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This study aims to analyze the use of imagery and images in the poems of Sapardi Djoko Damono through a structural approach. Using qualitative methods and Ferdinand de Saussure's structuralism theory, the research focuses on the linguistic structures that form visual, auditory, and kinesthetic imagery in Sapardi's works. The imagery in his poems functions as a medium to present images, sounds, and movements that evoke emotional and intellectual responses from readers. In this analysis, every word and phrase is examined as a sign consisting of the signifier and the signified, which together form rich poetic imagery. The findings indicate that Sapardi meticulously utilizes linguistic structures to create imagery that not only depicts the beauty of nature and everyday life but also conveys nuances of emotions such as solitude, longing, and love. This structural approach enables a deeper understanding of how imagery in Sapardi's poems communicates emotional and symbolic meanings, creating an intuitive and profound reading experience for the audience. This research is expected to contribute to the study of Indonesian poetry and enrich literary analysis perspectives through the structuralism approach.

The elderly are an age group that experiences the aging process with various physical, mental and social changes that affect their quality of life. As the number of elderly people increases in various countries, it is important to have a clear understanding of the scope of the needs and conditions of the elderly from a social, health and economic perspective. The aim of this research is to determine the scope of the needs and conditions of the elderly. This research method uses a qualitative approach and involves literature study, data collection techniques using interview methods and literature research. This research discusses the health needs and conditions of the elderly, with a focus on medical aspects of care, including ongoing care and management of chronic conditions (such as diabetes, cholesterol and high blood pressure). Elderly people also experience several challenges, such as accessing health care facilities which is often difficult due to distance, physical limitations, or dependence on family for care. Therefore, researchers hope to provide a deeper understanding of the challenges and needs of the elderly, as well as families spending more time providing care.  

This research discusses various schools of Kalam science, including Ash'ariyah, Maturidiyah, Mu'tazilah, and Wahhabiyah and examines the core ideas that underlie them. Each school presents a unique approach in understanding humans' relationship with God, freedom and moral responsibility through a combination of rational (aqli) and textual (naqli) arguments. This article explores how the development of theological thought not only enriched the Islamic intellectual tradition, but also shaped the community's response to social and political dynamics throughout history. Using qualitative methods based on literature study, this research analyzes the relevance of these schools of thought in responding to the challenges of the modern era. The research findings emphasize the importance of moderation and tolerance as the main foundation for maintaining harmony in the diversity of Islamic thought. This article provides a fresh perspective that can be a strategic reference in developing inclusive theological discussions amidst the challenges of the contemporary world.

This study discusses the material on the relationship between multicultural education and the democratic political system in Indonesia from the perspective of Islamic Religious Education. Multicultural education adheres to the principle of equality of rights and degrees in education, regardless of differences in ethnicity, race, religion and culture. Meanwhile, in the existing democratic political system in Indonesia, adhering to the Pancasila Democracy system which holds the principle of difference is the capital of unity, different but still one in the frame of freedom for each individual to choose the direction of democracy and politics, but does not cause division in one unit as a child of the nation. The results of this study show that there is a strong relationship between multicultural education and the democratic political system in Indonesia based on the perspective of Islamic Religious Education, the relationship is as follows: 1) Divine relationship, 2) Justice relationship, 3) Equal relationship of rights and degrees, and 4) Independence relationship.

Character education plays a central role in shaping individuals with morality, integrity, and the ability to face contemporary challenges. From the perspective of hadith, character education emphasizes values such as honesty, patience, compassion, and responsibility as life guidelines. However, in the modern era, various challenges such as the influence of social media, value globalization, and digital inequality often hinder the ideal formation of character among the younger generation. This study aims to explore the urgency of character education based on the hadith of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), identify the primary issues in its implementation, and offer solutions relevant to the challenges of modern education. The identified problems include shifts in moral values due to technology, a lack of integration of character values into curricula, and insufficient synergy between schools, families, and communities. his research employs a qualitative method using a literature review approach, analyzing relevant hadiths and contemporary character education theories. The findings indicate that effective solutions include integrating character values into the curriculum, adopting role-model-based teaching approaches, and utilizing technology to support innovative character education. Through these strategies, character education from the perspective of hadith can be effectively implemented to shape individuals with noble character, adaptability, and relevance to modern-era challenges.  

This article examines the perspectives of Islamic law and positive law regarding the age limit for marriage. Age is generally seen as an indicator of maturity, though it is not always a reliable measure. The aim of this study is to explore the views of both Islamic law and positive law on the marriage age limit and its relevance in today's context. The research employs a normative juridical method, focusing on the applicable legal regulations. The findings reveal that Islamic law does not specify a particular age limit for marriage; rather, it relates to the stages of baligh (maturity) and rushd (wisdom). In contrast, positive law sets the marriage age limit for both men and women at 19 years.  

This study critically examines access to justice for minors who are victims of rape in the context of the Indonesian criminal justice system, with a special focus on the human rights (HAM) perspective. This study is motivated by the high number of cases of sexual violence against children and the complexity of handling them in the Indonesian legal system. The research problem is how to protect human rights for minors who are victims of rape in the law enforcement system in Indonesia. The research method uses qualitative normative legal research by analyzing legal doctrine and related legislation. The research method used is qualitative normative legal research, namely examining various laws and regulations and related literature to understand legal principles and their implementation in the field. The results of the study show that in terms of legal-normative, the protection of children's human rights is regulated in various national and international laws and regulations. However, there are several challenges in its implementation in the field such as limited understanding of law enforcement officers, facilities, and implementing regulations. For this reason, it is necessary to strengthen socialization, legal frameworks and implementation facilities, and continuous evaluation in order to realize universal protection of children's human rights. This study identifies systemic challenges faced by victims in seeking justice, including child-unfriendly legal procedures, lack of psychosocial support, and persistent social stigma. The main findings of this study indicate a significant gap between international human rights standards on child protection and practice on the ground. This study argues for a comprehensive reform of the Indonesian criminal justice system to better accommodate the needs and rights of child victims, including the provision of specialized legal assistance, increased sensitivity of law enforcement officers, and the development of a justice mechanism that focuses on recovery. This study offers concrete recommendations for system improvement, which are expected to serve as a reference for policymakers, legal practitioners, and other stakeholders in efforts to improve access to justice for child rape victims in Indonesia.    

This study examines Chairil Anwar's poem "Diponegoro" from the perspective of literary sociology, focusing on the analysis of the values ​​of struggle contained therein. This poem depicts the figure of Prince Diponegoro as a symbol of resistance against colonialism, which reflects the spirit of the Indonesian people's struggle during the colonial period. Through the approach of literary sociology according to Wellek and Warren. This analysis also pays attention to how Chairil Anwar uses the figure of Diponegoro to convey messages about courage, sacrifice, and steadfastness in fighting oppression. The results of the study show that the poem "Diponegoro" not only functions as an individual expression of the author, but also as a form of representation of the collective aspirations of the people who are fighting for independence. Thus, the values ​​of struggle in this poem have strong social relevance, illustrating the relationship between literary works and the social dynamics around them.

The role of a lawyer is very necessary and important in order to help the defendant prepare and submit a defense memorandum (pledoi) from the perspective of legal argumentation which is based on logical and accountable thinking. We will discuss about the issued: how the defense memorandum (pledoi) functions for defendants undergoing the criminal case examination process and How aspect legal argumentation in the defense memorandum (pledoi) prepared by the lawyer. The conclusions obtained are first, the function of the defense memorandum (pledoi) for defendants undergoing the criminal case examination process is as a forum for the defendant to defend himself against the accusations or demands submitted by the public prosecutor and to convince the panel of judges trying the a quo case that the defendant should not be sentenced to justice. or at least punished with the lightest punishment possible. Second, the legal argumentation aspect in the defense memorandum (pledoi) prepared by the lawyer is a clear and logical explanation in the context of defense, rebuttal, and/or refutation of the public prosecutor's accusations and demands based on legal thoughts or views as a result of an interpretation or reasoning. law.

Based on the objectives of the Republic of Indonesia, which protects every right and existence in order to provide welfare to its people, it is evident that technological advancement also has a significant impact on the healthcare world. Medical malpractice is a medical act that can be highly detrimental, as it directly affects the community by causing negligence in medical services. In this regard, legislation provides protection to the Indonesian people and safeguards their rights as recipients of healthcare services. The aim of this research is to examine the criminal responsibility of healthcare professionals in cases of malpractice. The author also employs a juridical research method, where the main issue serves as the primary data, and in order to provide strong results, legal regulations are used as secondary data to offer an assessment for addressing malpractice cases transparently. The results of this research explain that a doctor can be legally prosecuted for their negligence in providing healthcare services, both from the perspective of law and medical ethics.  

The rapid advancement of knowledge and information technology has reshaped the perspectives and lifestyles of Indonesian citizens, particularly through innovations like Artificial Intelligence (AI), which automates various tasks and simplifies human activities. However, the misuse of AI has become a critical issue in 2023, especially in spreading sophisticated fake information. To address this, Law No. 1 of 2024, amending Law No. 11 of 2008 on Information and Electronic Transactions, is expected to combat AI software misuse effectively. This study investigates the legal implications of AI misuse, particularly concerning privacy and personal data security, and examines its interpretation under Articles 27 and 32 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law to enhance law enforcement and safeguard individual privacy rights. Using a normative legal research approach, the findings reveal that AI misuse, such as manipulating photos and videos, violates data protection laws, including the GDPR in the European Union and Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Act. Such violations can lead to severe penalties, legal consequences, and reputational damage for companies. Recognized as a form of cybercrime, AI misuse is addressed under Article 35 of the Information and Electronic Transactions Law, which provides a specialized legal framework for handling such offenses comprehensively.

Changes in the health insurance system in Indonesia continue to evolve, one of which is implementing the Standard Inpatient Class (KRIS) policy as a replacement for the BPJS Health class system based on Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 59 of 2024. This policy is designed to unify healthcare classes to reduce disparities in healthcare access and quality in Indonesia. However, its implementation is faced with key challenges, including hospital infrastructure readiness, limited human resources, and criticism from various parties, including patients and healthcare providers. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods to review various policy documents, relevant literature, and legal and social perspectives related to policy implementation. The results show that although KRIS has the potential to reduce disparities in access to health services, its implementation requires more attention to the readiness of health facilities, strengthening management systems, and budget adjustments to support optimal operations. Furthermore, this policy requires the active involvement of the community and health workers in the evaluation and decision-making process so that the policy is more responsive to the real needs in the field. The theoretical approaches used, such as public policy theory and progressive law, highlight the importance of cooperation between the government, healthcare providers, and communities to ensure effective and equitable implementation of KRIS. This research suggests improving hospital infrastructure, continuous training for health workers, and strengthening a transparent monitoring system to ensure the success of this policy. This research is expected to make a positive contribution to the formulation of health policies that are more inclusive and sustainable and can serve as a reference in efforts to realize a more equitable and fair health service system for all Indonesians.

The main objective of this study is to present a comprehensive perspective on the interrelationship and impact of financial literacy, financial digitalization, and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) on the growth and adaptability of SMEs in today's dynamic business landscape. This research uses a systematic literature observation method to collect, analyze and synthesize relevant findings from various published literature sources, especially selections in the Scopus database. The primary focus of this study is to examine the correlation between financial literacy and financial digitalization, and how they impact SMEs' financial management capabilities and utilization of available financial technology. The findings show that financial literacy and financial digitalization are important areas of study that have received increasing attention in recent years. This research highlights the challenges in accessing finance and reducing collateral demands, indicating the struggles that SMEs are currently facing.

The development of communication and information technology currently has a major impact on the pattern of public complaints about public services which in the era of digital democracy are inseparable from the dynamics of regional government. The presence of regulations regarding public services through Law Number 25 of 2009 and various derivative regulations in the implementation of regional government is an important part of moving towards a more democratic life. This study aims to discuss the policy of the South Sumatera Provincial Government in handling public service complaints through electronic communication media in the era of digital democracy from a political and public policy perspective. The study uses a combination of normative legal methods and secondary data analysis. The study concludes that politically, handling public complaints about regional government services is a positive thing. In the context of digital democracy and the quality of public services, the response of the regional government to public complaints is a measure of good governance. The issuance of Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2013, Governor Regulation Number 26 of 2016, and Governor Regulation Number 9 of 2022 are concrete manifestations of public policy. As a product of the political process, this is substantively related to public services and public complaints in the digital era. The existence of an electronic complaint channel regarding public services opens up space for increasing public awareness of their rights. Political life will be more democratic when communication between the government and the people runs functionally. There are several regional policy substances that need to be improved.

This study analyzes the application of production theory in the economy of East Kutai, especially in the mining and oil palm plantation sectors. The main focus is on the basic principles of production theory such as the law of diminishing returns, economies of scale, and isoquant curves, and their relevance in improving production efficiency. The study also considers the perspective of Islamic economics which emphasizes sustainability and justice in production. The results of the study indicate that the application of appropriate production theory can reduce costs and increase output, as well as support sustainable and inclusive economic growth in East Kutai.

The case of serial rape committed by I Wayan Agus Suartama, a man with a disability, raises complex debates about punishment and the rights of persons with disabilities. This research aims to analyze the criminalization of the criminal case of rape from the perspective of criminal law and the rights of persons with disabilities in Indonesia. The research method used is juridical-normative research by analyzing cases and interviews with legal experts and disability activists. The results showed that the criminalization of the case had not been adequately considered and considered the rights of persons with disabilities and needed improvement in terms of accessibility, education and awareness about disability. This research recommends improvements to criminal law and policies for the protection of persons with disabilities to promote social justice and equality.  

This article discusses the meaning of philosophy of science in everyday life and its relevance for individuals and society. Using qualitative research methods with a literature review approach, this research examines various sources that explain how the philosophy of science can be applied in real life contexts. Research shows that philosophy of science is not only an academic discipline, but also serves as a guide in decision making, ethical development, and self-understanding. Through the application of philosophical principles, individuals can make better moral choices, improve critical thinking skills, and build healthier interpersonal relationships. Additionally, this article highlights the importance of awareness of environmental desirability as part of the moral responsibility resulting from philosophical thought. Thus, the philosophy of science plays an important role in shaping human perspectives and actions in the complex modern era.

Dumping, characterized by selling goods at below-market prices in export markets, poses significant ethical and economic concerns in global trade. Islamic law (shariah), with its emphasis on justice, equity, and harm reduction, provides a unique lens for analyzing such practices. This review synthesizes insights from scholarly works to explore the compatibility of Islamic legal principles with anti-dumping measures. Key findings include Islamic jurisprudence’s proactive stance against predatory pricing (siyasah al-ighraq) for its potential to harm market stability and marginalize smaller producers. Studies show that Islamic law prioritizes public welfare (maslahah) and promotes ethical market behaviors, offering alternative regulatory perspectives to address trade malpractice. Through case studies like Indonesia’s WTO defense on paper dumping and comparative analyses with Saudi trade laws, this review highlights the robust ethical foundation Islamic law brings to contemporary international trade debates. The synthesis concludes by advocating integrative frameworks to harmonize Islamic ethics with global trade governance.

This research conducts a comprehensive juridical analysis of interfaith marriage within the framework of Indonesian positive law, examining the legal complexities and regulatory challenges in the current legal system. The study critically analyzes the existing legal instruments, including Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974, compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant Supreme Court decisions that govern interfaith marriages in Indonesia. Through doctrinal legal research methodology, this study investigates the legal vacuum surrounding interfaith marriages and its implications on citizens' constitutional rights. The research examines how different legal interpretations by civil registry offices, religious courts, and other legal institutions affect the implementation of interfaith marriage regulations. Findings indicate substantial inconsistencies in legal interpretation and application, leading to legal uncertainty for couples seeking interfaith marriages. The study reveals that while Indonesian positive law does not explicitly prohibit interfaith marriages, the absence of clear regulatory frameworks often results in practical obstacles and varying administrative practices across different regions. The research also explores how judicial decisions have shaped the legal landscape of interfaith marriages, analyzing landmark cases that have influenced current legal practices. This study concludes that there is an urgent need for legal reform to provide clear guidelines for interfaith marriages that align with constitutional principles while respecting religious values and human rights in Indonesia's pluralistic society.

This research aims to explore the role of the Christian Religious Education (PAK) curriculum in improving the spirituality of youth in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach, this study involved in-depth interviews with teachers, students and practitioners of Christian Religious Education to obtain a holistic perspective regarding the influence of the curriculum on the formation of the spirituality of the younger generation. The research results show that the PAK curriculum has an important role in instilling moral values, strengthening faith, and forming the character of Christian youth. The implementation of a relevant and contextual curriculum allows young people to understand and appreciate religious teachings more deeply, so as to improve the quality of their relationships with God and each other. This research also found that there are challenges in implementing a curriculum that is able to adapt to current developments and technology without ignoring the substance of spirituality. Therefore, the success of the PAK curriculum in increasing youth spirituality is highly dependent on the active involvement of educators and educational institutions in creating an environment that supports learning that is holistic and relevant to the spiritual needs of today's youth.