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People's Business Credit (KUR) is a financing program distributed by the government through banking institutions, including Bank Rakyat Indonesia (BRI), to support Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and cooperatives. In its implementation, KUR credit is not free from various problems, one of which is non-performing loans. This study aims to determine the factors causing non-performing loans and efforts to resolve them in KUR loans at Bank BRI Karanganyar Branch, Tasikmadu Unit. The method used in this study is qualitative research, with data sources derived from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques were conducted through direct interviews with relevant parties. The results show that the main causes of non-performing loans are divided into two major factors. First, external factors, namely those originating from the customer. This problem is generally related to the customer's inability to pay installments due to business failure. Second, internal factors, such as the failure of creditworthiness analysis by bank officers, resulting in prospective debtors who are actually unworthy actually receiving loans. In resolving non-performing loans, BRI Bank's Karanganyar Branch, Tasikmadu Unit, applies five main methods: (1) changing the loan interest rate, (2) reducing fines or penalties, (3) reducing the outstanding principal, (4) extending the loan term, and (5) selling collateral. Additionally, there are also settlement methods that involve a combination of these five methods, depending on the debtor's circumstances and the agreement between the two parties.

This study examines the ratification of the Multilateral Convention to Implement Tax Treaty Related to Measures to Prevent BEPS through Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No. 77/2019. This ratification raises legal issues because Law No. 24 of 2000 concerning International Agreements stipulates that the ratification of certain international agreements should be carried out through a Law or Presidential Decree. This study uses a normative legal method with a statutory approach to analyze the conformity of Perpres 77/2019 with Law No. 24 of 2000 and the theory of the hierarchy of legal norms. The results of the study indicate that Perpres 77/2019 is formally flawed because it conflicts with Law No. 24 of 2000, but in substance it is appropriate for use.

This study explores the legal consequences of bankruptcy on reciprocal agreements made prior to the debtor’s declaration of bankruptcy, as governed by Law Number 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations. In the event of bankruptcy, control and management of the debtor's assets are transferred to a curator, which can alter the implementation of reciprocal agreements that have not been fully or partially fulfilled. According to Article 36 of Law No. 37/2004, parties who have agreements with the debtor can request confirmation regarding the continuation of the agreement from the curator within a specified period. If the curator decides not to continue, the agreement is terminated, and the other party has the right to claim compensation and will be recognized as a concurrent creditor. This study also examines the legal protection available to the parties involved, as well as the practical implications for legal and business relationships after a bankruptcy decision is made. The findings demonstrate that bankruptcy significantly affects the performance of reciprocal agreements, necessitating adjustments to the rights and obligations of all parties based on the provisions of the Bankruptcy Law. These adjustments are essential to ensuring justice and legal certainty for all parties involved in such agreements, balancing the interests of creditors, debtors, and other stakeholders. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding the legal framework surrounding bankruptcy and its consequences on ongoing contractual relationships, as well as the need for a fair and transparent process in dealing with claims and obligations post-bankruptcy.

This study aims to examine the legal aspects of the Aceh People's Health Insurance Program (JKRA) by analyzing it as a hybrid between an insurance agreement and a social insurance agreement. The method used is a normative juridical approach, with qualitative analysis based on relevant laws and legal concepts. Data sources consist of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results show that JKRA has two main characteristics. On the one hand, JKRA fulfills the elements of an insurance agreement, such as the existence of an insurer and an insured, premium payments, protection against risks, and the uncertainty of insured events. On the other hand, JKRA also reflects the characteristics of social insurance, namely being mandatory, non-profit-oriented, managed by the government, and applying the principle of mutual cooperation through a cross-subsidy mechanism. This dual character indicates that JKRA is a unique form of regional health insurance scheme that integrates private and social approaches. However, in its implementation, there are a number of legal issues that require serious attention. Some of the main problems found include the need for regulatory harmonization between JKRA and the National Health Insurance (JKN), ensuring the sustainability of funding through the Aceh Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBA), and alignment with national health policies, especially after the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and Government Regulation Number 28 of 2024. Therefore, comprehensive legal regulations are needed so that the implementation of JKRA can run optimally and in line with the integrated national health insurance system, ensuring the sustainability of health services for the people of Aceh in a fair and sustainable manner.

Macron's visit also commemorated 75 years of diplomatic relations and a decade of strategic partnership between Indonesia and France. This meeting showed how bilateral diplomacy can trigger long-term transformation in various sectors. The partnership is part of extending the diplomatic relations between the two countries, which will be 100 years old in 2050.  Indonesia and France are developing strategic partnerships in various important sectors, ranging from defense, technology, agriculture, economy, to culture. Both countries have the same vision of world order. The strategic partnership strengthens their positions in facing global uncertainty with a total of 21 strategic agreements. The forms of cooperation and strategic agreements between Indonesia and France include: 1) Defense sector, for example, the Indonesian Ministry of Defense and the French Ministry of Armed Forces agreed to establish a strategic partnership related to the exchange and joint protection of confidential information in the defense sector, 2) Economic sector, both countries agreed to encourage more balanced trade and investment relations, including: (1). MoU between the National Nutrition Agency and Danone; (2). Danantara and Eramet; (3). Investment Agreement between PT RGE Indonesia and Total Energies; (4). Investment Agreement between PT Citra Bonang Indonesia and Lesaffre; (5). MoU between PT SMI, PT PLN, and HDF; (6). MoU between Bank Indonesia and Banque De France, 3) Indonesia and France agreed to encourage Palestinian independence. This is considered the only way to resolve the long conflict between Palestine and Israel. Humanity must be prioritized in order to realize peace in the region. Two State Solutions" or a two-state solution is the most diplomatic way out for Palestinian independence.

In everyday life, the practice of making agreements often occurs informally and without written documentation, particularly in casual social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding whether verbal agreements hold valid legal force. The purpose of this study is to examine the legal status of verbal agreements under Indonesian civil law, particularly in relation to the requirements for the validity of an agreement as outlined in Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). The study employs a normative juridical approach, focusing on legal provisions and legal doctrines to explore the issue. According to the findings, while verbal agreements are legally binding, they must still meet the requirements stipulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code. These requirements include mutual consent, the capability of the parties involved, a lawful object, and a legal cause. Despite the lack of a written record, verbal agreements can still be considered valid as long as these criteria are met. However, a significant challenge arises when disputes occur, as proving the existence and terms of a verbal agreement can be difficult without written evidence. This is where the importance of written agreements comes into play, as they provide stronger legal protection in case of legal conflicts. The study also highlights that although Indonesian civil law recognizes verbal agreements, it strongly encourages parties to formalize agreements in writing to avoid ambiguity and ensure legal certainty. In conclusion, while verbal agreements are valid under the law, the need for written documentation is crucial for protecting the interests of the parties involved and providing clear evidence in the event of a legal dispute.  

In everyday life, agreements are frequently made without written documentation, especially in informal social interactions and economic activities. This raises important legal questions regarding the validity of verbal agreements. In Indonesia, the legal status of such agreements is governed by the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), particularly Article 1320, which outlines the requirements for the validity of an agreement. This article stipulates that an agreement must fulfill four conditions: consent, the capability of the parties, a certain subject matter, and a lawful cause. Despite the absence of written documentation, verbal agreements are considered legally valid in Indonesia as long as they meet these four requirements. The primary challenge, however, lies in the difficulty of proving the existence and terms of verbal agreements, particularly in cases of dispute. Since oral contracts lack physical evidence, parties involved may face difficulties in substantiating their claims in court. This makes verbal agreements vulnerable to legal challenges, as the burden of proof falls on the party asserting the agreement. In light of these challenges, it is advisable for parties involved in significant transactions or agreements to document their commitments in writing. A written agreement provides clear evidence of the terms and conditions agreed upon by the parties and serves as a safeguard in case of legal disputes. Although verbal agreements can hold legal weight, having written records is considered a better practice for ensuring legal protection and preventing potential conflicts. This study concludes that while verbal agreements are legally valid under Indonesian civil law, their enforceability can be compromised by the lack of written documentation, making written agreements a more secure option for all parties involved.

In the evolving dynamics of Indonesia's economy, unsecured loans or Kredit Tanpa Agunan (KTA) have rapidly grown as a popular financial solution. The ease of application and fund disbursement makes these products especially attractive to micro-entrepreneurs and lower-middle-income communities. However, behind the convenience lies a serious issue: a high rate of default or breach of contract (wanprestasi). This problem is exacerbated by the low level of legal literacy among the public, leading to a lack of understanding of their rights and obligations in financing agreements. Most individuals are also unaware that there is a faster, simpler, and low-cost legal mechanism available for resolving civil disputes—namely, the Small Claims Court procedure, as regulated by the Supreme Court Regulation (Perma) No. 4 of 2019. This mechanism can be utilized by the general public, especially clients of microfinance institutions and credit cooperatives, to resolve civil conflicts involving claims of up to IDR 500 million without going through complex litigation. To address this issue, this community engagement activity aimed to improve public legal understanding of the Small Claims Procedure through participatory-based training. The training involved 50 participants from microfinance institutions and savings and loan cooperatives. The methods used included legal counseling, mock court simulations, group discussions, and case studies to provide participants with practical knowledge of the procedures and benefits of filing small claims. The results of the activity indicated that 78% of participants reported a better understanding of the Small Claims mechanism after the training, and 65% stated they were more inclined to use it compared to conventional litigation routes. This training had a positive impact on raising legal awareness, potentially reducing default rates, and contributing to the development of a more inclusive, fair, and sustainable financial system.

This study focuses on the development of an interactive web-based learning platform for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems, aimed at addressing the conceptual challenges faced by electrical engineering students when learning PID through conventional teaching methods. Despite its foundational role in control theory, PID remains difficult to grasp without practical visualization and hands-on experimentation. To bridge this gap, the research introduces a practical and accessible platform that enhances conceptual understanding through real-time simulations and physical interaction. The proposed system integrates key hardware components including an ESP-32 microcontroller, DC motor, rotary encoder, BTS 7960 motor driver, and I2C LCD. The platform’s web interface is built using HTML, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript, enabling intuitive user interaction. Motor response data is captured via the ESP-32 and transmitted to the web interface using the WebSocket protocol, allowing users to instantly visualize system behavior as PID parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) are adjusted. This dynamic feedback mechanism enables students to observe changes in system characteristics such as rise time, overshoot, and settling time in real time. To evaluate the platform’s feasibility, practicality, and educational effectiveness, beta testing was conducted among electrical engineering students using Likert-scale questionnaires. The results demonstrated that users were able to successfully interpret the impact of PID tuning on system performance. The average evaluation score reached 75.13%, indicating strong agreement regarding the platform’s educational value and its effectiveness in enhancing learning outcomes. In conclusion, the study affirms that the developed web-based platform offers a feasible, engaging, and pedagogically effective alternative to traditional learning approaches. By combining interactive simulations with physical experimentation, the platform significantly improves students’ understanding of PID control systems.

Cyberattacks on critical infrastructure have become a major challenge in the era of global digitalization. The problem formulation in this study is how international law is applied to address cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia, what challenges Indonesia faces in enforcing international law regarding cyberattacks on critical infrastructure, and what efforts are made to overcome these challenges in enforcing international law related to cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia. The research method used in this study is normative legal research. The research results show that the enforcement of international law against cyberattacks on critical infrastructure in Indonesia faces significant challenges, such as unclear regulations, issues of state sovereignty, and disagreements between countries. Although Indonesia has participated in international initiatives such as the Budapest Convention and UNGGE, the international law enforcement mechanism is still ineffective in addressing cross-border cyberattacks. Indonesia's domestic law, such as the ITE Law, is still limited in dealing with threats from abroad. Therefore, closer international cooperation, updating domestic policies, and strengthening domestic legal and technological capacities are necessary to ensure more effective and responsive protection against cyber threats.

This study aims to determine the implementation of plant variety protection in Australia. This article will discuss how Australia implements the TRIPs Agreement to provide protection for all technologies, products, pharmaceuticals, plants, and microorganisms that can be patented through Plant Breeder's Rights (PBR). There are three types of intellectual property obtained in the context of plant varieties, namely patent rights, trademark rights, and plant breeding rights. The purpose of protection through PBR is to encourage innovation in plant breeding by granting limited exclusive rights to control its exploitation and prevent unauthorized parties from illegally exploiting the rights of breeders. The research method used in this study is normative law research, employing a statutory approach and an analytical approach.

Measurement is a crucial initial step in the land registration process, as stipulated in Article 19 paragraph (2) letter a of the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA). Article 17 of Government Regulation No. 24 of 1997 on Land Registration emphasizes that measurements must be supported by physical data and boundary arrangements based on the agreement of adjacent landowners. One key principle in this process is the contradictoire delimitatie principle, which requires the presence of interested parties during the determination of land boundaries. This thesis aims to analyze the function of contradictoire delimitatie in the measurement results of the Complete Systematic Land Registration Program (PTSL), as well as to examine the legal consequences if this principle is not implemented. The study is expected to contribute to the development of legal knowledge in the field of land affairs and serve as a reference for academics, legal practitioners, judicial institutions, law enforcement officials, and land authorities. In practice, if the subject of a land parcel is unknown, information is obtained from neighboring landowners, community leaders, or relevant officials, and recorded in the Measurement Sketch (Gambar Ukur or GU). If boundary agreements have not been reached, dotted lines are used to indicate temporary boundaries. When the Work Map is attached to the GU, the landowner or their representative may sign it as a form of boundary agreement. The absence of the contradictoire delimitatie principle hinders the measurement process, map creation, land registration, and issuance of land rights certificates. Furthermore, unclear or poorly maintained boundaries often lead to overlapping claims and disputes in the field.

The rapid development of information technology has an impact on the development of financial services with the presence of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending Financial Technology. The presence of P2P Lending has created its own legal complexities in relation to the legal relationship between lender and borrower and risk mitigation efforts, especially the risk of default without specific collateral. This research aims to analysis the legal relationship between Lender and Borrower and the legal protection for Lender in the event of default risks in the implementation of P2P Lending in Indonesia using a normative legal approach. The results of the research indicate that the legal relationship between lender and borrower is a general loan agreement involving a P2P lending platform as an intermediary between lender and borrower. POJK No. 10/POJK.05/2022 plays an important role as a regulation that ensures risk mitigation in the implementation of P2P lending, including the obligation of operators to transfer funding risks to third parties, which has been implemented by PT Amartha Mikro Fintek in collaboration with PT Jaminan Kredit Indonesia (Persero) to provide guarantee facilities for P2P Lending services to ensure legal protection for Lenders.

This study aims to examine the legal protection of workers' rights who are terminated due to economic recession and to analyze the use of economic recession as a valid reason for termination of employment. This is a normative legal research that uses a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The research relies on primary legal materials such as the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, the Civil Code, Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, and Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, as well as secondary legal materials including books, journals, and scholarly articles. The results of the research show that: 1) an economic recession can be considered a valid reason for termination of employment within a company, as it may fall under the category of force majeure, provided that the company still respects the employment agreement and principles of fairness; and 2) legal protection for workers who are laid off due to an economic recession is divided into two forms: internal legal protection (based on the contents of the employment agreement) and external legal protection (based on statutory provisions). In this regard, workers still have the right to receive severance pay, long service pay, and compensation for entitlements.

The leading causes of maternal mortality are thought to include hemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labor, and hypertensive disease of pregnancy. For many years, demographic and health surveys have been used to study maternal and perinatal health in developing countries. However, few nationwide population surveys have used formally validated questionnaires. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of maternal self-reports of obstetrical complications. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 women at Two Hospitals and one public health center. A questionnaire recorded mothers’ perceptions of obstetrical complications while hospital medical records. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and percent agreement were obtained for obstetrical conditions. Result: In general, women’s reports of obstetrical complications did not match medical diagnoses. The highest agreement was obtained for reporting eclampsia, with less agreement for postpartum haemorrhage. Conclusion: The validity of the survey questionnaires varies between studies due to differences in the questionnaires. Health surveys based on maternal self-report must be interpreted with consideration of this limitation.

A cooperation agreement is a legal instrument that underlies the regulation of rights, obligations, and responsibilities between the parties involved in a collaboration. In the context of public health financing, this agreement aims to ensure access to adequate health services, especially for disadvantaged groups. Along with the reform of the health sistem in Indonesia in recent years, the government has sought to improve accessibility and quality of services through the transformation of the health financing sistem. The National Health Sistem (SKN) as the main framework is organized to ensure equitable health services. One of the crucial components in the SKN is health financing which is realized through the National Health Insurance (JKN). Legal provisions regarding the form and mechanism of this collaboration have been regulated in Law Number 17 of 2023, specifically Article 4 paragraphs (1) and (2), which emphasize that collaboration between BPJS and central and regional government institutions is carried out through a written agreement, which can be in the form of a memorandum of understanding, operational cooperation, functional cooperation, or other forms mutually agreed upon.

This study aims to examine the obstacles and role of the Village Government in the mediation process of family inheritance disputes in Sitampa Simatoras Village, Batang Angkola District, South Tapanuli Regency. Land inheritance disputes often cause internal family conflicts that disturb public peace. This study uses a normative and qualitative approach with primary data through interviews and secondary data from literature and laws and regulations. The results of the study show that the Village Head has an important role as a mediator in resolving disputes, but faces various obstacles. The main obstacles include the emotional attitude of the parties to the dispute, the lack of written evidence and witnesses, the low legal knowledge of the village government, and the lack of standard guidelines on mediation mechanisms at the village level. Even so, the Village Head still tries to carry out his role by bringing together the parties and involving traditional leaders to reach a peace agreement. If mediation fails, then the Village Head suggests a settlement through legal channels. This research emphasizes the importance of strengthening the legal capacity of village governments and the need for clearer regulations regarding the implementation of mediation at the village level as a preventive effort to resolve family-based agrarian conflicts.

Organizing government affairs in the land sector is The National Land Agency (BPN) holds the authority to manage land-related affairs, including the administrative resolution of land disputes within its jurisdiction.The foundation for BPN's ability to act as a mediator and assist the parties in identifying several options for settling conflicts without resorting to decision-making or coercion is Regulation of the Head of BPN No. 11 of 2016. To put it another way, this research approach combines qualitative legal data analysis with a normative legal research methodology. Land disputes that fall under BPN's purview are the focus of this study. A peace agreement signed by involving the disputing parties and the mediator, along with documented proceedings of the mediation process signed by the mediator, document the agreement achieved in the event that mediation is successful. The peace accord that the BPN mediator mediated is exclusively.

This study aims to determine how the process of media transfer of vital archives as an effort to preserve archives at the Surabaya Industrial Training Center. The study used a qualitative approach and involved BDI Surabaya archivists as research subjects. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study showed that the media transfer process had three main stages, such as pre-media transfer, implementation of media transfer, and post-media transfer. Vital archives that were transferred included important documents such as decrees of the head of the training center, land and building certificates, and cooperation agreements or MoUs. This study recommends improving facilities and infrastructure, developing the capacity of archivists, and improving the storage system so that digital archive management is more optimal in the future.

This study investigates the post-merger implementation at PT Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison, following the business combination agreement between PT Indosat Tbk and PT Hutchison Tri Indonesia. The merger implementation has substantial implications for both entities. The research employs a literature review methodology, conducting a descriptive analysis of preceding journals. Findings indicate a mixture of positive and negative effects resulting from the merger at PT Indosat Ooredoo Hutchison. Furthermore, the companies encounter various challenges in executing the merger. Limitations in this study include constraints related to available literature and the sample size, underscoring the necessity for refinements in subsequent research endeavors to yield comprehensive conclusions.