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This research was motivated by the results of observations, interviews, and tests conducted with 1th students at SDN Mojoroto 4. On the observations, it was found the teacher relied solely on the school’s textbook as a learning resource and used a lecture-based teaching method. There was a lack of innovation in instructional delivery, which led to students having limited vocabulary mastery and difficulty in constructing words. Interviews with some students revealed that they quickly became bored with the monotonous learning process. Therefore, a language game-based module was needed to address these issues. The objectives of this study are: (1) To determine the validity of module, (2) To determine the practicality of the module, and (3) To determine the effectiveness of the module. The development model used was ADDIE, which includes the following stages: (1) Analysis, (2) Design, (3) Development, (4) Implementation, and (5) Evaluation. The validity test results showed that the module expert gave a score of 92%, and the material expert gave a score of 80%. Practicality test results from teacher response questionnaires reached 94%, student responses in the limited trial reached 95%, and in the wider trial reached 92%. Effectiveness test results showed a classical percentage of 100% in both limited and wider trials. It can be concluded that the developed language game-based module is valid, practical, and effective.

Introduction: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease or often referred to as COPD, is a disease that occurs due to limited airflow, this is caused by abnormalities of the airways and/or damage to the alveoli, abnormalities or damage that occurs are caused by significant exposure to hazardous particles or gases, not only due to exposure, COPD is also influenced by lung abnormalities. Dyspnea is a condition that describes a sensation of shortness of breath, which is characterized by obstruction of airflow, or difficulty breathing and chest tightness which is often associated with heart or respiratory disease. Purpose: This study is to determine the management of physiotherapy in cases of right chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Method: This study uses a case report approach in patients with right chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by providing interventions in the form of nebulizers, pulsed lip breathing and muscle release for 4 weeks 5x meetings with doses of 3 times a day every week. Evaluation is carried out using the vital sign index, auscultation, borg scale, MMRC scale and thorax cage mobilization examination. Results: evaluation measurements using vital sign index, auscultation, borg scale, MMRC scale and thorax cage examination. Thus, the results show an increase and decrease in the degree of shortness of breath before and after intervention. Conclusion: there is an increase and decrease in shortness of breath before and after intervention.

The rapid growth of science and technology in the contemporary era has had a considerable impact on social life, especially among adolescents. Adolescents typically encounter difficulty in controlling their emotions and desires, which can lead to deviant behavior or juvenile delinquency. This study intends to evaluate techniques for reducing juvenile delinquency through the function of the family as the first and foremost social unit in an individual's life. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study explores numerous literature and related previous study results. The results of the study reveal that open communication, giving affection, establishing moral and religious beliefs, and regular supervision from parents have an essential role in preventing aberrant conduct in teenagers. In addition, significant family involvement in adolescent life might enhance adolescent resilience to harmful environmental impacts. From these findings, it is recommended that families improve the quality of interactions with adolescents and work together with educational institutions and the community in establishing an environment that fosters positive adolescent development.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the mandatory muthola'ah program at the Fatkhul Mu'in Ali Masykur Wonosobo Islamic Boarding School, and its contribution to improving students' literacy. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews with caregivers, educators, boarding school administrators, and students, as well as documentation. Triangulation techniques were used to ensure data validity. The results of the study indicate that the mandatory muthola'ah program implemented in a structured manner every night for 45 minutes is able to build disciplined and independent learning habits. Through this program, students are accustomed to reading yellow books, writing summaries, discussing in groups, and expressing opinions logically. The implementation of this program is also supported by the vision of the boarding school, and intensive mentoring from the administrators. This program contributes significantly to improving students' literacy both academically and in character. The study highlights some students who are less motivated, have difficulty reading Arabic texts, and are afraid of making mistakes during discussions. Patient and consistent coaching indicates that these obstacles can slowly be overcome.

This study aims to examine the implementation of the independent learning curriculum in biology at SMA Negeri 1 Waigete. The objectives are: (1) to describe how the independent learning curriculum is applied in biology classes; (2) to identify the challenges teachers face during its implementation; and (3) to explore the strategies employed by teachers to overcome those challenges. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach, the research collects data through interviews, observations, and documentation. Interviews were conducted with the principal, vice principal of curriculum, and biology teachers. Observations were made during the learning process in the classroom, while documentation included teaching modules and supporting articles. Data analysis was carried out in three stages: data coding, presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings indicate that the independent learning curriculum in biology for Class X (Phase E) was implemented effectively, with teachers preparing KOSP, learning tools, and providing materials such as readings and videos. Teaching also considered local potential and involved both formative and summative assessments. However, several problems were identified, including limited facilities and infrastructure, lack of internet access, insufficient training, and some students lacking personal devices. Moreover, teachers experienced difficulty in selecting appropriate learning strategies to engage students effectively. To address these issues, teachers have participated in curriculum-related training and prepared printed materials and pre-downloaded videos for students without digital access. These efforts show a proactive approach to ensuring all students can benefit from the independent learning curriculum despite existing limitations.

College students, as a group of young adults, often face life transitions that involve academic, emotional, social, and economic pressures. One of the effects of these pressures is smoking behavior. According to pre-survey data, most college students who are active smokers consume 5-10 cigarettes per day. These students admitted to having tried to quit smoking at least once, but their efforts were unsuccessful, and they returned to their old habits. This difficulty indicates challenges in self-control. Participants in this study were active smokers across Indonesia, with a minimum consumption of 5–10 cigarettes per day. This study is quantitative in nature, using a self-control scale and a nicotine dependence scale to determine the absence of self-control influence on nicotine addiction. Data analysis in this study was conducted using simple linear regression analysis, yielding a p-value of 0.070 (>0.05). Therefore, it was concluded that self-control does not significantly influence addiction in the study sample.

This article was written with the aim of analyzing the idiosyncratic Donald Trump who issued the policy of building the Trump Wall on the border between the United States and Mexico with the aim of addressing the increase in illegal immigrants and improving border security. On the U.S.-Mexico border, crime is at a very complex level because it is difficult to detect by the security forces of the two countries, especially the problem of illegal immigrants, even the level of difficulty increases as a result of some border guards choosing to help these crimes occur. Therefore, this article uses a qualitative descriptive method by conducting library research for the purpose of collecting the data needed to understand the influence of Donald Trump's leadership on the Trump Wall policy applied to the United States border with Mexico. Trump's personal background, including his father's assertive influence and his military academy education that Trump had felt, shaped the character of his harsh and aggressive approach to border security. Politically, Trump has tapped into a populist-conservative philosophy aligned with anti-immigrant groups in the Republican Party, using rhetoric that often attacks immigrant groups, which has significantly increased in percentage from previous presidents.

The development of digital technology has changed the landscape of educational media, especially in the field of engineering, where abstract concepts often pose a challenge. In electrical engineering education, students often have difficulty understanding concepts such as current flow and circuit behavior due to limited class time and a lack of visualization tools. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media in enhancing conceptual understanding, learning outcomes, and student engagement in the Electrical Circuits course. A quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test control groups was applied, involving two groups: one group used AR-based media, while the control group used traditional instruction. Both groups underwent pre-tests and post-tests with 30 multiple-choice questions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and N-Gain scores. Results showed that the experimental group experienced a significant improvement, with the average post-test score increasing from 62 to 81 and an N-Gain score of 0.48, while the control group only improved from 61 to 71 with an N-Gain score of 0.25. Statistical tests confirmed significant differences between the two groups. These findings indicate that AR is effective in enhancing understanding of complex concepts and can be integrated into technical education curricula to meet modern learning demands.

Adolescence is a complex developmental stage marked by identity exploration and intense emotional changes. Teenagers often struggle to express their feelings openly, both to others and to themselves. This difficulty is exacerbated by cultural factors, lack of emotional education, and the stigma surrounding mental health, which prevent adolescents from finding a safe space to express themselves. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of the empty chair technique in building intrapersonal communication and creating a safe space for adolescent self-expression. The research method used is qualitative descriptive through a literature review. The results show that the empty chair technique from Gestalt therapy is effective in helping adolescents express inner conflicts, increase self-awareness, emotional regulation, and self-esteem, particularly among victims of bullying. This technique allows adolescents to engage in symbolic dialogue with parts of themselves in a reflective and therapeutic manner. The implications of this research suggest that the empty chair technique can be a strategic approach in school and community counseling to support the holistic psychosocial development of adolescents.

Madrasah Aliyah Swasta Taman Pendidikan Islam Medan shows that learning Akidah Akhlak in class XI is still textual and has not encouraged active student participation. Teachers use more thematic books as the main source of learning without linking them to contextual phenomena that are close to students' lives. As a result, students have difficulty understanding the material, such as the topic of funeral prayers. This can be seen from the students' daily test scores which only reach an average of 45, far below the Minimum Completion Criteria set by the school, which is 75. The research method is quantitative, this method can be interpreted as a research method based on the philosophy of positivism, used to research certain populations or samples, sampling techniques are generally carried out randomly. The conclusion of this study shows the average posttest score of students who are given learning using the problem based learning method (experimental class). This shows that there is a difference between student learning outcomes in the subject of Akidah Akhlak in the experimental class when compared to the learning outcomes of Islamic Religious Education in the control class. Thus, the use of problem based learning methods in learning akidah akhlak is more effective than learning using conventional approaches in an effort to improve the learning outcomes of class XI students at Taman Pendidikan Islam Private Islamic Senior High School. So it can be concluded that there is an Influence of the Use of Problem Based Learning Methods on Improving Literacy Skills in the Subject of Akidah Akhlak in the Experimental Class with the Control Class at Taman Pendidikan Islam Private Islamic Senior High School.

This study aims to analyze the influence of interaction between parents on children's emotional development. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach based on literature studies in the past five years, the study found that interactions that include communication, parenting, and emotional support play a very important role. These aspects contribute to the formation of the child's emotional regulation, self-confidence, and social skills. This study makes a significant conceptual contribution to the development of emotionally sensitive parenting strategies. Children who experience positive interactions in their family environment tend to show good emotional balance and adaptive social skills. Conversely, negative interaction patterns can trigger problems such as anxiety, aggressiveness, and difficulty socializing. In addition, factors such as parental stress, lack of understanding of emotions, and excessive use of technology play a role in affecting the quality of the relationship. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of parental involvement in emotionally aware parenting practices to support children's growth and development. The study also highlights the need for social support and ongoing education for parents, in order to build an emotionally healthy family environment. It is hoped that the results of this study can be the basis for the development of family education programs and parenting policies based on scientific approaches.

This study aims to analyze students' difficulties in understanding algebraic concepts in the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum. This type of research uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques include interviews, questionnaires, and three written tests. Based on the results of interviews and questionnaires conducted by teachers with the school principal and mathematics teachers, the school has implemented the Merdeka Curriculum despite limitations in resources. The Merdeka Curriculum contributes to teachers in terms of teaching modules and freedom in creativity in learning, although training is still needed. The results of the student questionnaire indicate that the majority of students have difficulty understanding algebra, especially in identifying variables, but the majority of students feel that classroom learning is interactive and enjoyable. Most students feel helped by the example questions provided by the teacher. The written test results show that students have difficulty with the use of positive and negative signs, coefficients, constants, algebraic operations, and determining variable values. This indicates that the majority of students have not yet achieved mastery of the algebra material. It can be concluded that the implementation of the independent curriculum at SMP IT Az-Zahira Khatulistiwa supports teachers in the algebra learning process through the use of teaching modules, but students still struggle to understand algebraic concepts due to the limited use of educational media, which is constrained by the school's facilities.

Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life marked by the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle, usually occurring at the age of 45-55 years. This period is often accompanied by various physical and psychological changes that can interfere with the quality of life. Education about healthy lifestyles is very important to help menopausal women manage symptoms and prevent long-term health complications. This community service activity aims to provide health education related to healthy lifestyles to menopausal women in Simpursia Village, Wajo Regency. In the menopause phase, decreased estrogen and progesterone hormones can cause various psychological symptoms such as fear of getting old, being unattractive, difficulty sleeping, getting angry easily, being very emotional, feeling depressed and sad for no apparent reason, fear of losing a husband. If left untreated, this condition can cause the elderly to experience anxiety and depression which will affect the quality of life. The methods used are counseling, interactive discussions, The results of the activity showed an increase in participants' understanding of the importance of balanced nutrition, physical activity, stress management, and routine health checks. Health education has been proven effective in increasing awareness and healthy living behavior in menopausal women.

The general election as a pillar of democracy faces new challenges with the rapid development of information technology, one of which is the practice of doxing—disseminating personal data without consent to harm individuals. In the context of Indonesia’s 2024 General Election, doxing cases have increased, targeting political figures and ordinary citizens, potentially undermining political participation and violating the right to privacy. This study aims to analyze the legal framework governing doxing based on Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (ITE Law) and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law), as well as to examine the form of criminal liability for perpetrators of doxing in the context of the 2024 election. This normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that although not explicitly regulated, doxing can be classified as a legal violation under the two laws. However, law enforcement still faces technical and normative obstacles, such as difficulty in identifying perpetrators and proving intent. Strengthening legal provisions and the capacity of law enforcement officers is essential to ensure accountability without compromising democratic principles.

Language is crucial for human interaction, making foreign language education, especially Japanese, increasingly vital in the global era. Indonesia holds the second-highest number of Japanese learners globally. This study evaluates SakuJapan, a Japanese learning application, to enhance basic Japanese skills among IPB Vocational School students. Using a quantitative descriptive approach with 20 students, data was collected via online questionnaires on usage, features, effectiveness, and motivation. Findings show SakuJapan is an effective and user-friendly tool; 75% of respondents regularly use features like Hiragana, Katakana, vocabulary, and practice questions. The application scored an average effectiveness of 4.3 out of 5, with 85% of users gaining confidence in basic Japanese. While generally well-received, suggestions include offline features, varied exercises, adjustable game difficulty, and more audio, daily conversations, and JLPT-standardized tests. These insights guide further development for a more comprehensive and adaptive learning platform.

An online video application specifically designed for the elderly, with a focus on ease of use and fulfillment of entertainment and hobby needs. Common problems of the elderly related to cognitive decline, loneliness, and difficulty adapting to technology are the background to the design of this application. The research method used is the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with a prototyping model. The design process includes creating a process flow diagram, Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) for database modeling, and an intuitive user interface (UI) design. The results of this study are in the form of an application prototype that includes a login feature (with a no-registration option for the elderly), a homepage with favorite video categories, an interactive search feature, a search results page, and a video player interface with simple interaction options such as like. The interface design prioritizes minimalist aesthetics and navigation that is easy for the elderly to understand. It is hoped that this application can provide alternative entertainment, reduce loneliness, and improve knowledge and decision-making for the elderly through relevant video content.

The common issue faced by newborn babies is their difficulty in regulating body temperature with their environment. This often leads to hypothermia, which is a significant cause of mortality in newborns. Therefore, biomedical equipment that can regulate temperature in the newborn environment is crucial. In the design and development research of an Infant Warmer Temperature Control System using the PID method, key components include the Atmega328P microcontroller, a Skin Sensor for monitoring baby body temperature, and an SSR driver circuit for heater control. The PID control method utilizes feedback mechanisms to correct errors between measured values and their deviations.To ascertain accuracy, functional testing was conducted using an Incubator Analyzer. The comparison between the skin sensor and the Incubator Analyzer showed minimal differences, with the largest difference being 0.15℃ and the smallest 0.01℃. It can be concluded that the skin sensor readings are accurate within tolerance limits. The maximum error percentage of the device was 0.2%, while the minimum error percentage was 0%. Based on these findings, it is concluded that the PID method Infant Warmer temperature control system designed functions effectively, manages overshoot well, and maintains stability.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the Social Service of the North Sumatra Province Batubara Regency are business operators engaged in the business sector, which touches the interests of the community around the Regency of Coal. MSMEs have an important position, not only in employment and public welfare, in many ways they are the glue and stabilize the problem of social inequality. MSMEs are currently very developed. However, the current problem that arises is that the Chair of the UMKM in Coal is having difficulty monitoring MSME social funding assistance provided to communities around Coal, the lack of public understanding of the reporting of the social assistance fund accountability and due to these inaccessible location conditions that triggered the social services difficult to monitor. then we need an information system that is able to do data collection, management, monitoring the use of aid funds. In addition, the Social Service can directly monitor the responsibility of MSMEs in managing aid funds.The results of this study are a monitoring information system application that replaces the previously running process, in this application makes it easy for the recipient to know the amount of assistance received and in making reports can be directly accessed online.

This study aims to describe students' difficulties in translating word problems into mathematical models in algebra material. Using a qualitative approach, the subjects were seventh-grade students at SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya in the 2024/2025 academic year. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentation. The results show that students struggled to understand the meaning of word problems and convert them into correct equations. Common errors included misconceptions about algebraic symbols, such as treating variables as fixed numbers and misusing the equal sign. In addition, students had difficulty identifying essential information needed to construct a mathematical model. Learning activities that focused only on procedural calculations further contributed to these challenges. This study recommends the use of more contextual and meaningful learning approaches, such as Problem-Based Learning and Realistic Mathematics Education, to help students better understand the relationships within problems and accurately express them through appropriate mathematical representations..    Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kesulitan siswa dalam menerjemahkan soal cerita ke dalam model matematika pada materi aljabar. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif, subjek penelitian adalah siswa kelas VII SMP Negeri 2 Tasikmalaya tahun ajaran 2024/2025. Data dikumpulkan melalui angket, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami makna soal cerita dan menyusunnya menjadi persamaan yang tepat. Kesalahan yang muncul meliputi pemahaman yang keliru terhadap simbol aljabar, seperti menganggap variabel sebagai angka tetap dan tidak tepat menggunakan tanda sama dengan. Selain itu, siswa juga tampak kesulitan menentukan informasi penting yang diperlukan untuk membangun model matematika. Pembelajaran yang hanya berfokus pada prosedur perhitungan turut memperkuat kesulitan ini. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan pendekatan pembelajaran yang lebih kontekstual dan bermakna, seperti Problem-Based Learning dan Realistic Mathematics Education, agar siswa dapat lebih memahami hubungan antar informasi dalam soal dan menyusunnya dalam bentuk model yang benar.

This study discusses the phenomenon of increasing corruption cases in Indonesia, which is caused by the lack of effective criminal penalties. Although Law No. 20/2001 concerning the Eradication of Corruption regulates the threat of the death penalty for perpetrators of corruption, in practice it has never been implemented. This study uses the approach of the law enforcement system theory and the theory of punishment, with normative legal methods and literature studies. The results show that the difficulty of implementing the death penalty in corruption cases in Indonesia is caused by the pros and cons and rejection from the community and law enforcement. This finding indicates the importance of reforming the death penalty policy for perpetrators of corruption to provide a deterrent effect and prevent similar cases in the future. Therefore, this study recommends improving the law enforcement system and more effective anti-corruption policies.