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Analytics

Elga Belfani; Efni Anita; Sri Rahma

Jurnal Kajian dan Penalaran Ilmu Manajemen 2023 CV. Aksara Global Akademia

This research aims to find out the influence of capital, location and promotion on business development among UMKM in the culinary sector in Talang Banjar, East Jambi. This research uses a quantitative approach and the data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis. The sample used was 100 UMKM actors in the Talang Banjar sub-district.             The results of research on capital partially influence business development obtained a value of 2,150 > 1,660 and a significant value of 0.034 < 0.05. Location partially influences business development, with a value of 2,101> 1,660 and a significant value of 0.038 < 0.05. Promotion partially influences business development, with a value of 1,934> 1,660 and a significant value of 0.032 < 0.05. The research results based on the f test show that the calculated f value of 3,695 is greater than the f table of 2,698 or 3,695 > 2,698. So it can be concluded that Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted, which means that there is a significant influence between capital, location and promotion simultaneously or together influencing business development. The Adjusted R Square value is 0.475 or 47.5%. This shows that the business development variable is influenced by capital, location and promotion by 47.5%, while the remaining 52.5% of the business development value is influenced by other variables not included in the research

Hasbiyadi Hasbiyadi; Andi Sulfati; Edy Jumadi; Ruslan Ahmad; Marwah Yusuf +2 more

Jurnal Nusantara Berbakti 2023 Universitas Kristen Indonesia Toraja

The aim of this training activity is to increase the knowledge and abilities of MSME business actors in the field of digital marketing. This digital marketing socialization activity was carried out in Sanrobone village, Takalar district, which was the result of collaboration between the Sanroboe village government and STIEM Bongaya Makassar. This community service uses a participatory approach. Method of delivering material in the form of lectures. The speaker uses the lecture form to deliver the activity material, then continues with a discussion. This activity was attended by 15 MSME players. The observation results are that most MSME entrepreneurs have not done digital marketing well. There are several obstacles in managing MSMEs, namely human resource capabilities are still low, the market share of goods/services produced by MSMEs is still limited, lack of capital, and not having a good bookkeeping system. as well as a lack of understanding by the perpetrators. Follow-up activities are expected to be more technical in the form of training and technical guidance related to Digital Marketing for MSME development, both manually and application-based.

Nursyafni Syafia; Bambang Kurniawan; Khusnul Istiqomah

Jurnal Penelitian Manajemen dan Inovasi Riset 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research was motivated by the small number of customers at the Rahn Tasjily Agreement at Pegadaian UPS Manggis Bukittinggi. The purpose of this research is to find out how the Rahn Tasjily Agreement is implemented at the UPS Manggis Bukittinggi pawnshop and also to find out the obstacles faced in implementing the Rahn Tasjily Agreement. This research includes field study research with qualitative descriptive methods, and uses primary and secondary data sources, as well as data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation. The research results obtained by the author after analyzing the data are the marketing strategy implemented by the UPS Manggis Bukittinggi pawnshop in implementing the Rahn Tasjily Agreement, namely by using Crossselling, Upselling, Literacy. The pricing strategy is good. The implementation of the contract is also good, where the product is made to help people who want to borrow money for business capital, but in terms of promotion it is not optimal. The obstacles faced by the UPS Manggis Bukittinggi pawnshop in implementing the Rahn Tasjily Agreement are limited marketing time, inadequate promotional facilities and a lack of public understanding of the Rahn Tasjily Agreement.  

Ferdiansyah Dista Pratama Putra; Ustadus Sholihin; Zulfia Rahmawati

Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Manajemen 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

The development of the business world and increasingly rapid economic developments encourage business competitors to improve company performance. The establishment of a company must have clear goals. To achieve the company's goal of making a profit, various strong supporting factors are needed, one of which is good funding management. Determining the optimal level of capital structure is a funding decision in achieving company goals. This research aims to determine the partial and simultaneous influence between Return On Assets, Return On Equity and Net Profit Margin on Profit Growth in Cigarette Companies Listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the 2019-2021 Period.This research is descriptive research with a quantitative approach. The data source used is a secondary data source originating from the Indonesian Stock Exchange website. The sampling technique in this research used the purposive sampling method. The research results show that the Return On Asset variable has no influence on Profit Growth in Cigarette Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2021, then the Return On Equity variable has no influence on Profit Growth in Cigarette Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2021 , then the Net Profit Margin variable has no influence on Cigarette Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange 2019-2021, and Return On Assets, Return On Equity, and Net Profit Margin simultaneously have an influence on Profit Growth in Cigarette Companies listed on the Stock Exchange Indonesia 2019-2021.

Melyati Melyati; Junda Harahap; Aminah Lubis

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Zakat is the fourth pillar of Islam that must be carried out by a Muslim who has been able to achieve the nisab that has been determined and the time of ownership has reached 1 haul. The legal basis regarding zakat is in the Al-Quran surah Al-Baqarah verse 110. The collection of zakat funds is carried out to help people in need, especially mustahik people who receive zakat. Through this research, it is hoped that it will be known how BAZNAS in Padang Lawas district carries out its duties as a zakat management institution and the extent to which BAZNAS has contributed to improving the economy of the Islamic community in the region. The results of this research can be an important input for BAZNAS and other related parties to continue to improve the effectiveness of zakat fund management and community economic empowerment. The results of this study indicate that the management of zakat funds in BAZNAS Padang Lawas district. It has 2 types of distribution of zakat funds, namely consumptive zakat and productive zakat where productive zakat has an economic program where BAZNAS provides business capital to Muslim communities who submit application proposals to the Padang Lawas district BAZNAS office to help improve the community's economy but lack the skills of mustahiq who receive zakat capital in developing their business so that they are given training for those who are really interested in running a business. In this way, it is hoped that it will reduce the failure of mustahik to receive business capital.

Viki Raodhatul Jannah; Sugeng Priyanto

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of Growth Opportunity, Leverage, Firm Size  and Net Working Capital  variables on Cash Holding  in Property and Real Estate Sector Companies. The population used in this study is Property and Real Estate Sector Companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange with a research observation period of 2018 – 2022. Sample selection criteria using  the purposive sampling  method based on predetermined criteria and have been adjusted to the purpose of the research problem, obtained a total of 43 samples from 87 companies. The data analysis technique used in this study Multiple Linear Regression Analysis with SPSS program tool version 21. The results of this study show that Growth Opportunity, Leverage, Firm Size and Net Working Capital have a significant effect on Cash Holding.

Via Ullya Syafitri; Agustina Mutia; Mohammad Orinaldi

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Economic life cannot be separated from the important role of the financial services sector in general and banking in particular. It is through this media that the aim is to realize a healty economy by empowering existing funds or investment potential in the community which can be channeled into various productive activities so that healthy economic growth can be achieved and avoid usury. There are several financing products such as mudharabah, ar-rahn, and qardhul hasan. Baitul Maal Wat-Tamwil to provide financing to small businesses cannot possibly be replaced by sharia banks, because it is impossible for sharia banks to operate in small scale financing, while the community needs small capital. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of knowledge the intention to use murabahah financing in the Baitul Maal Wa-Tamwil Al-Ishlah, Jambi City, to determine the effect of public perceptions on yhe interest in using murabahah financing in the Baitul Maal Wat-Tamwil Al-Ishlah, Jambi City, and to determine the influence of public knowledge and perceptions of interest in using murabahah financing in Baitul Maal Wat-Tamwil, Jambi City. This research is a quantitative research, collecting data using questionnaires and questionnaires. The sampel for this research was the local community in RT 19, Simpang IV Sipin Subdistrict, Telanaipura District, Jambi City, totaling 86 peole. The reseacrh results show that the variables of knowledge and public perception influence interest in using murabahah financing. The results of calculating the coefficient of determination show that the variables of knowledge and public perception are 76,9% and 23,1% influenced by other variables outside this reseach.  

Ari Sukmawati Diningrat; Anwar Bowo Leksono; Suseno Hendratmoko

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

A bank health assessment is needed to find out whether the condition of the bank is unhealthy, sick or healthy so that the company can take appropriate steps to handle it. The choice of CAR (Capital Adequacy Ratio) as the dependent variable is because according to Bank Indonesia, the Capital Adequacy Ratio is the most important indicator in maintaining the level of bank health. Meanwhile, the choice of ROA (Return On Assets) and ROE (Return On Equity) is because Return On Assets and Return On Equity are aspects of assessing the health of a bank as seen from its ability to generate profits. This research has an important objective to evaluate the financial performance of PT. BTPN Bank by considering ROA, ROE and CAR. With this research, PT. Bank BTPN will know whether the profits generated from Assets and Equity affect the Capital Adequacy value. The sampling technique in this research used purposive sampling, while the sample taken was PT's quarterly financial report. BTPN Bank for the 2014-2022 period consisted of 36 samples obtained through documentation and literature study. From the results of the analysis carried out, the research results show that partially Return On Assets has a positive and significant effect on the Capital Adequacy Ratio, Return On Equity has a negative and significant effect on the Capital Adequacy Ratio, and simultaneously Return On Assets and Return On Equity have a positive and significant effect but not very strong on PT's Capital Adequacy Ratio. National Pension Savings Bank in the 2014-2022 period with evidence of an R Square value of 0.304 or 30.4%.  

Dio Rahma Fauzi; Ana Ramdhayanti; Usran Masahere

Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Manajemen 2023 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study aims to examine the effect of asset growth and capital structure on profitability either simultaneously or partially. The population in this study are several employees of PT. Asuransi Buana Independent, totaling 97 people, the selection of the research sample was based on the slovin sampling technique with random sampling. And the data analysis method used is descriptive and multiple linear regression analysis, the results of this study show that the regression equation is the Profitability value Y = 4,548 asset growth and 6,479 capital structure. The results of this test show that asset growth has a significant effect on profitability, and also capital structure has a significant effect on profitability because the tcount is greater than ttable.

Chindi Lainora; Sabirin Iskandar; Abdullah Abdullah

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research aims to determine whether the company's working capital has shown efficiency in increasing better profit growth. The author's research object is PT. Makassar Industrial Zone (Persero). This research method is descriptive research using quantitative methods. Quantitative data is numerical data, data obtained from financial reports. Researchers use data collection techniques accompanied by documentation. The results of the research show that the efficiency ratio shows the turnover of fixed assets that are sold a lot so that the turnover of receivables increases so that profitability can increase profit growth. So it is concluded that profit growth at PT. Makassar Industrial Zone (Persero) working capital management has not been shown to be efficient.

Nuraini, Nuraini; Majid, Nazori; Agusriandi, Agusriandi

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi 2023 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Socio-economic relations are everything related to economic actions in meeting community needs such as clothing, food and shelter. In meeting economic needs, a person no longer looks at differences in ethnicity, race or religion. Kijang Island Village is the capital of Reteh District with land used as a coconut plantation by coconut farmers. The phenomenon that occurs is that farmers prioritize selling their harvest to tokeh in Kijang Island Village. This cannot be separated from the influence of a tokeh who is highly trusted by the community so that coconut farmers are very dependent on selling their harvest to the tokeh. The aim of this research is to find out about the socio-economic relations between farmers and coconut tokeh in Pulau Kijang Village, Reteh District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province, as well as to find out the cooperative relationship between farmers and coconut tokeh in Pulau Kijang Village, Reteh District, Indragiri Hilir Regency, Riau Province. . In this study the method used was qualitative by checking the validity of the data using triangulation techniques. The results of the research show that the socio-economic relationship between farmers and coconut tokeh occurs because they have the same relationship goals, namely the goal of needing each other's help in buying and selling and receivables and tokeh needs farmers to become regular customers.

Adriansyah Hidayat; Muhammad Yafiz

JUREKSI (Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance) 2023 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Investment is a benchmark for whether a country can be said to have a good or low level of economic growth. The rate of investment affects the level of state welfare because investment encourages the state to create production to fulfill state affairs and the nation's welfare. Investment policy also has a positive role in reducing poverty and unemployment, because economic growth depends on high savings and investment. If savings and investment are low then the economic growth of society and the country will also be low. To achieve the goal of realizing the vision and mission or objectives of the One Stop Integrated Investment and Services Agency (DPMPTSP) itself, an appropriate promotional strategic work plan is needed to be considered by the regional government, so that investment in North Sumatra increases. Various activities have not had a significant impact in increasing investment, the increase in promotional activities carried out is not in line with the increase in investment value. The research technique used in this research can be a subjective expressive qualitative strategy, in the form of specific information in terms of words that match the characteristics subjective approach. Qualitative is collecting important and additional information through perception, interviews and documentation. The results of this research show that the North Sumatra Provincial Government has implemented an investment strategy, improved the quality and skills of the community through training, and carried out comprehensive investment promotion activities (such as holding seminars and investment forum meetings) at home and abroad. Accelerate infrastructure development and support regional investment development. Distribution of Capital Investment; Focus on Food, Infrastructure and Energy Development; Environmentally sound investment (green investment) Empowerment of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises and Cooperatives (UMKMK); Providing facilities, convenience and investment incentives; and Investment Promotion. A conducive and competitive investment climate.    

Amandus B.S. Klau; Kristianto RM Naben; Rini Kartini

SABER : Jurnal Teknik Informatika, Sains dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2023 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

This article aims to describe the dual face of digital transformation. On the one hand, the communication and information technology revolution which has now reached the digitalization stage makes it very easy for humans to communicate and carry out their work. However, on the other hand, this progress also brings problems to humanity. By applying critical analytical studies, this research finds that the problems caused by the technological revolution are not only related to negative impacts as a consequence of the limitations and misuse of the technology, but are also related to more systemic impacts. Digital transformation has been inevitably connected to the capitalist system and the way how market works, which in practice makes the majority of humanity mere objects of exploitation and alienation. Recognizing this serious problem, this research also recommends that the ongoing technological revolution be addressed more critically and wisely.

Evi Febriani Rambe

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2023 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

This research aims to describe the application of the precautionary principle in dealing with bad credit and to determine the assessment in providing financing to PT. BSM Kcp Script. This type of research is descriptive qualitative, data collection techniques use interviews and documentation, data analysis uses qualitative data analysis techniques using inductive thinking, and this research data uses primary data sources obtained from supporting sources, namely books, the internet and literature. other. PT. BSM Kcp Aksara has applied the precautionary principle in bad credit using the 5C principle analysis, which includes Character, Capacity, Capital, Condition and Colliteral as well as producers that customers must go through in submitting financing applications, providing financing, paying financing installments and obstacles to bad credit. . The results of this research, PT. BSM Kcp Aksara in implementing the principle of prudence in the financing that has been carried out is not good enough, BSM provides financing by emphasizing the 5C principle which includes Character, Capacity, Capital, Condition and Collateral. The important thing in providing financing to customers is Collateral (Guarantee). Judging from the results of customer data, the 5C principle has not been able to completely prevent bad credit due to the Account Office (AO) being less careful in analyzing financing. However, BSM's consistency in handling problematic financing customers has been carried out according to producers by collecting them periodically and providing warning letters I, II and III in stages.  

Hilda Melia Faradila; Andrik Gastri Widjatmiko

Jurnal Ekonomi dan Keuangan 2023 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

In the current era of very tight business competition, companies are required to improve their financial performance. To be able to assess the company's financial performance, all interested parties need to know the company's financial condition as seen from the company's financial reports. To assess the company's financial performance, it can be shown through the financial reports presented by the company management. The importance of the liquidity ratio for financial performance is because liquidity has a fairly close relationship with the company's ability to earn profits (profitability), namely liquidity shows the level of availability of working capital needed for operational activities. Having sufficient working capital makes it possible for the company to operate optimally and not experience difficulties due to the financial crisis. However, excessive working capital actually shows that there are unproductive funds and gives the impression that the company is releasing them to make a profit. Ideally, the company's working capital should be available in sufficient quantities to finance the company's various activities, which means there is no shortage of capital and no idle resources. In this way, the company's ability to improve its financial performance on its assets is maximized, and the current ratio is one of the components of the liquidity ratio used in this research.

Andriani, Beid Fitrianova; A. Tarmizi; Putri E., Aurelia Zahwa

Jurnal Riset Rumpun Ilmu Ekonomi 2023 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This thesis is entitled Analysis of the Application of Islamic Business Ethics in Business Success (Study on Ilham's rempeyek business in Jambi City). This study aims to determine the application of Islamic business ethics in accordance with the principles of Islamic business ethics according to Faisal Badroen and the indicators of business success are capital, income, sales volume, production output and labor. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, where in collecting data the researcher uses observation, interview and documentation methods. The results showed that Ilham's peanut brittle business had implemented Islamic business ethics well in running his business and had a positive impact on the success of his business. Obstacles in applying Islamic business ethics to Ilham's peanut brittle business in Jambi city are keeping promises caused by a lack of manpower in the production sector causing delays in product delivery to consumers and inaccuracy in delivering products to consumers. The solution in applying Islamic business ethics to Ilham's peanut brittle business in the city of Jambi is to recruit workers, especially in the production sector so that production results can meet consumer demands and be more careful and thorough when delivering products to consumers.

Alya Elva Lianda Nasution; Arnida Wahyuni Lubis

Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Manajemen (EBISMEN) 2023 FEB Universitas Maritim Semarang

Esources such as capital and office infrastructure. Human resources are the most important thing for an institution, because humans have the ability to set goals, collaborate, and work so that planned goals are achieved. Likewise, it is no less important than the office infrastructure in an institution that has a big influence in efforts to increase work efficiency and effectiveness. Therefore, an institution really needs office infrastructure that can be used by employees in carrying out their duties and responsibilities so that administrative activities and other operational activities can run well and smoothly. Office infrastructure is one of the factors that supports the success of an institution in achieving the organization's goals. Office facilities and infrastructure are an important part that need to be prepared ideally and continuously so that they can ensure the smooth running of employee work activities. Considering that office facilities and infrastructure are very important in efforts to facilitate employee work activities, therefore it is necessary to manage adequate facilities and infrastructure. Means are anything that is used as a tool to achieve aims and objectives, means are more indicated for moving objects such as computers and machines. Infrastructure is something that is the main support for the implementation of the process (Business, Development, Project), infrastructure is more indicated for immovable objects such as buildings, space, land. Work effectiveness is a condition that shows the level of success of management activities in achieving goals including quantity work, quality of work, and timeliness in completing work. Effectiveness is often associated with an efficient system, so that the service process takes place effectively, optimally and on time, thereby eliminating the need for overtime work with its implications. The efficiency of work processes, the level of effectiveness of office technology users, and the comfort of the work environment will directly and indirectly influence employee performance in completing assigned tasks. Apart from that, there are also various factors that influence work effectiveness, including: time, tasks, productivity, motivation, work evaluation, supervision, work environment, equipment and facilities. It is logical and appropriate if increasing effectiveness is made one of the government's long-term targets in implementing its strategy. Based on the phenomena presented above, it is clear that the Office of Industry, Trade, Energy and Mineral Resources of North Sumatra Province has not been well managed regarding infrastructure and has not complied with the appropriate regulatory principles. Problems like this should be addressed immediately and maximized so that in the future it can be as good as it should be. If this is resolved, it will certainly create a comfortable and conducive atmosphere so that employees can carry out their work responsibilities well and optimally. Therefore, the researcher was interested and conducted research as a result of an internship, with the title "The influence of the lack of office infrastructure on the effectiveness of employee performance

Cicik Vistanika Metara; Ustadus Sholihin; Zulfia Rahmawati

Intellektika : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 2023 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

The purpose of this study was to determine the health assessment of PT. Bank Negara Indonesia Persero Tbk which has been registered on the IDX is reviewed from the aspects of Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earnings and Capital. This type of research is quantitative research and uses the RGEC method. From this research, on the Risk Profile which was measured using NPL, the results obtained in 2017, 2018 and 2019 were ranked 1, namely very healthy, in 2020 and 2021 they were ranked 2, namely healthy. In Good Corporate Governance, it has been stable for 5 years, ranking 2, namely good. In Earnings which are measured using Return On Assets, the results obtained in 2017, 2018 and 2019 were ranked 1, namely very healthy, in 2020 they were ranked 3, namely quite healthy, and in 2021 they were ranked 2, namely healthy. In terms of capital, which is measured using the Capital Adequacy Ratio, the consecutive results obtained in 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were ranked 1, namely very healthy.

Giga Azayaka Tatanka Putra; Ahmad Idris

Intellektika : Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa 2023 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

Bank Indonesia issued regulations regarding the assessment of the health level of commercial banks based on PBI No.13/1/PBI/2011 using the RGEC method, which includes the following components: Risk profile, Good Corporate Governance (GCG), Earnings, and Capital. This study aims to determine the condition of commercial banks as either very healthy, healthy, or sufficiently healthy, and to compare the health levels between Government-Owned Commercial Banks and National Private Commercial Banks. The research results indicate that the overall score for NPL, LDR, GCG, ROA, ROE, NIM, BOPO, and CAR ratios from 2017 to 2021 for National Private Commercial Banks is more stable compared to Government-Owned Commercial Banks, which means that the performance of National Private Commercial Banks is better overall. Although Government-Owned Commercial Banks performed better in terms of total score in 2017 and 2018, they experienced a decline in subsequent years. The assessment shows that National Private Commercial Banks perform better or health in terms of profitability and net income. Both types of commercial banks perform equally well in reducing non-performing loans, providing funds to their debtors, and maintaining capital adequacy.

Ni Luh Putu Novita Sari; Dewa Gede Pradnya Yustiawan

Mandub: Jurnal Politik, Sosial, Hukum dan Humaniora 2023 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

Small-scale retail is an economic business that stands alone with capital and is carried out by people who sell Consumer legal protection for the community is very important. Therefore, a synergistic relationship between consumers, employers and the government is needed to realize the performance of customer safety in society. The reason of writing on this thesis includes a standard objective, particularly to meet one of the necessities and duties of finishing a examine to gain a Bachelor of Laws diploma on the Faculty of Law, Udayana University and a particular objective, particularly to recognize and recognize the shape of criminal safety for purchasers in shopping for and promoting transactions of iPhone ex-inter. experiencing IMEI blocking. The approach utilized in scripting this thesis is a normative juridical writing approach that applies the ideas of fantastic law, in scripting this thesis numerous procedures are used, particularly the statutory method and the conceptual method. The conclusions drawn from this writing are First, the shape of criminal safety that may be acquired with the aid of using purchasers is that it is able to be withinside the shape of preventive criminal safety according with Article four of the Consumer Protection Act which regulates customer rights and is achieved earlier than a contravention occurs.