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This research is motivated by the rise of online sales fraud cases on the island of Bali that are detrimental to consumers, the purpose of this research is to analyze it from the aspect of juridical studies and the basis of judges' decisions in deciding cases, this research uses a normative method with a library approach, the results of the study show that online fraud crimes utilize digital technology to manipulate data, here the defendant uses fake transfer evidence as a tool to deceive the store that meets the elements in Article 378 of the Criminal Code, namely the intention to benefit oneself unlawfully, and Article 35 of the ITE Law concerning manipulation of electronic information with the aim of making the data considered authentic, the basis for the judge's consideration to pass a verdict because the existence of photos of transfer evidence and the victim's account balance is sufficient to convince the judge that the defendant is guilty. Legal protection for victims of online fraud has been regulated in the Consumer Protection Law, the ITE Law and government regulations related to electronic transactions, but to strengthen preventive and systemic efforts, public education and increased capacity of law enforcement officers are needed, With the latest regulations such as Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to the ITE Law, Presidential Decree No. Law No. 49 of 2024 concerning the National Strategy for Consumer Protection and Minister of Trade Regulation No. 17 of 2024 concerning the National Action Plan for Consumer Protection have implications for strengthening legal protection for victims of online fraud, which is expected to provide a sense of security in digital transactions.

This Research and Development (R&D) study aimed to develop a project-based learning (PjBL) hyper-content e-module to support students’ Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) in higher education. Utilizing the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation), the research addressed the need for innovative digital resources in the Learning Resource Center Management Course at Educational Technology Study Program Lambung Mangkurat University. Unlike previous studies that focused on isolated variables, this research integrates development, PjBL implementation, and SRL impact analysis. The hyper-content e-module incorporates multimodal features, including audio, video, infographics, and QR codes, to facilitate independent exploration. Validation by experts yielded high feasibility scores: 89% from material experts, 87% from media experts, and 88% from instructional design experts. Through qualitative content analysis conducted during the analysis and evaluation phase, the results confirmed that the PjBL-integrated e-module effectively improved students' learning independence by providing structured, project-oriented digital pathways. The results confirm that the e-module is a feasible and effective tool for modernizing instructional delivery. This study contributes an innovative framework for digital resource management and provides a foundation for future applied research in enhancing educational quality through self-regulated, technology-enhanced learning environments.

Premeditated murder is a severe crime characterized by prior planning (voorbedachte raad), making the proof of premeditation crucial in criminal justice. This element is linked to the mental state of the perpetrator, which cannot be directly proven but must be inferred from objective facts and events. Legal proof often focuses on the elements of Article 340 of the Criminal Code, overlooking criminological aspects such as motives, background, and the process of intent formation. This study analyzes how premeditation is proven in murder cases from a criminological perspective and evaluates the relevance of criminological approaches in judicial deliberations. Using a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by philosophical, sociological, and criminological studies, the research finds that proving premeditation requires more than legal indicators like time delay, tool preparation, and structured actions. It also involves understanding the perpetrator's psychological, social, and situational factors. A criminological perspective helps explain the formation of criminal intent, offering a more comprehensive view of premeditation. Integrating criminology into judicial decisions can enhance evidence quality, leading to more substantive and just outcomes.

This study examines the seismic performance of slender Air Traffic Control (ATC) towers in high‑hazard regions (PGA > 0.4g), where vertical taper, torsional eccentricity, and top‑heavy cab mass can significantly increase drift, base shear, and collapse risk relative to conventional buildings. Existing studies often rely on linear procedures and outdated provisions, leading to underestimation of nonlinear behaviour and limited guidance for ATC towers designed to SNI 1726:2019. The research aims to quantify these irregularity effects and formulate design recommendations that satisfy Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, and Collapse Prevention performance targets. The methodology couples response spectrum analysis, using a site‑specific Padang spectrum consistent with SNI 1726:2019 and ASCE 7‑16, with nonlinear pushover analysis interpreted through FEMA/ATC performance‑based criteria. A parametric study is performed on three cab configurations small, medium, and large modelled as 5%, 15%, and 25% mass ratios at the tower head, while keeping a 10 m × 10 m hybrid core–frame shaft constant. Results indicate that larger cab mass produces systematic but moderate increases in global displacement, story drift, and base shear, while plastic hinges localize primarily in the upper stories and cab‑support region, yielding performance levels from Immediate Occupancy to Collapse Prevention. Overall, the tower meets code drift limits and acceptable performance if local strengthening is provided around the shaft–cab interface, offering a calibrated reference for top‑heavy ATC tower design in Indonesian high‑seismic settings and identifying priorities for future time‑history and soil–structure interaction studies.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the intensity of regional language use on the quality of Indonesian language proficiency among ninth-grade students of SMP Islam Al-Mubarok. A quantitative approach was employed using a survey method and simple linear regression analysis to examine the relationship between the intensity of regional language use as the independent variable (X) and Indonesian language proficiency as the dependent variable (Y). The data were collected through research instruments developed based on the study indicators and analyzed using statistical tests. The findings revealed that the working hypothesis (Ha) was accepted, indicating a negative and significant effect of regional language use intensity on students' Indonesian language proficiency. This result was supported by a significance value of 0.000 (p < 0.05) and a regression coefficient of -0.85, demonstrating that a higher intensity of regional language use was associated with lower Indonesian language proficiency. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 61.6% indicates that variations in Indonesian language proficiency are substantially explained by the dominance of regional language use, while the remaining percentage is influenced by other factors beyond the scope of this study. The dominance of regional languages contributes to linguistic interference, particularly in grammatical aspects, and reflects students' difficulties in performing code-switching between informal and formal contexts, potentially reducing the effectiveness of Indonesian as the primary language of academic instruction.

The implementation of public communication ethics codes in governmental policies encounters complex challenges in achieving optimal transparency, accountability, and responsiveness standards. This qualitative research employs library research methodology to analyze the effectiveness of public communication ethics code implementation mechanisms through normative examination of official government communication practices. Systematic content analysis of regulations, policies, and communication practice documentation reveals significant disparities between normative idealities and operational realities in field implementation. Findings indicate structural, cultural, and technological factors serve as primary determinants of implementation success. The digital era and post-truth phenomena present additional complexities in managing ethical public communication. Technological adaptation inadequacies, institutional coordination fragmentation, and organizational commitment variations influence the consistency of communication ethics standard application. A comprehensive evaluation model integrating input-process-output-outcome dimensions is essential for measuring implementation effectiveness. Recommendations encompass institutional capacity strengthening, adaptive regulatory framework reformulation, and development of communicative accountability systems responsive to contemporary dynamics. This research contributes to developing theoretical frameworks for public communication ethics code implementation within Indonesian governmental governance contexts.

The rapid growth of Indonesia’s banking industry has encouraged various corporate actions, such as mergers, to enhance efficiency and competitiveness. However, post-merger system integration often creates issues for customers, particularly the increase in credit collectability caused by data migration errors. This study aims to analyze the legal protection and liability of banks toward customers adversely affected by the merger process. The research employs a normative juridical approach through legislation review and case study analysis. The findings indicate that customer legal protection operates both preventively and repressively. Preventive protection is regulated under the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) No. 6/POJK.07/2022, emphasizing transparency, education, and data security principles. Meanwhile, repressive protection is carried out through internal bank complaint mechanisms, the Financial Services Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution (LAPS SJK), and civil lawsuits under Articles 1365 and 1243 of the Indonesian Civil Code. The study concludes that banks are legally responsible for restoring customers’ rights by correcting SLIK data, issuing clarification letters, and providing material and immaterial compensation. Upholding prudential principles and consumer protection is essential to maintaining public trust in the post-merger banking system.

The SMK N 3 Kendal Library is a vital resource supporting teaching and learning activities at the school. However, the manual process of registering and identifying library members often presents various challenges, such as data entry errors, service delays, and difficulties in membership verification. Based on these challenges, a QR Code-based member and library book registration system was designed and developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of membership data management. This system was built using the Waterfall system development method, with stages including needs analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. QR Code technology serves as a unique identifier for each member, stored in the database and can be scanned using a digital device to expedite the identification process. System testing results indicate that implementing QR Codes in the member registration system can accelerate the library's book borrowing process at the school, including registration, data retrieval, and member verification, by up to 80% compared to manual methods. Therefore, this system can help the library improve service effectiveness, minimize data input errors, and support more modern and integrated library administration.

The crime of receiving stolen goods, as regulated in Article 480 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), is an offence that plays a crucial role in the continuation of the principal crime, particularly theft. Receivers provide a market for stolen goods, thereby indirectly encouraging perpetrators to continue their actions. This paper investigates how Article 480 of the KUHP in judicial practice, with a focus on proving the element of ‘knowing or reasonably suspecting’ that the goods purchased were obtained through criminal activity. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach through direct observation of a trial at the M. District Court. The observations show that the panel of judges successfully proved the defendant's guilt as a fence through a series of trial facts, such as the unreasonable purchase price, consistent testimony from the perpetrator of the theft, and the defendant's own admission that he had been suspicious. The judge's decision, which was lighter than the prosecutor's demands, also reflected considerations of substantive justice and humanity in addition to legal certainty. This study concludes that the effective enforcement of Article 480 of the Criminal Code in court plays an important role in breaking the chain of crime and providing a deterrent effect not only for the main perpetrators but also for those who participate in enjoying the proceeds of crime.  

This study discusses the function of corporate criminal liability for State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), particularly SOEs, by examining a case of corruption in the sale of commodities at Perum Bulog Jakarta in 2022-2023, which caused financial losses to the state amounting to approximately IDR 7.192 billion. This case illustrates the abuse of authority by SOE officials, which not only reflects individual violations but also is a symptom of weaknesses in the culture of internal control and compliance in state-owned companies. The purpose of this study is to examine the regulation and application of the principle of corporate criminal liability in State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) with reference to Law Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001 concerning Eradication of Corruption Crimes, the latest Criminal Code (Law Number 1 of 2023), and Supreme Court Regulation Number 13 of 2016. The method used is normative legal research with a juridical approach, which focuses on the review of legislation, the concept of corporate criminal liability, and the analysis of related court decisions. The results of the study show that acts of corruption involving Bulog have fulfilled the elements of corporate criminal liability, because they were carried out in the exercise of official authority and were intended for the benefit of the institution. The application of the provisions in the new Criminal Code, particularly Articles 45 to 47 and Article 118, confirms the position of corporations as legal subjects in the criminal law system. The implications of this research highlight the need to strengthen the Good Corporate Governance (GCG) system in SOEs and the need for consistent enforcement of corporate criminal liability by law enforcement officials to ensure justice, transparency, and the prevention of structural corruption in Indonesia.  

Cohabitation as a practice of living together between men and women without a legal marriage bond is an important issue in the reform of Indonesia's criminal law. This study aims to analyze the regulation of cohabitation as a complaint offense in Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) and its implications for the protection of the moral values of the community and the limits of criminal law intervention on citizens' private spaces. The research method used is normative law with a statutory and conceptual approach, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials that are analyzed juridically qualitatively. The results of the study show that Article 412 of the Criminal Code only formulates cohabitation as a criminal act with the character of an absolute complaint, which is intended to protect moral, religious, and marital values, while limiting state intervention in private life. However, this norm still raises juridical problems because it does not provide clear limits on the element of "living together as husband and wife outside of marriage", so it has the potential to cause multiple interpretations and legal uncertainty. Therefore, a clearer and proportionate interpretation is needed so that the application of cohabitation norms remains in line with the principles of legal certainty, justice, and the protection of human rights in the context of modern criminal law.

The growing number of alleged medical malpractice cases in Indonesia, particularly physicians’ misdiagnosis resulting in patient death, underscores the need for stronger legal certainty and accountability in healthcare services. Physicians are professionally obligated to conduct diagnosis and medical treatment in accordance with professional standards, service standards, and standard operating procedures; however, negligence may occur and lead to severe harm. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions governing physicians’ liability for misdiagnosis causing patient death and to examine the forms of legal responsibility that may be imposed. The research applies a normative juridical method using a case approach and literature review, relying on primary legal materials such as the Indonesian Civil Code, the Criminal Code, the Medical Practice Law, the Hospital Law, and Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, supported by secondary and tertiary sources. The findings indicate that physicians may be held liable under civil, criminal, and administrative law if the essential elements of medical negligence are proven, namely duty of care, breach of duty, harm (including death), and a causal relationship between the misdiagnosis and the fatal outcome. Moreover, liability may extend to hospitals under the doctrines of vicarious liability, hospital liability, and strict liability. This study implies the importance of strengthening professional competence, reinforcing disciplinary mechanisms, and ensuring balanced legal protection for both patients and healthcare professionals within Indonesia’s health law framework.

This study discusses the position of persons with disabilities, especially those with mental and intellectual disabilities, in carrying out legal actions following the judicial review of Article 433 of the Civil Code through the Constitutional Court Decision Number 93/PUU-XX/2022. Prior to this amendment, Article 433 of the Civil Code used discriminatory terms and automatically placed persons with disabilities under guardianship, thereby eliminating their legal capacity as independent legal subjects. This Constitutional Court decision changed the phrase "must be guarded" to "can be guarded" and emphasized that the placement of guardianship can only be made based on a competent medical diagnosis. The research method used is normative juridical through a statutory approach and court decisions. The results of the study show that the change in norms restores the constitutional rights of persons with disabilities, including the right to autonomy, equality before the law, and protection from discrimination. In addition, this change directly affects the requirements for capacity in making agreements according to Article 1320 of the Civil Code, so that persons with mental disabilities who have the capacity are still considered capable of acting. Therefore, this decision is an important step in realizing a legal system that is more inclusive, just and respects the dignity of people with disabilities.

The process of extending the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) certificate for the Pegasus 3 Barge through SIMKAPEL at the Banten Class I KSOP Office at PT. Pasmaritim Samudera Nusantara, Cilegon Branch. The IMDG Code is intended to protect ship crews and also warn them that their vessels are carrying dangerous goods. An expired International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) certificate is a crucial step in maintaining a ship's seaworthiness, particularly for vessels transporting dangerous goods. Processing the renewal of an International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) certificate for a ship is done through the Shipping and Maritime Information System (SIMKAPEL) The Director General of Sea Transportation's system facilitates digital ship certificate renewal services. SIMKAPEL simplifies renewals and saves time and effort by requiring in-person visits to the Banten KSOP office. Service users can access application status anytime and anywhere. The method used in this research was field research namely in the form of direct observation and taking pictures based on the activities of processing ship certificate extensions through SIMKAPEL as well as library research, namely through books in the POLTEK AMI Medan library as well as online books, websites and journals related to the research object.

This study aims to evaluate the implementation of Sidoarjo Regent Regulation Number 69 of 2017 concerning the Civil Servant Code of Ethics in the Family Planning Sector at the Sidoarjo Regency Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Family Planning Office. A qualitative approach with a case study was used to explore the implementation of the policy through interviews, observation, and documentation. The analysis was conducted using William Dunn's six policy evaluation indicators, namely effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The results show that the policy has provided clear behavioral guidelines and is applied evenly in the work environment. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of implementation are not optimal due to disciplinary violations, weak supervision, and unstructured communication between superiors. The aspects of adequacy and accuracy are considered relevant to the needs of the organization, but have not been able to fully overcome obstacles such as high workloads and low internalization of ethical values ​​among employees. In general, this policy contributes to shaping the professionalism of civil servants, but still requires strengthening through continuous supervision and more systematic coaching. The originality of the study lies in the use of Dunn's evaluation model in the context of the implementation of the civil servant code of ethics at the regional level, as well as identifying gaps between normative policies and field practices. These findings confirm that the success of a code of ethics depends heavily on organizational communication, work culture, and consistency of oversight.

The reform of criminal law in Indonesia has become an increasingly urgent necessity in line with social developments, technological advancement, and the growing complexity and diversity of crime. Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the new Criminal Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana/KUHP) emerges as a comprehensive effort to replace the colonial-era Criminal Code and to align the national criminal law system with the current conditions of Indonesian society. This new Criminal Code introduces several significant changes, including the regulation of cybercrime, protection of the environment, the reinforcement of humanitarian values, and the strengthening of the principle of limiting criminal sanctions on individual liberty in order to ensure the protection of human rights. This paper aims to analyze the direction and substance of the Criminal Code reform, evaluate its potential implementation, and assess the implications of these changes for criminal law enforcement practices in Indonesia. The research method employed is a literature review using a normative approach, conducted through the analysis of statutory regulations, criminal law theories, and relevant case studies. The results of the analysis indicate that the new Criminal Code provides a more adaptive and responsive legal framework to contemporary issues; however, the effectiveness of its implementation largely depends on the readiness of law enforcement authorities, the intensity of regulatory socialization, and the level of public legal awareness. This study concludes that criminal law reform represents a strategic step toward realizing a criminal justice system that is more just, effective, and aligned with the values of Pancasila.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code introduces the criminalization of cohabitation under Article 412, sparking public debate regarding state intervention in private spheres. This research aims to analyze the challenges faced by law enforcement in implementing cohabitation regulations within Indonesia’s pluralistic society. Utilizing a normative judicial research method with statute and conceptual approaches, this study examines secondary legal data including the New Criminal Code and various legal doctrines. The findings indicate that while Article 412 is designed as an absolute complaint-based offense to balance institutional marriage protection with individual privacy, its implementation faces substantial sociological hurdles. These challenges include potential conflicts with living law such as customary and religious norms, risks of over-criminalization, and the threat of social vigilantism due to public misinterpretation. This research implies that law enforcement must prioritize restorative justice and intensive socialization to prevent human rights violations and maintain social harmony in a diverse cultural landscape.

The increasing number of malpractice cases in Indonesia, particularly those related to misdiagnosis by medical practitioners, highlights the urgency of law enforcement in the health sector. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions and forms of physician liability for misdiagnosis resulting in patient death. The research employs a normative juridical approach with a library research method, using primary legal materials such as Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, the Criminal Code (KUHP), and the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), as well as secondary legal materials including literature and legal health journals. The findings indicate that misdiagnosis proven to constitute professional negligence (culpa) may give rise to legal liability in three areas—criminal, civil, and administrative. Criminally, Article 440 of Law Number 17 of 2023 stipulates sanctions for medical personnel whose negligence causes serious injury or death (Republic of Indonesia, 2023). Furthermore, hospitals also bear responsibility under the doctrines of vicarious liability and hospital liability for the actions of medical practitioners under their supervision (Balubun, Simanjuntak, & Ginting, 2018). This research implies the need for a balanced legal protection framework between patients’ rights and the professional rights of medical practitioners, as well as the strengthening of medical supervision systems within healthcare institutions.

The protection of suspects’ rights during the investigation phase is a fundamental component of a fair and effective criminal justice system. This study examines the implementation of the principle of due process of law in Indonesia and its implications for safeguarding human rights in criminal investigations. Utilizing a normative legal research approach, supported by statutory and conceptual analysis, the research evaluates both the legal framework and practical application of suspects’ rights under the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP), the 1945 Constitution, and international human rights instruments such as the ICCPR. Findings indicate that while Indonesia has established comprehensive regulations to protect suspects, the practical implementation remains inconsistent due to structural, cultural, and procedural challenges. Deviations such as limited access to legal counsel, incomplete documentation of interrogations, and occasional coercive practices undermine adherence to due process standards. The study highlights the critical need for regulatory improvements, capacity building for investigators, and strengthened supervision mechanisms to ensure full protection of suspects’ rights. Enhancing the conformity of investigative practices with due process principles is essential not only for safeguarding individual rights but also for maintaining public trust and the integrity of the Indonesian criminal justice system.

The investigation stage constitutes a crucial phase in the criminal justice system, as it determines the direction and quality of subsequent law enforcement processes. Within the context of Indonesian criminal procedural law, the Criminal Procedure Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana/KUHAP) grants extensive authority to law enforcement officials, particularly investigators, in order to ensure the effective disclosure of criminal offenses. However, such dominance of authority has the potential to create an imbalance between the interest of law enforcement effectiveness and the protection of human rights, especially when it is not accompanied by adequate mechanisms of limitation and oversight. This study aims to critically analyze the dominance of law enforcement authority at the investigation stage and its implications for law enforcement effectiveness and the potential for abuse of power. The research employs normative legal research using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by qualitative analysis of legal doctrines, legislation, and relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that while the dominance of investigative authority does contribute to the effectiveness of investigations, it simultaneously creates opportunities for abuse of power due to weak internal and external oversight mechanisms. This condition results in the erosion of the principles of due process of law and the protection of suspects’ rights within the criminal justice system. Therefore, this study emphasizes the need to strengthen judicial control mechanisms, enhance the accountability of law enforcement officials, and reform criminal procedural law in order to achieve a balance between effective law enforcement and the protection of human rights within a democratic rule-of-law state.