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Criminal law policy in Indonesia saw significant modifications with the adoption of the new Criminal Code (KUHP), particularly with regard to the regulation of cohabitation and adultery. Because it directly affects people's private life and may have an impact on human rights protection, this arrangement has sparked discussion in the community. This study intends to investigate the application of the penal provisions of adultery and cohabitation in the new penal Code and examine its consequences for the protection of human rights. The research method applied was normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and human rights approach. The study's findings show that the regulation and implementation of laws relating to adultery and promiscuity can lead to issues in law enforcement, particularly those relating to the right to privacy, the proportionality of punishment principle, and the potential for actual abuse of power. The conclusion of this study underlines the necessity for the judicial implementation of the law and geared towards the protection of human rights, as well as the examination of criminal law policies to be in line with the ideals of the rule of law, democracy, and respect for individual freedom.

Indonesian Sign Language (Bahasa Isyarat Indonesia, BISINDO) is often misunderstood as merely a gestural or simplified form of communication, undermining its linguistic sophistication and contributing to barriers to deaf inclusion in Indonesia. Approximately 2.6 million deaf individuals in the country rely on BISINDO as their primary language. This study explores the linguistic complexity of BISINDO, documenting its phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic systems. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analyzed 150 hours of BISINDO conversations from 80 deaf signers, conducted experimental studies on phonological distinctions and syntactic complexity, and performed ethnographic fieldwork in deaf communities and schools. Comparative analysis with American Sign Language (ASL) was also conducted. Our findings demonstrate that BISINDO is a fully developed natural language, with 45 handshapes, 18 locations, 23 movements, and 4 orientations in its phonological system. It shows productive morphological processes, flexible word order, and rich semantics, including idioms and metaphors. However, there are significant barriers to inclusion: 68% of deaf students lack qualified BISINDO teachers, and 84% of public services lack sign language interpreters. Furthermore, 72% of hearing Indonesians still do not recognize BISINDO as a legitimate language. Deaf community organizations, however, report BISINDO as central to their identity. The study highlights the need for policy reforms, including BISINDO recognition as an official language, qualified interpreters, bilingual deaf education, and public awareness campaigns to combat misconceptions.    

Social conflicts experienced by indigenous peoples in Yahukimo Regency, Papua Pegunungan, reveal the vulnerability of civilians due to violence, displacement, and weak protection of basic rights in situations of prolonged conflict. These conditions indicate a gap between conflict management policies and the real needs of indigenous peoples for justice, peace, and social recovery. This study aims to analyze the role of the church in responding to social conflicts experienced by indigenous peoples in Yahukimo Regency. This study was conducted using qualitative methods through a descriptive-analytical approach based on literature studies and analysis of the socio-religious context of Papua. This study confirms that the church has a strategic role as an agent of peace and a prophetic voice in defending the dignity and rights of indigenous peoples amid social conflict. The results of the study show that the church's involvement in pastoral counseling, humanitarian advocacy, and peace awareness building contributes to strengthening the social resilience of indigenous peoples. The study concludes that the role of the church needs to be directed in a more contextual and sustainable manner in order to promote fair and dignified conflict resolution. The recommendations of this study emphasize the importance of strengthening the role of the church in peace dialogue and cross-stakeholder cooperation for the social recovery of indigenous peoples in Yahukimo.

Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

This study examines the implementation of Papua Special Autonomy in the context of the relocation policy affecting indigenous betel nut vendor women in Sorong City, using an interpretative perspective. The research focuses on how betel nut women vendors understand and experience the relocation policy as indigenous actors directly affected by public policy. The objective of this study is to explore the meanings, experiences, and interpretations constructed by these women in relation to relocation policies under the framework of Papua Special Autonomy.  This research employs a qualitative method with an interpretative approach, utilising in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal that the relocation policy has not fully reflected the core principles of Special Autonomy, particularly in protecting, empowering, and recognising the rights of indigenous Papuans. The women vendors interpret relocation not merely as an urban spatial arrangement, but as a restriction on their economic space and socio-cultural identity.  This study contributes theoretically by enriching the discourse on Special Autonomy from the perspective of local actors, and practically by offering policy recommendations for more inclusive, participatory, and culturally sensitive relocation policies in Papua.

The doctrine of open legal policy is a jurisprudential construction of the Constitutional Court that provides space for lawmakers to formulate norms as long as they do not contradict the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Nevertheless, the application of this doctrine in the practice of law testing has raised various constitutional problems, particularly concerning the limits of authority between legislators and the Constitutional Court, as well as the protection of citizens' constitutional rights. This research aims to analyze the concept and construction of open legal policy within the Indonesian constitutional system and to formulate the constitutional limits of its application in Constitutional Court decisions. This research is a normative legal study with an approach based on legislation, a conceptual approach, and a case approach. The legal materials used include the 1945 Constitution, relevant legislation, and pertinent Constitutional Court decisions. The research results indicate that open legal policy cannot be interpreted as absolute freedom for lawmakers, but must be limited by the principle of constitutional supremacy, protection of constitutional rights, and the principle of proportionality as reflected in Article 28J paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution. The ambiguity of the parameters for applying this doctrine has the potential to cause inconsistencies in rulings and disrupt legal certainty. Therefore, a more precise and consistent formulation of constitutional limits is necessary to maintain the balance between representative democracy and constitutional oversight.

This community service activity aims to design a prototype of a web-based Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) registration information system at the South Sumatra Provincial Industry Office as an effort to support the improvement of public service quality. The main problem faced by partners is the manual registration and management process for IPR data, which has the potential to cause service delays, data recording errors, and difficulties in monitoring the status of IPR applications. This condition requires an information technology-based solution that can improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and transparency of services. The method used in this community service activity is the prototype method, which includes the stages of problem identification, user needs analysis, system design, and initial evaluation of the resulting prototype. The designed information system prototype includes features for online IPR registration, applicant and document data management, and application status monitoring. The results of the activity indicate that the IPR registration information system prototype is able to provide an overview of digital solutions that are in accordance with partner needs and have the potential to improve service efficiency and ease of data management. This activity is expected to become the basis for the development of a more comprehensive and sustainable IPR information system within the South Sumatra Provincial Industry Office.

The phenomenon of mafqud (missing heirs) creates complex legal issues within Islamic inheritance law, particularly regarding the realization of justice and legal certainty in the distribution of estate assets. This study examines the legal position of mafqud as a temporary impediment in inheritance allocation and analyzes the procedural mechanisms applied by religious courts in determining mafqud status. Employing a normative juridical method, this research relies on primary legal materials, including the Qur’an, Hadith, classical fiqh references, and relevant judicial decisions, supported by secondary materials such as academic books and scholarly journals. The findings indicate that mafqud serves as a temporary barrier to inheritance distribution, requiring careful judicial assessment to ensure the protection of all heirs’ rights while remaining consistent with Islamic legal principles and the applicable national legal system. Therefore, structured and systematic procedures implemented by religious courts play an essential role in guaranteeing both justice and legal certainty in inheritance disputes involving mafqud.

Divorce gives rise to various legal consequences relating to the status of the parties, marital property, and the rights and obligations toward children, thereby requiring a legal mechanism that ensures legal certainty, justice, and legal protection. In practice, the parties often express their intention to divorce in the form of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed drawn up before a notary. This study aims to analyze the legal standing and evidentiary strength of a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed as evidence in divorce cases decided by default judgment (verstek). The research employs a normative juridical method with a statutory approach and a case approach, focusing on the Decision of the Ngawi Religious Court Number 425/Pdt.G/2023, through a literature review of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed executed in the form of a notarial deed constitutes an authentic deed with perfect evidentiary value as written evidence in divorce proceedings. Although it cannot directly result in the dissolution of marriage, the deed is relevant to prove the existence of an agreement between the parties and the condition of a marital relationship that has irretrievably broken down. In cases decided by default judgment, the deed becomes an important basis for judicial consideration in granting the divorce petition. The implications of this study emphasize that a Pre-Divorce Agreement Deed may be lawfully and proportionately used as evidence to support the proof of grounds for divorce and to realize legal certainty in judicial proceedings.

This study aims to analyze legal protection for lenders in the terms and conditions clauses of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Lending platforms in Indonesia, particularly regarding the risk of default or breach of contract. The background of the study is based on the rapid growth of the P2P Lending fintech industry accompanied by an increase in the risk of default, as well as the potential imbalance in the lenders' bargaining position due to the use of standard clauses that are often detrimental. The results of this study reveal that of the 10 P2P Lending platforms that the author studied, none of the platforms can be said to have completely fulfilled all components of preventive and repressive protection as regulated by POJK No. 40 of 2024. This problem is exacerbated by the existence of exoneration clauses prohibited by POJK No. 22 of 2023 Article 46 paragraph (2), where platforms often unilaterally limit their responsibilities by transferring the risk of default entirely to lenders, thereby reducing consumer rights and violating the principle of consumer protection in Law No. 8 of 1999 Article 18 paragraph (1).

Forced labor of children by parents remains a serious issue in the protection of children's rights in Indonesia, especially when such practices are justified on the basis of family economic needs. This study aims to analyze the legal provisions protecting children by forced labor by parents and to examine the obstacles to law enforcement. The research method used is normative legal research by a literature review approach, through an examination of relevant laws, legal principles, and legal doctrines. The findings of the research intricate that, legal positive indonesia there are a good constitutional and juridical legal basis in context is 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia, Child Protection Law, Manpower Law and Convention on The Rights of Children which that make forced child labor as an economic exploitation categorization is prohibited. But the success of legal protection continues to run up against both legal and sociological challenges, including the murky borderlines of forced labour within the family, the challenge of proving psychological coercion and poverty-nurtured cultural attitudes towards child labour. Therefore a comprehensive approach, including law enforcement and social policies based on the best child interest is necessary.

Bankruptcy is a legal mechanism used to resolve a debtor's inability to fulfill debt obligations collectively, orderly, and fairly through a court decision. In the Indonesian bankruptcy system, the curator has a central role in managing and settling bankrupt assets to protect the interests of creditors while providing legal certainty for debtors. This study aims to analyze the regulation of the curator's authority in managing and settling bankrupt assets and to examine its implications for the protection of creditors’ and debtors’ rights from a business law perspective. The research method employed is normative legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, conducted through a literature review of various relevant primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The results indicate that the curator’s authority is expressly regulated in Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, which provides a legal basis for the curator to manage, secure, sell, and distribute bankrupt assets to creditors in accordance with legal provisions. However, in practice, several obstacles remain, such as difficulties in tracking assets, potential conflicts of interest, and a lack of transparency, which may affect the effectiveness of legal protection. Therefore, the professionalism of the curator and the supervision of the supervising judge are crucial factors in ensuring legal certainty, fairness, and efficiency in the bankruptcy process.

In the digital era and free market, technology is growing rapidly. Consumers and businesses are now more inclined to use digital transactions rather than face-to-face cash transactions. This study aims to find solutions and receive feedback related to the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law in the Digital Era and Free Market. The method used in this activity is through counseling and discussion. From the results of this activity, it was concluded that Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection needs to be updated immediately as it is no longer relevant to the current digital technology, which has advanced far and is different from the conditions in 1999 when the consumer protection law was issued. The results of this activity indicate that the Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999 requires comprehensive updates to accommodate the development of digital transactions, personal data protection, and consumer rights in cyberspace. Furthermore, the importance of educating consumers about their rights in digital transactions is also a key focus, so that the public can avoid losses resulting from unsafe online transactions.

The rapid development of e-commerce in Indonesia makes transactions easier for consumers, but also presents various losses, such as fraud, goods that do not match the description, leaks of personal data, and problems with returning goods. In this context, Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transactions (UU ITE) exists as a legal basis which is expected to provide protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions. This research aims to explore and analyze the effectiveness of the legal protection provided by the ITE Law for consumers, with a focus on protection for detrimental transactions, consumer personal data, as well as dispute resolution mechanisms. The research method used is a normative approach with a literature study of statutory regulations and related legal literature. The research results show that the ITE Law provides quite comprehensive legal protection, including the obligation of electronic system operators to ensure the security of transactions and personal data, as well as regulating sanctions for perpetrators of fraud. However, even though regulations already exist, implementation and consumer understanding of their rights is still a major challenge.

Consular services have become a critical site of state intervention in the governance of international labor migration, particularly for migrant-sending countries such as Indonesia whose citizens depend on overseas missions for administrative protection and access to public services abroad. Despite the growing importance of consular institutions in safeguarding migrant workers’ rights and welfare, existing scholarship remains fragmented, offering limited conceptual integration of how administrative capacity shapes institutional readiness in cross-border public service delivery. Addressing this gap, this article presents a structured narrative–integrative literature review that synthesizes international peer-reviewed studies on administrative capacity, policy capacity, consular services, and migrant worker protection published in the last five years. Drawing on Administrative Capacity Theory as the core framework, complemented by Public Service Theory, Policy Implementation Theory, Street-Level Bureaucracy, and Institutional Theory, the review systematically analyzes how different dimensions of capacity configure institutional readiness in consular services. The findings reveal that institutional readiness emerges from the interaction of four interrelated dimensions: human resource capacity, organizational and procedural capacity, institutional and coordination capacity, and resource and infrastructure capacity. Rather than functioning as isolated determinants, these dimensions collectively shape how consular institutions translate formal mandates into service outcomes under conditions of transnational governance, legal pluralism, and fluctuating demand. The review further demonstrates that frontline discretion, coordination gaps, procedural rigidity, and uneven resource allocation are recurrent patterns across the literature, underscoring the dynamic and practice-based nature of administrative capacity in consular contexts. Theoretically, this article contributes to public administration scholarship by extending administrative capacity frameworks into the underexplored domain of cross-border public services and by integrating previously segmented theoretical perspectives into a coherent conceptual synthesis. By reframing consular services as institutionally embedded public service systems rather than solely diplomatic functions, the article advances understanding of institutional readiness in migrant worker protection and provides a robust analytical foundation for future empirical and comparative research in international public administration.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of Predictive Policing and its implications for law enforcement transformation in Indonesia, based on an extensive review of its global applications, benefits, and challenges. The study uses qualitative literature and international case study review methods to assess the impact and complexity of implementing digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning, and big data analytics within a Predictive Policing framework. The results of this review highlight that while Predictive Policing offers significant potential for proactive crime prevention and increased operational efficiency, its implementation is consistently fraught with critical legal, ethical, and technical challenges, including regulatory gaps, risks of algorithmic bias, and data privacy concerns, which are particularly relevant to Indonesia. The findings underscore that public trust and police legitimacy in the context of adopting such technologies are strongly influenced by transparency, strong accountability mechanisms, and community involvement in shaping their use. This study contributes to the growing discourse on digital policing in developing countries and culminates in practical policy recommendations designed to guide the Indonesian police towards the development and implementation of Predictive Policing models that are effective, efficient, and fundamentally respectful of legal and human rights principles.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Mohammed Ghaly's thoughts from a theological and legal perspective on disability and its implications for social inclusion. This research uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with in-depth analysis of primary Islamic sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and tafsir, kalam, and fiqh literature from various periods. Ghaly seeks to reveal the normative attitude of this religion towards persons with disabilities and its implications for social inclusion. The analysis utilizes contemporary disability studies to examine Ghaly's concepts in Islamic theology and law regarding the inherent nature and fundamental rights of persons with disabilities. However, he also emphasizes the need for new interpretations and contextualizations of this textual heritage based on the values of justice, inclusion, and empowerment. The findings of this study show that there is a stigma associated with disability due to the conflict between Islamic idealism and social reality. Nevertheless, the main principles and laws of Islam provide strong normative guidance for the dignity of persons with disabilities.

The purpose of this study is to analyze Mohammed Ghaly's thoughts from a theological and legal perspective on disability and its implications for social inclusion. This research uses a qualitative approach based on literature studies with in-depth analysis of primary Islamic sources such as the Qur'an, hadith, and tafsir, kalam, and fiqh literature from various periods. Ghaly seeks to reveal the normative attitude of this religion towards persons with disabilities and its implications for social inclusion. The analysis utilizes contemporary disability studies to examine Ghaly's concepts in Islamic theology and law regarding the inherent nature and fundamental rights of persons with disabilities. However, he also emphasizes the need for new interpretations and contextualizations of this textual heritage based on the values of justice, inclusion, and empowerment. The findings of this study show that there is a stigma associated with disability due to the conflict between Islamic idealism and social reality. Nevertheless, the main principles and laws of Islam provide strong normative guidance for the dignity of persons with disabilities.

Qanun Jinayah Aceh is a form of application of Islamic law in the regional legal system which is based on the principle of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar. This principle aims to uphold moral values ​​and prevent deviant acts in society. However, its implementation cannot be separated from containing the limits of sharia enforcement, protection of human rights, and the realization of social justice. This condition shows the need for a critical study of the application of the principles of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the Aceh Qanun Jinayah. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar in the Aceh Qanun Jinayah and assess its conformity with the principles of social justice. The research method used is normative juridical with a statutory, conceptual, and sociological approach, through a literature study of regulations, Islamic legal literature, and related scientific studies. The results of the study indicate that the principle of amar ma'ruf nahi munkar has become the normative basis for enforcing the Qanun Jinayah, but in practice it still faces challenges in the form of law enforcement that is not fully fair, potential discrimination, and a weak perspective on social justice. Therefore, the implementation of these principles must be proportional, contextual, and oriented toward the public interest. The implications of this research emphasize the importance of integrating the enforcement of Islamic law with the principles of social justice so that the Aceh Qanun Jinayah can be implemented fairly, humanely, and sustainably.

The digital transformation of Indonesia’s judicial system through the implementation of e-court represents a judicial reform aimed at achieving a simple, fast, and low-cost legal process. However, the digitization of civil case proceedings raises concerns regarding legal certainty, particularly in the application of the principle of audi et alteram partem as a fundamental doctrine ensuring equal opportunity for parties to be heard. This study aims to analyze the normative regulation of the audi et alteram partem principle in Indonesian civil procedural law, examine its implementation within the e-court system, and assess whether its application provides adequate legal certainty for litigants. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Legal materials consist of statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant academic journals. The findings indicate that normatively, the e-court system accommodates the right to be heard through electronic case registration, summons, hearings, and submission of documents. Nevertheless, technical obstacles, disparities in digital literacy, and potential deficiencies in electronic notification mechanisms may affect the effective protection of parties’ rights. It is concluded that the implementation of the audi et alteram partem principle in e-court has a sufficient legal foundation, yet requires further technical and regulatory strengthening to ensure optimal legal certainty.