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Adolescents are a vulnerable group to digital sexual violence, including sextortion, which involves sexual extortion through threats to distribute sexually explicit content. Low levels of self-control may increase adolescents’ vulnerability to such risks. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of psychoeducation in enhancing self-control understanding as a preventive effort against sextortion among adolescents. A quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pre-test–post-test design was employed. The participants consisted of 36 students aged 15–17 years from a public senior high school in Samarinda. The psychoeducational intervention was delivered through interactive lectures, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and educational video screenings. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test. The results of the analysis showed a statistically significant difference (Z = −2.201; p = 0.028 (p < 0.05)). This indicates that there was a difference in adolescents’ self-control before and after the psychoeducation intervention. The post-test mean score (M = 8.39) was higher than the pre-test mean score (M = 8.00). These findings suggest that psychoeducation was effective in improving adolescents’ understanding of self-control as a preventive effort against sextortion. Self-control psychoeducation can therefore be considered a relevant preventive approach to be implemented in school settings.

This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model on student learning outcomes in the Ignition System competency at SMKN 1 Katapang. The background of this study stems from the low understanding of students regarding the ignition system material due to the dominant use of the Teacher-Centered Learning (TCL) model, which tends to make students passive and only memorize concepts without understanding the overall working process. PBL is considered more relevant because it emphasizes real problem-solving, critical thinking, collaboration, and analysis according to constructivist theory. The method used is a quasi-experiment with a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The research subjects consist of two classes of 11th-grade Light Vehicle Engineering students: an experimental group using the PBL model and a control group using TCL, with a total population of 70 students. Data collection was done through pretests and posttests using a validated multiple-choice objective test instrument. Data analysis includes comparing the learning outcome improvements of both groups to determine the effectiveness of PBL. The results show a more significant improvement in learning outcomes in the class using the PBL model compared to the TCL class. This proves that the implementation of PBL is effective in improving analysis skills and diagnostic skills in the ignition system. Therefore, PBL is recommended as a more suitable teaching model for practice-based subjects in vocational schools, especially in automotive electrical competencies.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is one of the most common complications following surgery under general anesthesia, with an incidence of 20–70% in the general population and exceeding 80% in high-risk patients. PONV can reduce patient comfort, delay recovery, and increase the risk of dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and surgical wound dehiscence. This article aims to analyze the effectiveness of single antiemetic therapy compared with combination antiemetic therapy in reducing the incidence of PONV in adult patients after general anesthesia, based on evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This study applied the Arksey and O’Malley framework for analysis. Literature was obtained from ScienceDirect, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, published between 2020 and 2025. Identification and selection of studies followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines (Moher et al., 2009). A total of 10 articles were included and analyzed, focusing on outcomes such as the incidence of nausea and vomiting, complete response rates, and the need for rescue antiemetic therapy. The findings indicate that single antiemetic therapy remains effective in low-risk patients, whereas combination antiemetic therapy with multiple mechanisms of action provides more optimal protection, particularly in high-risk patients. These results provide an evidence-based foundation for healthcare professionals in selecting the most effective PONV prevention strategies according to individual patient risk and clinical conditions.

The increasing adoption of cloud native microservices has brought about significant improvements in scalability, flexibility, and resilience. However, these advancements also introduce substantial security challenges, particularly in distributed environments where traditional perimeter-based security models prove inadequate. This paper proposes a secure architecture for cloud native microservices that integrates Zero trust Network Access (ZTNA) and multi layered encryption techniques to address these security concerns. The architecture operates on the principle of "never trust, always verify," ensuring that access to resources is strictly controlled and continuously monitored. By incorporating multi layered encryption methods such as RSA and AES, the architecture ensures data protection both in transit and at rest, significantly reducing the risk of data breaches and unauthorized access. Through experimental evaluations, the proposed architecture demonstrated its effectiveness in preventing lateral movement, mitigating data leakage, and resisting common attack vectors such as man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks and privilege escalation. Additionally, the performance of the system remained optimal, with minimal overhead despite the additional security layers. The architecture's scalability and robust security mechanisms make it a viable solution for real-world microservices environments, where both security and performance are crucial. This paper discusses the potential impact of this secure architecture on the broader field of distributed system security and offers recommendations for future work, including the integration of advanced machine learning techniques for real-time threat detection and automated responses, as well as the adaptation of the architecture for emerging technologies like edge computing and 6G networks.

This study investigates the integration of computational thinking (CT) principles with adaptive curricula to enhance problem-solving skills in undergraduate programming education. Traditional programming curricula often emphasize syntax and basic concepts, neglecting critical problem-solving strategies. The adaptive curriculum framework used in this study combines CT skills such as decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking with personalized learning experiences. A mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research, was employed to assess the effectiveness of this integrated approach. The results show significant improvements in students' problem-solving abilities, conceptual understanding, and engagement compared to a control group following a traditional curriculum. Students in the experimental group, which received the adaptive curriculum, demonstrated better performance in applying algorithms and debugging code. Additionally, students expressed higher levels of engagement and motivation, suggesting that the personalized learning environment fostered greater academic involvement. The study highlights the importance of integrating CT principles with adaptive learning frameworks to create a more inclusive and effective learning environment that accommodates diverse learning needs. The findings suggest that adaptive curricula can bridge gaps in traditional education by providing personalized support and ensuring that students progress at their own pace. This approach is especially beneficial for programming education, where both conceptual understanding and practical problem-solving skills are critical for success. Future research should explore the long-term impact of adaptive learning frameworks and investigate how these technologies can be integrated with traditional teaching methods to maximize their effectiveness.

The use of Information Systems and Information Technology (IS/IT) is a crucial factor in improving the efficiency and accuracy of retail sector operations. PT XYZ, a retail-level staple goods provider, has implemented IS/IT to support sales recording, inventory management, security, and operational reporting. This study aims to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, security, and compliance of the information system used. The audit was conducted through observation, interviews, document review, and system testing, referring to the COBIT framework and the ISO/IEC 27001 standard. The audit results indicated that the system supported core operational functions, but weaknesses remained, including insufficient system documentation, limited access controls, and suboptimal data security and backup mechanisms. Furthermore, reliance on manual procedures has the potential to lead to errors and slow down service delivery. Therefore, system improvements, strengthening security controls, developing standard operating procedures, and enhancing the competency of human resources and IT infrastructure are needed. This audit is expected to support improved service quality and secure, effective, and sustainable IT governance at PT XYZ.

Postoperative pain is a common physiological response following surgical procedures, and its suboptimal management can have physiological and psychological effects, including sleep disturbances, decreased functional capacity, increased anxiety, and deterioration in quality of life. This scoping review aims to describe the empirical evidence regarding the effectiveness of music therapy in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain in surgical patients. A systematic search was conducted through four major databases (ScienceDirect, PubMed, Neliti, and Google Scholar) using Boolean operators and keywords such as ‘postoperative pain,’ ‘music therapy,’ and ‘pain scale.’ Inclusion criteria included articles published in the last decade, in English or Indonesian, and available in full text format. In accordance with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, this review analysed 10 articles. The synthesis of results showed that music therapy consistently reduced pain intensity, anxiety, and analgesic requirements through mechanisms such as increased endorphin secretion, decreased stress hormone levels, and activation of the gate control theory. Typically administered for 15–30 minutes, music therapy is a safe, cost-effective, and patient-acceptable non-pharmacological modality. This intervention is recommended as an adjunct component in perioperative pain management in nursing practice, although further standardised research is needed to improve consistency.

Down Syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder characterized by trisomy of chromosome 21 and is inherently associated with clinical manifestations such as hypotonia, joint laxity, and neuromuscular deficits, all of which collectively contribute to impaired postural control and balance. These balance impairments significantly affect the attainment of motor milestones, performance of daily activities, and increase the risk of falls. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of core stability training in improving balance among children with DS. A narrative review approach was employed by conducting a literature search across electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate. Inclusion criteria consisted of primary studies (RCTs, quasi-experimental designs) published within the last ten years (2015–2025) that examined core stability interventions targeting balance or postural control in children with DS. A review of 10 relevant studies demonstrated that core stability training, either as a standalone intervention or combined with other modalities (e.g., treadmill training or balance training), resulted in significant improvements in both static and dynamic balance. These improvements are facilitated through the strengthening of deep trunk muscles (such as the multifidus, transversus abdominis, and rectus abdominis), which play a crucial role in proximal stabilization and force transfer to the extremities. In conclusion, core stability training is an effective and recommended intervention modality within physiotherapy rehabilitation programs to enhance the quality of life and motor independence of children with Down Syndrome.  

The increasing incidence of violence against women and children requires an active and effective role of public organizations in providing sustainable protection. This study aims to analyze the role of the Population Control, Women’s Empowerment, and Child Protection Office (DP5A) of West Sumba Regency in handling cases of violence against women and children. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis from purposively selected informants and analyzed using data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, supported by source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that DP5A has performed its facilitative, educational, representative, and technical roles; however, their implementation has not been optimal. Major obstacles include limited facilities such as the absence of a permanent safe house, inadequate operational infrastructure, limited human resource capacity, underutilization of information technology and digital media, as well as cultural and administrative constraints. This study concludes that institutional strengthening, capacity building of personnel, optimization of technology utilization, and enhanced cross-sector collaboration are essential to improve the effectiveness of protection for women and children at the local level.

This research examines criminal law policy in handling special narcotics crimes and their social impacts on Indonesian society. Narcotics crime constitutes an extraordinary crime that threatens public health, security, and social resilience. Therefore, the state implements criminal law policies through penal and non-penal approaches regulated in statutory provisions, particularly the Narcotics Law. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of criminal law policies in combating narcotics crimes and to examine the social impacts arising from the implementation of such policies. The research method used is normative legal research employing statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that criminal law policies in narcotics control still face various challenges, including ineffective law enforcement, prison overcapacity, and social stigma against narcotics users. The social impacts are not only experienced by offenders but also affect families and the wider community. Consequently, criminal law policies that prioritize restorative justice, rehabilitation, and preventive measures are urgently needed to reduce negative social impacts and to ensure sustainable protection for society in Indonesia.

This study aims to assess the financial performance of the Sukoharjo Regency Government during the 2023-2024 period by employing cash flow statements as the primary analytical tool. Cash flow statements are considered essential as they provide a clear picture of liquidity conditions and the actual capacity of local governments to manage cash inflows and outflows. This research applies a descriptive quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from audited Budget Realization Reports and Cash Flow Statements. Financial performance is evaluated through revenue effectiveness ratios and expenditure efficiency ratios as key indicators of fiscal management. The results indicate that regional revenue realization consistently exceeded the established targets throughout the study period, placing revenue performance in the very effective category. This finding reflects the local government’s ability to maximize revenue potential during the post-pandemic economic recovery phase. However, the analysis of expenditure efficiency reveals that spending management has not yet reached an optimal level, as expenditure realization remained close to the allocated budget limits. These findings demonstrate that strong revenue performance does not necessarily correspond with efficient expenditure control. Consequently, local government financial performance should be evaluated comprehensively by integrating both revenue effectiveness and expenditure efficiency perspectives. This study contributes empirically to public sector accounting literature and offers practical insights for policymakers to strengthen budget control mechanisms and promote sustainable financial management at the regional level.    

This research aims to develop an E-Catalog Information System for the Library of SMPK St. Yohanes Wewewa Barat as a digital platform that provides students and teachers with fast, accurate, and efficient access to book collection information. The system is designed to replace the previous manual book search process, which often caused delays and reduced the effectiveness of library services. The development of this system applies The Model-View-Controller (MVC) method structures the system by dividing it into three distinct parts: the model, the view, and the controller, each with its own specific function resulting in a structured architecture that is easier to manage, maintain, and improve. This method was chosen because it supports modular development and provides flexibility for future system enhancements. The results of this study show that the developed e-catalog system functions properly and performs well according to the intended design. All main features, including book searching, book detail display, and book data management, operate optimally without significant issues. Moreover, the system helps improve the efficiency of library services and enhances the user experience in accessing digital book information.

This research examines law enforcement against immigration violations and the factors influencing the effectiveness of border crossing inspection at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI) of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Immigration inspection plays a vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty and monitoring cross-border human movement. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that enforcement procedures include document verification, identification of violations, administrative actions, and deportation in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Common violations found include misuse of stay permits, travel document forgery, unauthorized border crossers, and illegal activities by foreign nationals beyond visa provisions. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Several factors affect the effectiveness of inspections, including personnel quality, technological support, legal frameworks, infrastructure capacity, traveler volume, inter-agency cooperation, political and international relations factors, socio-cultural dynamics, financial and logistical support, as well as internal supervision and accountability systems. The research concludes that institutional capacity building, policy integration, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened internal supervision are essential to ensure optimal immigration control at TPI Tanjung Perak in facing global challenges.

This research examines the effectiveness of narcotics crime investigation by the Narcotics Investigation Unit (Satuan Reserse Narkoba) from the perspective of Indonesia's Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) and related legislation. The study also analyzes the juridical-normative obstacles encountered during investigation processes, along with potential solutions under Indonesian positive law. As an extraordinary crime, narcotics offenses require precise and legally sound investigation methods. However, investigative practices often face challenges due to inconsistencies between legal norms and field implementation, limited resources, and the absence of clear regulations on special investigative techniques such as wiretapping and controlled delivery. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches, analyzing primary legal materials including Law Number 8 of 1981 (KUHAP), Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that narcotics investigations are not yet optimal due to weak technical regulations, disharmonized laws between KUHAP and the Narcotics Law, overlapping authority between the Police and the National Narcotics Agency (BNN), and a lack of protection for whistleblowers and witnesses. The legal gap in regulating special investigation methods creates uncertainty in evidence admissibility. Proposed solutions include regulatory reform through KUHAP revision, improving investigator competence through specialized training, utilizing modern technology, strengthening inter-agency coordination, and enhancing internal and external oversight mechanisms. Legal reform and institutional synergy are essential to enhancing the overall effectiveness of narcotics investigations in Indonesia.

Hypertension is a condition where arterial blood pressure is persistently above normal values. Hypertension management does not only rely on pharmacological therapy, but also requires a non-pharmacological approach as a complementary effort. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be used is Benson relaxation therapy and murottal Surah Al-Kahfi. Both therapies are believed to contribute to lowering blood pressure through the mechanism of reducing stress responses, increasing physiological relaxation, and achieving psychological calm. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the combination of Benson relaxation therapy and murottal Surah Al-Kahfi in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The study design used a quasi-experimental approach with a pretest-posttest approach and a control group. The study population was 40 people who participated in the prolanis program in Kedungdowo Village. Based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, a sample of 36 respondents was taken, divided into two groups: 18 people in the intervention group who received a combination of Benson relaxation therapy and murottal, and 18 people in the control group who were not given any intervention. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test results in the intervention group showed an effect of Benson relaxation therapy and recitation of Surah Al-Kahf in the elderly (p-value 0.004). The control group showed a p-value of 0.102. The Mann-Whitney test results showed a p-value of 0.044, indicating a difference in post-test blood pressure in those with hypertension in the control and intervention groups.

The extract of Carica papaya L. leaves contains phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and saponins that play a role in biological activities, including antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and modulation of the nervous system. This study aims to evaluate the effects of fresh papaya leaf extract on the central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system based on varying extract concentrations. The study used test animals with treatment groups consisting of negative control, positive control, and extracts at concentrations of 4%, 8%, and 16%. Parameters observed included parasympathomimetic (PSM), parasympatholytic (PSL), sympathomimetic (SM), sympatholytic (SL), analeptic effects (ANA), CNS stimulation (SSSP), CNS depression (DSSP), and muscle relaxation (RO). The results showed that the 16% concentration produced the highest PSM activity (46.82%) and dominant CNS stimulation (38.59%), while DSSP and RO decreased at higher concentrations. This phenomenon indicates that increasing the extract concentration does not always enhance CNS depression, but rather leads to stimulation. These findings support the potential of papaya leaf extract as a neuroprotective and multifunctional agent. Further research is needed to confirm its molecular mechanisms and clinical effectiveness as a phytotherapy candidate.

Stunting remains a major chronic nutritional problem in Indonesia, including Aceh, and has serious impacts on children’s physical growth and cognitive development. Prevention efforts require appropriate, practical, and sustainable nutritional interventions, including the use of local foods such as pumpkin, which is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin A, carbohydrates, and fiber, and can be combined with animal and plant protein sources. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an instant pumpkin-based porridge in improving the weight and height of children aged 6–24 months who are at risk of stunting in the Gunung Meriah Health Center area. The study used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group involving 41 children divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the instant porridge for 21 days. Data analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests showed significant improvements in the intervention group’s weight and height (p<0.05). The pumpkin-based instant porridge proved effective as a local food–based nutritional intervention and has the potential to be integrated into supplementary feeding programs and regional nutrition policies with broader coverage and longer duration..

This study aimed to evaluate the implementation of the accounting information system for cash receipts and disbursements in supporting the effectiveness of internal control, with reference to the COSO framework components at the Regional Public Company Water Supply Wair Pu’an. The data used in this research included primary and secondary data. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, which describes or depicts the research objects based on observable facts. Dara collection methods included documentation and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The findings indicate that, overall, the accounting information system for cash receipts and disbursements at Perumda Water Supply Wair Pu’an is functioning effectively, as evidenced by the alignment of its internal control system with the COSO components.

The development and revitalization of the Sungai Asam drainage system in Jambi City face serious problems in the form of river sedimentation and limited channel capacity, which trigger flooding. These conditions necessitated a design change for bank protection from revetment to a retaining wall (Dinding Penahan Tanah/DPT) in the SA223 to SA228 segment. This study aims to analyze the construction cost and implementation duration of the DPT resulting from the design change. The theoretical framework covers retaining wall concepts, cost estimation (Bill of Quantities), and construction project scheduling. A descriptive-analytical method was applied using secondary data, including design drawings, work volumes, the 2025 Water Resources and Human Settlements Unit Price Analysis (AHSP), the 2025 Jambi Provincial Standard Unit Prices, and time analysis using the S-Curve and Critical Path Method (CPM). The results indicate that the total construction cost of the DPT in the SA223–SA228 segment is IDR 9.524.259.092,02, while the project duration is determined based on the critical path identified through CPM analysis. The discussion confirms that the design change significantly affects work complexity, construction costs, and schedule adjustments. The study concludes that systematic and measurable cost and time analyses are essential as a technical basis for decision-making in river revitalization projects to ensure effectiveness, efficiency, and the sustainability of flood control infrastructure.

Formal organizational structures are crucial for ensuring the effectiveness, efficiency, and accountability of work processes within an institution. However, many organizations still face challenges such as overlapping tasks, ineffective communication, and inadequate control mechanisms. This study aims to analyze formal organizational structure design strategies through systematic steps, implementation mechanisms, and ongoing evaluation. The research method used is a literature review, based on a review of the latest scientific sources (books, journals, and research reports) related to organizational theory and structural design. The results indicate that organizational structure design should begin with defining objectives, analyzing activities, departmentalizing, establishing hierarchical relationships, coordinating mechanisms, and evaluating. Implementation mechanisms include socialization, human resource capacity development, process integration with technology, monitoring, and change management. The literature review also confirms that alignment between strategy, structure, and business processes is a key factor in improving organizational performance. Therefore, organizational structures must be adaptive, responsive, and data-driven to face the challenges of an ever-evolving strategic environment.