSME owners and managers in East Java who were selected by purposive sampling. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti revealed seven main challenges including limited access to capital, complexity of export regulations, constraints on production capacity and quality consistency, language and cross-cultural communication barriers, lack of international market information, logistics infrastructure problems, and intensive competition. On the other hand, four strategic opportunities were identified, namely increasing demand for sustainable authentic products, accelerating digitalization and e-commerce, utilizing free trade agreements, and ethical consumerism trends. MSMEs develop effective adaptation strategies in the form of strategic collaboration, product differentiation with  premium positioning, the use of digital technology, and a focus on  specific market niches. The research emphasizes that the successful internationalization of MSMEs requires a holistic approach integrating internal capacity building with the support of a conducive external ecosystem.

Breach of contract disputes with small claim values are often hindered by the lengthy and costly conventional litigation process. To address this issue, the Supreme Court issued PERMA No. 2 of 2015, which was later amended by PERMA No. 4 of 2019 concerning Small Claims Court. This study aims to examine the mechanism for resolving breach of contract disputes through small claims and its effectiveness in achieving the principles of fast, simple, and low-cost litigation. This research uses a normative legal method to analyze the relevant legal procedures and regulations. The findings show that small claims court is effective in streamlining the litigation process, with a resolution time limit of a maximum of 25 working days, much faster compared to regular litigation, which can take much longer. However, the implementation of this mechanism is limited by the requirement that evidence must be simple, which can be a challenge in some cases. Thus, small claims court can be an efficient and affordable solution for business disputes with low claim values.

The development of information technology has triggered significant changes in the Indonesian healthcare system, including through the implementation of telemedicine as a key innovation. This digital health innovation requires strengthening the role of health law to ensure service quality, patient safety, and legal guarantees for healthcare workers and service providers. This paper aims to examine the function of health law in the management of national healthcare services, with a particular focus on telemedicine healthcare services, and to evaluate the suitability of its regulations in protecting patient rights. The methodology used is normative legal analysis, which involves examining various laws and regulations such as Law Number 72 of 2023 concerning Health, Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, and Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 20 of 2019 concerning the Implementation of Telemedicine Services. Supporting data was obtained from reviewing national scientific journals, which discuss aspects of health law and telemedicine in Indonesia. The results of the study indicate that health law functions as a mechanism to regulate service standards, protect patient rights, and oversee the accountability of healthcare workers in telemedicine practices. However, the implementation of regulations related to telemedicine still faces several obstacles.