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This study aims to identify and minimize waste in the process of procuring Food & Beverage raw materials at Hotel PXY Jasa Bali using the Lean Inventory Management approach. Observations over one month showed that the total procurement cost reached 47% of the total revenue, exceeding the ideal limit of 35%. One of the main causes is the inefficient and lack of synchronization between divisions in the Rhapsody platform, which causes waste in the form of defects, delays, over-processing, and transportation. This study uses the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) method to map actual conditions and Process Activity Mapping (PAM) to identify the type of activity based on the waste category. In addition, root cause analysis is carried out using the Root Cause Analysis (RCA) approach. The mapping results showed that out of the total lead time of 598.44 minutes, only 278.49 minutes or 46.54% were value-added activities. This finding indicates that the procurement process is not yet efficient and needs optimization. Several recommendations were given to minimize waste, such as clearer division of tasks, improved communication with vendors, and the procurement of supporting facilities to reduce physical movement between divisions. The implementation of this lean service is expected to be able to increase the efficiency of the logistics process and reduce the company's overall operational costs.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of performance management at the micro–enterprise AMANAH YOGURT, located in Candimulyo, Kiringan, Boyolali. The business employs 11 workers with specific task divisions: 7 in packaging, 1 in production, 2 in marketing responsible for promotion and advertising, and 1 supervisor who monitors the production process while also assisting in production ac,tivities. The daily production capacity reaches 500 packs during peak demand and 350 packs under normal conditions. This research applies a descriptive qualitative approach through observations and informal interviews with the owner and employees. The findings indicate that AMANAH YOGURT has implemented performance management through the application of production SOP, clear task distribution, informal evaluative communication between the owner and employees, as well as consistent adherence to hygiene standards and product quality. AMANAH YOGURT products have been distributed across Java Island, Bali, and even Mataram through bus logistics, travel services, and direct delivery for nearby areas. Halal certification and BPOM authorization further enhance consumer trust and strengthen the competitiveness of the business.

This study examines the integration of critical reading and argumentative writing skills in Indonesian language courses at Universitas Muhammadiyah Maumere as a strategic effort to strengthen students’ academic literacy. In the digital era, university students are increasingly exposed to fragmented information, superficial reading practices, and non academic language use, which significantly affect their ability to construct logical and well supported academic arguments. This research aims to describe learning practices, identify key challenges, and analyze the implications of integrating critical reading and argumentative writing within higher education contexts. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using classroom observations and in-depth interviews with lecturers and students. The findings reveal that students initially experience difficulties in evaluating sources, formulating arguments, and maintaining coherence in academic writing. However, the integration of critical reading activities with structured argumentative writing tasks contributes to improved analytical thinking, clarity of reasoning, and academic language use. The study also highlights the central role of lecturers in scaffolding learning processes and fostering reflective academic practices. The findings imply that integrating critical reading and argumentative writing is essential for developing students’ academic identity and intellectual responsibility, particularly in responding to contemporary challenges in higher education and digital literacy.

This article explores inconsistencies in employee performance within small, project-oriented service sectors, where quality depends on daily tasks, punctuality, and adherence to procedures. Since skill development relies largely on informal workplace learning, differences in worker competencies often lead to rework, customer complaints, and safety issues. The study investigates how skills and competencies affect employee performance, illustrating how individual abilities translate into observable performance through the ability–motivation–opportunity (AMO) framework and experience-based learning. A qualitative case study at Rajasa Teknik included interviews and observations to examine project coordination, quality standards, and supervision practices. Results indicate that competencies and skills primarily influence ability, but sustained motivation- driven by realistic goals and fair feedback- along with ample opportunities such as smooth material flow, clear roles, and on-site decision support, enhance performance. The findings underline the importance of a cohesive work system (task division, quality control, communication), a consistent safety culture (K3), and straightforward, repetitive HR practices that facilitate tacit knowledge transfer into routines. Improvements suggested involve mapping core competencies, brief mentoring sessions, quality-focused standards, and evaluation systems to minimise service variation and promote sustainable performance in similar businesses. Overall, this research broadens the understanding of performance management in small enterprises and offers practical guidance for interventions.

Work motivation is one of the important factors influencing time management and nurses’ performance in providing nursing care. Good time management enables nurses to complete tasks in a timely, efficient, and effective manner. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between work motivation and time management among staff nurses at ML Hospital in 2025. This research used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. A total of 40 staff nurses were selected using a total sampling technique. The instruments used were questionnaires on work motivation and time management. Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank statistical test with a significance level of < 0.05. The results showed that most respondents had good work motivation (62.5%), while the majority demonstrated a moderate level of time management (75%). The Spearman Rank test yielded a p-value of 0.005, indicating a significant relationship between work motivation and time management among staff nurses. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between nurses’ work motivation and time management, in which higher work motivation is associated with better time management. It is recommended that hospitals enhance nurses’ motivation through managerial support and a positive work environment.

Storytelling has been widely recognized as an effective method for teaching English to young learners because it presents language in meaningful and engaging contexts. This study aims to explore the implementation of storytelling in teaching English to primary school students and to examine the perceived benefits and challenges from the teacher’s perspective. The study employed a qualitative descriptive research design involving one English teacher who taught Grade 6 students at SDN 261 Pinrang. The participant was selected through purposive sampling due to her experience in applying storytelling activities in English instruction at the lower primary level. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview and documentation, including lesson plans and teaching materials related to storytelling used in the classroom. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis by identifying recurring themes related to classroom implementation, student responses, perceived benefits, and instructional challenges. The findings reveal that storytelling was mainly implemented in listening and speaking activities using simple and familiar stories, visual aids, and follow-up tasks such as comprehension questions and story retelling. According to the teacher, storytelling contributed positively to students’ listening skills, vocabulary acquisition, motivation, and confidence in using English. Students showed higher levels of attention, engagement, and willingness to participate during storytelling sessions compared to traditional teaching methods. However, several challenges were also identified, including difficulty in selecting age-appropriate and culturally relevant stories, limited instructional time, large class size, and the teacher’s need for further training in designing effective storytelling activities. Despite these challenges, the study concludes that storytelling can create a positive and supportive learning environment when it is carefully planned and supported by adequate teacher preparation. The findings highlight the importance of instructional support to maximize the effectiveness of storytelling in primary EFL classrooms.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of performance management at the micro–enterprise AMANAH YOGURT, located in Candimulyo, Kiringan, Boyolali. The business employs 11 workers with specific task divisions: 7 in packaging, 1 in production, 2 in marketing responsible for promotion and advertising, and 1 supervisor who monitors the production process while also assisting in production ac,tivities. The daily production capacity reaches 500 packs during peak demand and 350 packs under normal conditions. This research applies a descriptive qualitative approach through observations and informal interviews with the owner and employees. The findings indicate that AMANAH YOGURT has implemented performance management through the application of production SOP, clear task distribution, informal evaluative communication between the owner and employees, as well as consistent adherence to hygiene standards and product quality. AMANAH YOGURT products have been distributed across Java Island, Bali, and even Mataram through bus logistics, travel services, and direct delivery for nearby areas. Halal certification and BPOM authorization further enhance consumer trust and strengthen the competitiveness of the business.

Background: Pentol is a round-shaped snack that is popular with elemtary school children with a savory taste, affordable price, and easy to find in the school environment. However, uncontrolled consumption of pentol raises concerns about fat and sodium chloride (NaCl) content. Objective: This study aims to determine the levels of fat and NaCl contained in pentol snacks sold at Tondo Urban Village Elementary School, PaluCity. Method: This study used a Complate Random Design (RAL) on five pentol samples in five elementary school in Tondo Village, with two repetitions. Fat content was analyzed by the Soxhlet method, While sodium chloride (NaCl) content was analyzed by Mohr titration. The data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Findings: The fat content in five pentol sampels at Tondo Urban Village Elementary School ranged from 2,16-4,75% (maximum SNI limit of 10%), while sodium chloride content was 1,55-2,15% (maximum SNI limit of 2,5%). Statistical tests (p=0,4>0.05) showed no significant difference between samples. Although still below the SNI limit, the fat and sodium content is quite high for school children’s snacks. Conclusion: The fat and NaCl content of pentol sancks at Tondo Urban Village Elementary School, Palu City is still below the SNI limit, but the consumption of these snacks need to be limited. Implications: it is hoped that there will be further researchers who analyzed carbhohydrates, proteins and other additives such as preservatives in pentol snacks.        

This study examines the interaction between word order, focus, and prosody in Indonesian and English within the framework of the syntax–prosody interface. While previous studies have largely focused on Indo-European languages, limited attention has been given to how these components interact in typologically distinct languages such as Indonesian. To address this gap, the study employs a mixed-method design combining corpus-based analysis and experimental approaches, including production and perception tasks. The corpus data reveal that English predominantly relies on prosodic marking to signal focus, whereas Indonesian demonstrates greater flexibility in word order, using syntactic fronting alongside prosodic cues. Experimental results further show that pitch (F0) is a stronger predictor of focus interpretation in English, whereas in Indonesian, a more distributed system involving both syntactic and prosodic features is observed. Statistical analyses, including linear mixed-effects models, confirm that language type, focus position, and prosodic parameters significantly influence focus interpretation. The findings contribute to the theoretical development of the syntax–prosody interface by demonstrating that focus realization is shaped by language-specific constraints while still reflecting universal principles of information structure. Methodologically, the study highlights the effectiveness of integrating corpus and experimental data in cross-linguistic research. These results provide new insights into typological variation in focus marking and offer a more comprehensive understanding of how syntax and prosody interact in natural language.

Social protection programs in Indonesia play a strategic role in poverty alleviation and supporting economic development. One form of social protection implementation at the regional level is the Depok Prosperity Card (KDS) Program, implemented by the Depok City Government as a means of ensuring food security for underprivileged communities. However, the program's implementation has been deemed incompletely transparent and poorly targeted, as expressed by several members of the Depok City Council (DPRD). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the implementation of the city's food security policy through the Depok Sejahtera Card Program in Tanah Baru Village, Depok City. This study uses Charles O. Jones's policy implementation theory, which encompasses three main indicators: organization, interpretation, and implementation. The research method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The results indicate that, from an organizational perspective, the Depok Sejahtera Card Program has been implemented quite well, characterized by a clear division of tasks among relevant stakeholders. From an interpretive perspective, the program has a strong legal basis through Depok Mayor Regulation Number 79 of 2022 and aims to reduce poverty. However, various obstacles remain in the implementation aspect, resulting in program implementation not being optimal and efficient. Nevertheless, the program is considered beneficial for recipient communities, although an increase in the amount of assistance is still needed to meet food needs for a period of one month.

Working memory (WM) has been extensively studied as a cognitive factor influencing second language acquisition (SLA), but many studies treat it as a static, trait-like capacity. This approach provides limited insight into how WM works across different stages of development, proficiency levels, and learning contexts. This article combines theoretical and empirical research on working memory in SLA from a dynamic and developmental perspective, analyzing how the influence of WM varies over time and interacts with other cognitive and contextual factors. Referencing Baddeley's multicomponent model, complex dynamic systems theory, and longitudinal research, this article examines evidence regarding the role of WM in various language domains, including vocabulary learning, grammar processing, and language production. It also investigates how WM works differently at various proficiency levels and developmental periods, from childhood to adulthood. Evidence suggests that WM plays a very strong role in the early stages of learning when processing is effortful and controlled, but becomes less central as linguistic knowledge becomes automated. The relationship between WM and SLA appears to be bidirectional, with sustained language learning contributing to the development of specific WM components, particularly executive control. The influence of WM varies significantly based on task characteristics, teaching context, and learner profiles. Understanding WM as a dynamic resource rather than a fixed constraint has important pedagogical implications. Instructions that manage cognitive load, provide support, and encourage metacognitive awareness can help learners with diverse cognitive profiles. A developmental approach in WM research requires longitudinal designs and task-aligned methodologies to capture changes over time, thereby advancing theory and practice in SLA.

The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping public governance, including legislative processes. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), AI is being actively utilized to enhance law-making through faster drafting, improved consistency, and greater transparency. This study examines the role of AI in the UAE’s legislative functions, focusing on how AI tools assist in analyzing legal data, formulating policy recommendations, and drafting legislation. It explores how AI impacts the speed, accuracy, and legitimacy of law-making, while also addressing the ethical and legal challenges of delegating legislative tasks to intelligent systems. Using a qualitative case study method, the paper evaluates government initiatives, expert insights, and regulatory structures that frame AI's integration into the UAE’s law-making system. While AI offers opportunities for data-driven governance and increased legislative productivity, it also presents risks such as algorithmic bias, reduced human oversight, and accountability gaps. The study emphasizes that AI must be governed by strong regulatory frameworks to safeguard democratic values, fairness, and legal integrity. By analyzing a pioneering national model, this research contributes to global discussions on AI in governance and offers key insights for policymakers, technologists, and legal scholars seeking to balance innovation with ethical and legal standards.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Adiwiyata Program as a means of environmental conservation at SMA Negeri 3 Sukabumi City. The Adiwiyata Program is a government effort to increase environmental awareness in schools, with a focus on developing schools that care about and have an environmental culture. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, involving observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. The research informants consisted of the Head of the Adiwiyata Program Division of the Sukabumi City Environmental Agency, the Principal of SMA Negeri 3, and students involved in Adiwiyata activities. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the Adiwiyata Program at SMA Negeri 3 Sukabumi City has been running quite well. In terms of communication, the program is well socialized to all school residents by the Environmental Agency and the school. In terms of resources, the program is supported by competent human resources and adequate infrastructure. The school's commitment and active student participation are also reflected in the disposition dimension. Meanwhile, in the bureaucratic structure dimension, program implementation is supported by a clear division of tasks through the formation of an Adiwiyata team at the school. This program has succeeded in increasing the school community's awareness and concern for environmental conservation.

The Human Resource Department (HRD) plays a very important role in supporting the growth and sustainability of an organization or company. Employees represent the most valuable asset owned by the company, which means that HRD can be considered the most critical component that must be managed properly. The primary function of HRD encompasses the management of all aspects related to the workforce, including ensuring that every employee fully receives their rights. To enhance work effectiveness and efficiency, HRD requires support in the form of a computer-based technology system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an application capable of accelerating and simplifying employee data management. This study aims to improve HRD performance through the creation of a Human Resource Information System (HRIS). The application development process adopts the Waterfall method. The final outcome of this research is an application that successfully facilitates the HRD department in carrying out its various tasks more effectively.

The implementation of the Health Workload Analysis (ABK Kes) method reveals both strengths and weaknesses, particularly regarding the suboptimal execution of core tasks such as filing and distributing medical records. This study aims to compare the workload of health human resources (SDMK) between primary and advanced healthcare facilities—specifically Banyudono 1 Public Health Center and Indriati Boyolali Hospital—both of which have implemented hybrid medical record systems. Using primary data collected through interviews and observations and analyzed via the ABK Kes method, the results indicate a need for 10 additional staff members in the Casemix Unit at Indriati Boyolali Hospital and 2 additional medical record practitioners at Banyudono 1 Public Health Center. The Available Working Time (WKT) at the Public Health Center was set at 75,000 based on the Minister of PAN-RB Regulation No. 1 of 2020, whereas the Hospital used real-time calculations. While the Public Health Center aligns its policies with Ministry of Health Regulation No. 19 of 2020, the Hospital adjusts its staffing needs based on the ABK Kes results. Given that this method focuses primarily on quantity, future research and development (R&D) should integrate Lean Thinking for process analysis, ABK Kes for capacity, Queueing Theory for dynamic analysis, and NASA-TLX for psychological evaluation to provide a more holistic assessment of staffing needs.

This research aimed to evaluate the implemention of the self assessment system in the collection of taxes on certain goods and services no food and/or beverages (restaurant tax) in increasing local revenue in Sikka Regency. This research was based on the fact that the realization of restaurant tax revenue has not yet been optimal, which was caused by dishonesty amomg taxpayers in reporting their sales turnover. The research method used in techniques including interviews, observation, and document studies. The results of this research indicated that the evaluation of the implemention of the self assessment system in the collection of taxes on certain goods and services on food and/or beverages (restaurant tas) in creasing local revenue has been carried out following the provisions of the applicable regional regulations but has not yet been fully optimal. This was due to the challenges and constraints faced by the Regional Revenue Agency in collecting restaurant taxes. The challenges encountered include dishonesty among taxpayers in reporting their sales turnover, while the constraints include the low level of  awareness and understanding of taxpayers regarding procedures for self-calculation, reporting, and payment. However, the Regional Revenur Agency has undertaken various efforts or strategies to increase restaurant tax revenue in Sikka Regency, such as conducting spot checks, implementing education and socialization programs, utilizing and installing technological tools such as M-Pos, and enforcing strict supervision to improve restaurant tax revenue targets and enchance local revenue in Sikka Regency, so that more optimal targets can be achievied

The objective of this study is to formulate new propositions on school management based on the findings obtained from the two schools under investigation, namely: (1) school planning in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek; (2) the implementation of school management in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek; and (3) school supervision in improving teacher performance at State Islamic Senior High School 1 Trenggalek and State Senior High School 1 Trenggalek. This research employed a case study approach with a qualitative research design. The researcher’s presence in the schools served as the primary instrument, supported by non-human instruments as complementary tools. Data sources consisted of primary data in the form of words and actions observed from principals, vice principals, teachers, and administrative staff, as well as secondary data in the form of school documents. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model, which comprises data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The data analysis techniques applied were (1) single-case analysis conducted separately in each school and (2) cross-case analysis conducted by comparing and synthesizing data across cases. The research findings indicate that: (1) school planning to improve teacher performance carried out by principals included (a) adherence to the school’s vision, mission, and objectives; (b) consideration of the results of the School Self-Evaluation (EDS) through SWOT analysis to enhance teacher performance; and (c) the formulation of school activity plans collaboratively with the school committee; (2) the implementation of school management to improve teacher performance by principals involved (a) mobilizing and motivating all members of the school community and utilizing all available school resources; (b) controlling and supervising the implementation of school activities; (c) securing support for school activities from parents/guardians, the school committee, and the community; (d) fulfilling teachers’ needs; (e) proportional distribution of tasks and clear job descriptions aligned with teachers’ competencies; (f) enhancement of teacher competencies; and (g) fostering a culture of mutual cooperation, care, and respect among school members to improve teacher performance.

This study aims to analyze the effect of price and product quality on purchasing decisions of Gudang Garam Signature Kretek cigarettes in the premium machine-made kretek segment. The Indonesian tobacco industry continues to face sustained regulatory pressure through excise tax increases and intensifying brand competition, prompting consumers to reassess purchasing decisions using both rational evaluation and experiential judgment. A quantitative correlational approach was employed in this study. Primary data were collected through structured Likert-scale questionnaires distributed to 100 active consumers of Gudang Garam Signature Kretek selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data analysis was conducted through validity testing, reliability testing, and multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS software. The results indicate that price and product quality have a positive and significant influence on purchasing decisions, both partially and simultaneously. Product quality emerged as the most dominant factor, suggesting that premium cigarette consumers prioritize consistent quality, taste, aroma, and overall consumption experience as the primary basis for decision-making. Meanwhile, price remains an important rational reference for assessing the fairness between perceived benefits and financial sacrifice. Simultaneously, both variables explain 50 percent of the variation in purchasing decisions, while the remaining variance is influenced by other factors outside the research model. These findings highlight that purchasing decisions in the premium cigarette market are shaped by a value-based assessment, where sustained product quality and adaptive pricing strategies play a critical role in maintaining consumer loyalty amid regulatory pressure and evolving market dynamics

This research analyzed the effectiveness of the Regional Planning, research, and Innovatiom Agency in implementing the Holistic Integrative Early Choldhood Education Policy in Sikka Regency. This research used a descriptive qualitative approach through interviews and documentation. The findings indicated that the regional development planning, research, innovation agencys coordination was relatively effective, as reflected in structured communication, clear division of tasks, and the participation of regional government agencies. However, strengthening cross-sectoral coordination was still needed, particularly at the village level.

This study examines the implementation of Indonesian Language learning in higher education as a foundation for developing students’ academic literacy within an Outcome Based Education (OBE) framework. The research is motivated by serious concerns regarding students’ low academic writing ability, weak critical reading skills, and inconsistent use of academic language, which hinder the formation of academic culture at universities. The objective of this study is to describe and interpret the learning process, challenges, and outcomes of Indonesian Language courses in fostering academic literacy. This research employed a qualitative descriptive approach conducted intensively over a three-week period. Data were collected through classroom observations, in depth interviews with lecturers and students, and document analysis of lesson plans, teaching materials, and students’ academic assignments. The findings reveal that although the course design conceptually aligns with OBE principles, its classroom implementation has not fully emphasized reflective processes, critical engagement, and consistent academic language practice. Learning activities tend to focus on task completion rather than on the development of academic thinking processes. The study implies that Indonesian Language learning should be strengthened through reflective, contextual, and process oriented strategies to enhance students’ academic literacy and academic identity. These findings contribute theoretically to studies on academic literacy and practically to the improvement of Indonesian Language instruction in higher education.