Publication Search

The potential war between India and Pakistan poses significant risks to the Indonesian economy, as it is expected to exacerbate uncertainty in the global financial market. Such geopolitical tensions often trigger a ‘flight to safety,’ where capital flows shift to countries considered stable, leading to reduced foreign direct investment (FDI) in emerging markets like Indonesia. This scenario is likely to place additional pressure on Indonesia’s exchange rate, further destabilizing its financial position. One of the key impacts of the looming India-Pakistan war on Indonesia is its effect on monetary and fiscal management. The Indonesian government is already facing significant challenges, including managing a large amount of maturing debt and grappling with a growing budget deficit. The war would complicate these efforts, making it more difficult for the government to stabilize the economy and implement effective policies. Indonesia’s export sector will also be affected, as India and Pakistan are two of the country’s main trading partners, especially for key commodities like crude palm oil (CPO) and coal. India is Indonesia’s 4th largest export destination, accounting for approximately 9% of total exports, while Pakistan represents around 1.9%. Any disruption in trade with these countries, due to the war or political instability, could significantly hurt Indonesia’s export revenues and negatively affect industries reliant on these markets. Moreover, Indonesia is already facing challenges from the United States, which has imposed reciprocal tariffs worth 32% on Indonesian products. This trade tension, combined with the geopolitical instability from the India-Pakistan conflict, will add further strain to Indonesia’s trade balance. The combination of these factors could lead to slower economic growth, reduced investor confidence, and potentially higher inflation, as the country faces multiple external and internal economic pressures.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a processed coconut product with high economic and health value. VCO production is known to be relatively easy, inexpensive, and capable of producing high-quality oil rich in benefits, including as a traditional medicine and natural ingredient for beauty and health. This community service activity aims to provide students of the Biology Education Study Program at Buton Muslim University with an understanding and practical skills regarding the VCO production process as a form of utilization of local natural resources, especially coconuts. The methods used in this activity include lectures or delivery of theoretical material, interactive discussions on the content and benefits of VCO, and direct practice in making virgin coconut oil using the settling method. This method was chosen because it does not require complicated equipment, does not use excessive heating, and is able to maintain the natural quality of the resulting oil. During the implementation, students are invited to observe and follow the entire process, from selecting good coconut raw materials, the grating process, squeezing coconut milk, natural fermentation through settling, to the process of separating oil from sediment and filtering. The results of this activity demonstrated that students not only understood the concept and theory of VCO production but also produced 1,500 ml of virgin coconut oil packaged in five 300 ml bottles. The VCO was then sold to the public for approximately Rp 30,000 per bottle. Through this activity, students not only gained contextual learning experiences but also developed insights into sustainable, locally-based entrepreneurship.

The Paiton Steam Power Plant (PLTU) is one of the main sources of electrical energy in East Java, which plays a vital role in maintaining a sustainable electricity supply. The reliability of generator units is a key element in maintaining stable energy distribution. However, the high frequency of sudden generator failures poses serious challenges, such as increased downtime and increased maintenance costs. To address these challenges, this study aims to design a generator maintenance prediction model based on the Naive Bayes algorithm with a predictive maintenance approach. This study uses historical maintenance data and key sensor parameters such as temperature, oil pressure, and vibration as input. The data is analyzed through several stages, namely data preprocessing, selection of relevant features, and labeling generator conditions into three categories: Normal, Warning, and Critical. The Naive Bayes model is trained to classify the data probabilistically to generate predictions of future generator conditions. Model evaluation using accuracy metrics and a confusion matrix shows that the model successfully achieved an accuracy rate of 89% and was able to provide early warnings of potential failures up to 3 days before failure occurs. The implementation of this system is expected to support the shift in maintenance strategies from reactive and scheduled systems to data-driven predictive systems. Implementing failure predictions allows the technical team at the Paiton PLTU to conduct planned maintenance, avoid sudden disruptions, and extend equipment lifespan. Thus, this model has the potential to reduce operational downtime by up to 25%, while providing significant savings in operational and logistics costs. This research also shows that integrating machine learning technology into energy facility management can improve the efficiency and resilience of the overall electric power system.

The lips are one of the most sensitive parts of the body and are highly vulnerable to damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight. Unlike other parts of the skin, the lips lack oil glands, making them more prone to dryness, chapping, and inflammation when not properly protected. One common method to maintain lip moisture and health is the use of lip balm. Natural lip balms made from ingredients such as beeswax and coconut oil are widely used due to their excellent emollient properties, which help moisturize and provide a protective layer on the surface of the lips. However, using natural lip balm alone may not be sufficient to offer complete protection, particularly against the harmful effects of UV rays. Therefore, innovation is needed by incorporating Sun Protection Factor (SPF) into natural lip balm formulations to enhance protection from sun exposure. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding SPF to lip balm formulations based on beeswax and coconut oil, focusing on UV protection effectiveness, product stability, and moisturizing ability. The method involved formulating two types of lip balm—one with SPF and one without. UV protection effectiveness was tested using in vitro spectrophotometry, while moisturizing ability was assessed by measuring skin moisture content on the lips. In addition, physical characteristics such as texture, color, and stability under various storage conditions were analyzed. The results showed that the lip balm with added SPF provided significantly higher UV protection compared to the formulation without SPF. Furthermore, the addition of SPF did not reduce the moisturizing performance of beeswax and coconut oil and did not interfere with the overall product stability. In conclusion, integrating SPF into natural lip balm formulations is an effective innovation to enhance the protective function of lip care products without compromising their moisturizing benefits or user comfort. This combination provides a holistic solution for maintaining lip health while preventing UV-induced damage.

The reciprocal tariff policy has a significant impact on a number of countries, including Indonesia. In this scheme, Indonesian non-oil and gas products are subject to a tariff of 32% when entering the US market. Such a high tariff places Indonesian exporters in a less competitive position compared to other countries that have more favorable trade arrangements with the United States. This condition becomes more complex when viewed in the broader context of the US-EU trade war, which creates uncertainty and turbulence in the global economy. Indonesian exports are affected both directly and indirectly. Indirect impacts can be seen from disruptions to the global supply chain, the slowdown in the world economy, and decreased global demand. As global production networks become increasingly interconnected, any disruption in major economies will ultimately suppress demand for Indonesian export commodities. This means that even if Indonesian products are not directly targeted, the ripple effects of global trade tensions will still hinder Indonesia’s export performance. For instance, reduced consumption in Europe and the US due to rising product prices and inflation will diminish market opportunities for Indonesian goods.On the other hand, direct impacts arise because several Indonesian products have been explicitly subjected to tariffs by the US government. These include textiles and textile products (TPT), electronics and their components, footwear, furniture, and palm oil (crude palm oil/CPO). Such tariffs significantly reduce Indonesia’s competitiveness in the US market, potentially leading to decreased export volumes, lower revenues for domestic industries, and job losses in export-oriented sectors. Furthermore, the policy also makes European products much more expensive in the US market, which worsens the global supply chain, increases logistics costs, triggers inflation, and escalates uncertainty in international trade.

The global demand for energy, particularly fuel oil, continues to increase along with the growth in the number of vehicles and industrial activity. However, limited fossil fuel reserves and the environmental impacts of their use have prompted various studies to find alternative fuels that are more environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable. In this context, ethanol and xylene have emerged as two potential fuel additive candidates. Ethanol is known as a biofuel derived from renewable sources and has a high octane rating and oxygen content that can support a more complete combustion process. On the other hand, xylene is an aromatic compound with a high octane rating that can improve combustion stability and reduce the risk of knocking or detonation in engines. This study aims to evaluate the effect of ethanol and xylene additions on the flame characteristics of Pertamax fuel, particularly in terms of flame duration and height. Through a laboratory experimental approach, observations were made on the combustion process of pure Pertamax and several fuel blends with varying ethanol and xylene contents. The results showed that pure Pertamax produced a flame with an average duration of 0.734 seconds and a flame height of 4.5 cm, while one of the best blends, namely the fourth blend containing ethanol and xylene, produced a flame duration of 1.084 seconds and a flame height of 5.7 cm. These findings indicate that the addition of ethanol and xylene can significantly improve combustion performance. These results not only enrich knowledge regarding the combustion characteristics of blended fuels, but also open up opportunities for the development of alternative fuel formulations that are more environmentally friendly, energy efficient, and support reducing dependence on fossil fuels in the future.

The palm oil industry is a vital component of Indonesia's economy, significantly contributing to foreign exchange earnings and employment opportunities, particularly in rural and plantation-based regions where economic alternatives are limited. However, the sector is increasingly challenged by global sustainability concerns, particularly the European Union Deforestation Regulation (EUDR), which poses a threat to Indonesia’s palm oil exports due to its strict environmental standards and traceability requirements. This study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach using a literature review to explore the role of innovation and legal protection in strengthening the sustainability and global competitiveness of Indonesia’s palm oil industry. Specifically, it investigates how the development of superior plant varieties and the application of Plant Variety Protection (PVP) under the Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) framework contribute to long-term industry resilience. The findings indicate that superior varieties such as DxP Topaz, DxP PTPN V, and Lonsum DxP have been instrumental in boosting productivity, reducing the need for land expansion, enhancing oil yield per hectare, and improving overall resource efficiency. Moreover, legal protection through PVP not only secures exclusive rights for breeders but also incentivizes further agricultural innovation and prevents the unauthorized use and duplication of valuable genetic resources. In light of international regulatory pressures, strengthening the national PVP system, promoting the registration of local superior varieties, and integrating legal instruments with research and development are essential. These efforts can safeguard Indonesia’s genetic sovereignty and support sustainable practices in compliance with international environmental standards. Ultimately, aligning agricultural innovation with a robust legal framework is key to maintaining the industry’s market access, environmental credibility, and long-term sustainability.

This study aims to identify various types of hazards found in the Apron of Juanda International Airport Surabaya and analyze their impact on flight operational safety. The apron is a vital area in aviation activities because it is a parking lot for aircraft, the process of boarding and dropping passengers, loading and unloading cargo, and light maintenance activities. The existence of potential hazards in this area can have a direct effect on flight safety if not handled properly. The research method used was qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through field observations, interviews with apron officers, and documentation during the implementation of On The Job Training. The data obtained is then analyzed to identify potential hazards and evaluate the level of risk. The results of the study show that there are still hazard findings in the apron area, including Foreign Object Damage (FOD) in the form of foreign objects that have the potential to damage aircraft engines, oil or fuel spills that can cause fires, the presence of wild animals in the aircraft movement area, Ground Support Equipment (GSE) that is parked out of place so as to interfere with aircraft movement, and marshalls who do not use Complete Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).  This problem is caused by the weak supervision of the Apron Movement Control (AMC) unit and the low awareness of personnel in implementing a work safety culture. Based on these findings, the author prepared mitigation measures in accordance with the guidelines of Doc 9859 AN/474 concerning the Safety Management Manual, including increasing supervision, enforcing safety standards, and periodic training for all apron personnel. It is hoped that the results of this study can be an evaluation reference for airport management to strengthen the supervision system, reduce the risk of accidents in the apron area, and build a better and sustainable work safety culture.

A 300 kVA generator set is an important tool as a backup power source in many sectors. Manual monitoring of generator set performance is often inefficient and can cause delays in detecting problems. Various advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technology have enabled the design of remote monitoring systems to overcome these limitations. This study aims to develop an IoT-based monitoring tool capable of monitoring important generator set parameters such as voltage, current, power, and engine temperature in real-time. This will enhance generator set management efficiency and reduce the risk of damage. The method used is an experimental approach involving the creation of an IoT-based monitoring system prototype. Operational data from the generator set is collected using sensors and then transmitted to an IoT platform for analysis. This research uses PZEM-004T sensors to monitor parameters such as power, current, and voltage. RTD PT100 sensors monitor parameters such as engine temperature, oil temperature, and turbo temperature. Honeywell PX3 sensors monitor oil pressure. Honeywell 1GT101DC sensors monitor engine speed. The results of the study show that the device works well with an average error of 0.76% from the sensors used. The greater the distance between the Wi-Fi modem and the device, the slower the data response speed.

In the manufacturing industry, surface roughness is one of the important quality parameters in machining results, especially in the vertical milling process. This study aims to optimize the concentration of soluble oil coolant and feed rate on the surface roughness of ST 37 steel using the Taguchi method. The material used is ST 37 steel with dimensions of 10 mm × 17 mm × 50 mm, processed using a Dixon XZ7550CW vertical milling machine with a 10 mm diameter HSS endmill. Variations in the concentration of Randocut 500 coolant (3%, 5%, 10%) and feed rate (24, 40, 65 mm/min) were tested with fixed parameters such as a depth of cut of 0.5 mm and a spindle speed of 580 rpm. Surface roughness values (Ra) were measured using a surface roughness tester and analyzed using the Taguchi method and ANOVA. The results showed that a coolant concentration of 5% and a feedrate of 24 mm/min produced the lowest surface roughness (2.24 µm) with the highest S/N ratio (-7.01 dB). ANOVA analysis revealed that feed rate had the most dominant influence (62.4%) on surface roughness, followed by coolant concentration (36.8%). The optimal combination to minimize surface roughness is a concentration of 5% and a feed rate of 24 mm/min..  

Methane gas detection is crucial in the oil and gas sector to enhance safety and operational efficiency. This study examines the impact of three types of gas detectors—catalytic, infrared, and ultrasonic sensors—on accuracy and response time. The research was conducted at PT PHM's onshore and offshore sites to evaluate sensor performance in operational environments. A quantitative approach with direct field observation was used. Data were collected by measuring methane gas concentrations indicated by detectors, which were then compared to standard gas concentrations. Response times were recorded when the detectors were exposed to methane concentrations of 2.5% LEL until the alarm triggered at 40% of full scale. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, homogeneity test, normality test, ANOVA, and post hoc tests. The results show that the infrared detector had a response time of 2.87 seconds with an accuracy of 0.218%. The catalytic detector had a response time of 8.91 seconds and accuracy of 0.489% and the ultrasonic detector had a response time of 6.15 seconds and accuracy of 0.842%. Overall, the infrared detector demonstrated the best performance in response time and is recommended for use at PT PHM.

The Iraqi economy demonstrates that, despite the substantial magnitude of oil revenues, theseresources have not been effectively utilized to establish a diversified economic base capable of supportingcomprehensive development and securing the rights of current and future generations. Instead, the majority ofthese revenues are allocated to consumption patterns or to financing current expenditures, which do notcontribute to achieving sustainable development goals. This study examines the interdependence between oilrent revenues and their management, assessing the resulting improvements or declines in Iraq's financial andeconomic performance. It emphasizes the necessity of adopting prudent financial management and diversifyingincome sources to ensure long-term stability and prosperity for the country. The research problem lies in theheavy reliance of Iraq's public finances on oil rents, which exposes the economy to significant risks due tovolatile global oil prices. This dependency leads to structural weaknesses in the revenue and expenditureframework, limiting its flexibility and sustainability, and consequently hindering efforts to achievecomprehensive economic development. The results of the estimated model indicate that current public revenuesare heavily dependent on the previous year's revenues, suggesting that revenue generation is influenced byexternal factors, particularly expectations regarding fluctuations in oil prices.

This research aims to create batik tulis motifs with inspiration from three main plantation commodities in North Labuhanbatu Regency, North Sumatra, namely palm oil, rubber, and cocoa. These three plants are not only economically important, but also have philosophical values that can be raised as visual and cultural wealth in the form of batik motifs. The method used in the creation of the work consists of three stages, namely exploration, design, and realization. Exploration is done through literature study, direct observation, and visual documentation of the morphology of the three plants. The design stage involved the stilation and deformation of the plant forms into batik motif designs. Furthermore, the realization stage was carried out using the written batik technique using canting on mori cloth. The research resulted in 12 written batik works that combine elements of aesthetics, philosophy of life, and the locality value of the Labuhanbatu Utara community. This research is expected to enrich the repertoire of contemporary batik design while supporting cultural preservation and the development of local wisdom-based creative industries.

Apart from being a living fence, the benefits of the soka plant are that the flowers can be used as a relatively cheap aromatherapy ingredient because the soka plant is easy to find, especially on the side of the road, and has a fragrance almost like ylang-ylang flowers. Data collection uses Observation, Literature, Experimentation, Documentation, Interviews, Questionnaires, and data analysis uses descriptive qualitative methods. The results of the sensory test assessment of aspects of color, texture, aroma and ease of use, as many as 3 expert validators preferred experimental product 3 with a total rating of 17 (very suitable). The results of the public test showed that people's acceptance was at the highest level of liking in experiment 3 with a total average with color aspects of 4.123 which means like it, texture 3.775 which means quite like it, aroma 4.4 which means like it, ease of use 4.65 which means like it , and a pack of 4,825 which means likes, so that it can become an entrepreneurial opportunity. The conclusion from research on the use of soka flowers is that the resulting aromatherapy oil can be used as a mixture in aromatherapy candles, used in reed diffusers, humidifiers and aromatherapy furnaces. And from the results of research on the use of soka flowers to make aromatherapy oil, it is hoped that it can later be used as other forms of aromatherapy such as candles and soap, and can be developed for further research.

The People’s Palm Oil Replanting Program (PSR) is a national policy aimed at improving the productivity of smallholder plantations through the replanting of aging and unproductive oil palm trees. This study reviews the implementation of PSR in Indonesia by analyzing ten scholarly articles through a literature study approach. The findings indicate that program effectiveness is significantly influenced by technical support such as training, mentoring, the application of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and strategic partnerships for harvest absorption. However, implementation faces several challenges, including limited human resources, damaged equipment, inadequate funding, prolonged replanting periods, weak coordination among stakeholders, and lack of policy dissemination. Local institutions such as cooperatives (KUD) and farmer groups (Gapoktan) play crucial roles in ensuring program sustainability and inclusiveness by acting as managers and conflict mediators. Although farmers are generally ready and actively participate, regulatory constraints—particularly the requirement of financial guarantors—remain a barrier. The study recommends strengthening local institutional capacity, enhancing stakeholder synergy, and simplifying financial schemes as strategic steps to improve the long-term effectiveness of the PSR program.

This study analyzes the Highest Retail Price (HET) policy for palm cooking oil. of palm cooking oil implemented by the Indonesian government through MOT Regulation of the Minister of Trade (Permendag) Number 1 of 2022 as revoked based on Permendag Number 6 of 2022 concerning the Determination of HET of Palm Cooking Oil, and its implications for business competition based on Law No. 5 of 1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices. based on Law No.5/1999 on the Prohibition of Monopolistic Practices and Unfair Business Competition. and Unfair Business Competition. The price ceiling policy aims to protect consumers from uncontrolled price increases, especially for low-income households. low-income communities. However, its implementation has caused negative impacts such as scarcity and losses for producers, which was found to have violated Article 19 letter c of Law No.5 Year 1999 by KPPU. violated Article 19 letter c of Law No. 5 Year 1999 by KPPU. Producers filed an objection, and the Central Jakarta Commercial Court ruled that the scarcity of cooking oil was the impact of the single price ceiling policy, and therefore the KPPU's decision was canceled. This research uses normative legal methods by analyzing legal principles in court decisions and related regulations. The results show that the price ceiling policy needs to be re-evaluated to balance the interests of consumers and producers. balance the interests of consumers and producers. Implications of the court decision court decision is the need for stricter supervision and participation of stakeholders in the formulation of future price ceiling policies. stakeholders in the formulation of the price ceiling policy in the future. This research contributes theoretically in the field of competition law and practically as a reference for policy makers. as a reference for policy makers.

Oil palm development in Indonesia faces various agronomic constraints, especially related to soil chemical properties that are less supportive of productivity. This study aims to identify the status of soil chemical properties on oil palm land in Saliki Village, Muara Badak District, East Kalimantan, to support more appropriate land management. The research was conducted from September to November 2024 using a purposive random sampling method on 13 hectares of land, with six sampling center points and four subsamples per point. Laboratory analysis was conducted on soil pH, C-organic content, total N, available P, potential K, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and base saturation. The results showed that the soil in the 6-year-old oil palm land had a pH of 3.63-3.93 and base saturation of 13.69-13.81%, while at the age of 15 years, the pH decreased to 3.12-3.38 and base saturation was only 4.62-6.95%. Meanwhile, available P and potential K levels tended to increase with increasing plant age. Based on these findings, fertilization is recommended according to the IOPRI standard for mineral soils as follows: for 6 years old, urea 2.75 kg/year, TSP 1.75 kg/year, and KCl 2.75 kg/year, while for 11 and 15 years old, urea 3.25 kg/year, TSP 2 kg/year, and KCl 3 kg/year. This study emphasizes the importance of periodic monitoring of soil chemical properties as a basis for sustainable management of oil palm plantations.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different settling times on the quality of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) produced without heating (cold process), by comparing two time variations: 3 hours and ±18 hours (variation 1) and 4 hours and ±24 hours (variation 2), through organoleptic tests (color, aroma, taste), acid value, and pH analysis. The results showed that VCO from variation 2 had better quality, with a clear color, a fresh coconut-like aroma, a pleasant taste, an acid value of 1.707 mg KOH/g, and a pH of 6.4–6.5, all of which met the quality standards of SNI 7381-2008. In contrast, variation 1 showed imperfections in oil separation due to shorter settling time, which triggered oxidation and fat hydrolysis. Thus, optimal settling time in the cold process method is a key factor in producing high-quality VCO that is free from rancid odor.

Although often overlooked as household waste, used cooking oil has great potential to produce environmentally friendly products. Fourth semester students of the Business Administration Program were trained to make aromatherapy candles from used cooking oil through this community service activity. The goal was to increase knowledge about the circular economy, encourage creativity, and foster students' entrepreneurial spirit. Socialization, hands-on practice, pre-post test evaluation, and participatory discussion were the methods of the activity. The results showed a significant increase in understanding and recycling skills. This activity shows that innovation based on household waste can support environmental sustainability while producing products with sales value.

Empty oil palm bunches processed by palm oil mills in Indonesia are still abundant, reaching 56.35 million tons per year. Empty oil palm bunches contain around 40% cellulose, so they can still be used for various derivative products, one of which is composite products. The use of empty oil palm bunches as raw materials for Bioplastic production is a series of ongoing research, one of which is starch-cellulose blend, but until now it has not been successfully commercialized. The design of the starch cellulose blend bioplastic industry using palm oil as raw material produces two factories, namely a cellulose factory and a composite bioplastic factory. Both factories are designed in separate buildings. The separation of cellulose from TKKS uses a chemical method with soda, after mechanical treatment of size reduction. The industry is designed in 3 scales of production capacity, namely a large scale of 190,000 tons / year, medium 115.00 tons / year, and small 40,000 tons.year. The financial analysis of the three scales of production capacity as a whole is declared feasible. Profit margin is calculated at a minimum of 17.6%. The average payback period is between 3-5 years with an IRR of 24-49%. Analysis of the economic value produces an EScale index of 0.64 which indicates that the economic scale has been achieved. The economic scale of the starch cellulose blend bioplastic industry from TKKS is at a production capacity of 40,000 tons per year with a minimum supply of TKKS raw materials of 20,203 tons/year. At the smallest economic scale, the BEP is actually only 6627.4 tons/year, where this condition can be achieved because the industry has relatively small fixed costs.