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Toxoplasma gondi is a pervasive parasite that causes a variety of diseases both in humans and animals, it infects the neural cells of the central nervous system. There have been previous reports linking this infection with Autism. Autism is a combination of complex neurodevelopmental disorders leading to alteration in social communication. This study was done to detect the frequency of seropositive Toxoplasmosis in Autistic children attending psychiatric units in Azady Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk governorate-Iraq. This case-control study was done on 40 Autistic children (30 male, 10 female) with an average age of 5.4±6 years and 40 healthy children (8 male, 32 female) with the same age range (6.1±2) year, from April 2018- January 2020. Sample collection was done by obtaining four ml of blood from all study group children for the detection of both IgM and IgG Toxoplasma gondi antibodies using the ELISA technique. Chi-square and paired T-tests were used for data analysis. The IgM serology for both Autistic and control children was negative while there was just one positive result of T.gondi IgG in Autistic Children and two positive results in normal children which made the result insignificant( X2=0.45, p-value>0.05). Regarding gender, there was no significant difference in detecting positive results between boys and girls of the study groups (X2=0.45 p value> 0.05). The study also demonstrated that Autistic Parents were statistically older than healthy children of the same age. We couldn't uncover any connection between ASD and toxoplasmosis. The age of parents & family history has a significant impact on the development of ASD.

This study aims to analyze the effect of stress on emotional eating among whitewater rafting athletes in East Java. Stress, caused by the demands of competition and intensive training, often triggers emotional eating behavior, which involves overeating as a response to negative emotions. This research employs a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design, involving 68 athletes from the East Java Whitewater Rafting Federation. Data were collected through an online questionnaire using a stress scale and an emotional eating scale. The results show that the majority of athletes (70.6%) experience high levels of stress, and most (39.7%) exhibit moderate levels of emotional eating. Regression analysis indicates a significant positive relationship between stress and emotional eating (p < 0.05), with stress contributing 9.2% to the variation in emotional eating. This study highlights the importance of stress management to prevent emotional eating, which can affect athletes' health and performance. Recommended stress management strategies include emotional regulation training and providing psychological counseling services.

This study explores women’s experiences of discrimination in the workplace due to beauty privilege. This study uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques, participant observation, and questionnaires to uncover forms of discrimination. This phenomenon creates injustice and has negative impacts on individuals who do not meet beauty standards, such as feelings of inferiority, alienation, and limited career opportunities. This study recommends the importance of awareness and more inclusive policies to reduce appearance-based discrimination in the workplace. The findings show that beauty privilege often provides advantages for individuals who are considered physically attractive, but also creates psychological stress for those who do not meet certain beauty standards.

Stunting is a condition of impaired child growth due to chronic malnutrition during the 1,000 First Days of Life (HPK), affecting physical, cognitive, and social development. In Indonesia, stunting remains a major challenge, particularly among toddlers. Providing appropriate Complementary Feeding (MP-ASI) for children aged 6-24 months is key to prevention. This article discusses an educational program for stunting prevention through the development of MP-ASI menus in Saringembat Village. The program aims to increase community awareness of the importance of balanced nutrition through three main stages: determining MP-ASI menus, preparing educational materials, and conducting socialization and MP-ASI-making practices. The menus are divided into three age groups (6-8 months, 9-12 months, and over 12 months) using local ingredients such as catfish, spinach, and potatoes.The results show increased community understanding, the effectiveness of using local ingredients, and the success of hands-on practice. A final evaluation quiz indicated that most participants understood the concept of MP-ASI and stunting prevention. This program is expected to continue to help reduce stunting rates and create a healthier generation.

This research aims to explore the role of soil microorganisms in improving soil fertility and agricultural productivity to support sustainable agriculture. Using the literature review method, various scientific literatures were analyzed to identify the potential, challenges, and optimization strategies of microorganism technology. Microorganisms such as Nitrobacter, Streptomyces sp. and Trichoderma sp. play significant roles in nitrogen cycling, organic matter decomposition and plant pathogen control. In addition to naturally improving soil nutrition, these microorganisms also support agricultural efficiency by reducing dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides.  However, the adoption of this technology faces obstacles, such as farmers' lack of knowledge and limited access to quality products. Therefore, strategic steps are needed in the form of training programs, extension, and policy development to support the implementation of microorganism-based technologies. In the context of climate change, microorganisms also contribute to greenhouse gas mitigation and increase crop tolerance to abiotic stress. The results of this study emphasize the importance of microorganisms as a sustainable solution to the challenges of modern agriculture, as well as the need for collaboration between various parties to increase the capacity of farmers in implementing this technology.   

This study aims to explore the use of digital technology by Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darul Musthofa in improving the institution's brand image. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, data was collected through semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. The results of the study show that the strategic use of social media such as YouTube, TikTok and WhatsApp has succeeded in increasing public trust in the quality of madrasah education. Digitization of learning also strengthens engagement between students, teachers, and parents, although limited infrastructure and technological training remain significant challenges. The implication of this research is the need for a planned strategy and policy support to ensure equitable adoption of technology, especially in rural areas. This study contributes by understanding the synergy between digital technology and brand image enhancement strategies in the context of Islamic education, offering strategic guidance for other madrasahs to compete in the digital era.

Research aims to analyze the use of deixis in Rafi Bastos’ stand-up comedy video titled “USA vs Brazil”. This study examines the types of deixis used, such as person, time, place, discourse, and social deixis according to Levinson’s theory. To collecting the data, this study using a descriptive qualitative method. The analysis shows that person and discourse deixis are the most frequently use types, reflecting a comedy style based on personal narrative and story context. This study provides the insight into the importance of deixis in pragmatic communication and how adjustments to cultural and social contexts can influence international comedy.

Students critical thinking skills cannot develop appropriately if in the learning process, the teacher is not active. Therefore, to improve students' critical thinking skills, a teacher should choose and use strategies, approaches, and methods techniques that involve students actively in learning, both in manner mental, physical, and social. One alternative learning that provides opportunities for students to develop students' critical thinking skills in problem solving is problem-based learning. This research was a research study literature examining related journal application of problem-based learning to improve critical thinking skills. The findings of this study included: (1) the implementation of PBL has the potential to help students motivate and provide learning experiences; and (2) PBL implementation is very useful in improving students' critical thinking skills, provided that teachers and students can apply each stage of PBL well.

This study aims to analyze the plot and point of view in the short story Percayakah Kau Padaku, a work that features deep psychological exploration and strong emotional conflict. Using a structuralist approach, this research evaluates how the non-linear plot and the choice of first-person perspective influence the reader's understanding of the characters and the main themes, namely trust and betrayal. The complex plot, with shifts between the past and present, creates tension and adds depth to the protagonist's inner journey. On the other hand, the first-person perspective allows the reader to directly experience the psychological dilemmas faced by the character, enriching the understanding of the internal conflict. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the plot and point of view serve as tools to deepen the characters, strengthen the themes of the story, and provide a more intense reading experience. This study also offers suggestions for further story development by enriching the supporting characters and clarifying the time transitions in the plot.

This article analyzes the representation of culture shock in Andrea Hirata's novel Edensor, focusing on the experiences of the main characters, Ikal and Arai, as they interact with European culture. Using Kalvero Oberg's culture shock theory, which includes the stages of honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment, this study explores how both characters undergo shifts in mindset and attitudes when confronted with foreign cultural values. The paper also discusses the impact of culture shock on their character development and its relevance in today's global socio-cultural context, including migration and international education. Through this analysis, it is understood that culture shock is not merely a clash of cultures, but also a crucial process for learning and personal growth. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to interdisciplinary literary studies, particularly in understanding the relationship between literature and social-cultural phenomena.

The book Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik is a guide book for learning Arabic which includes four skills in Arabic, namely speaking skills, listening skills, reading skills and writing skills. In this book there are many important aspects to improve students' speaking skills. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This method was chosen to be able to describe real phenomena without any engineering involved. The data source in this research is Arabic Language and Culture students at Al Azhar University Indonesia. The problem discussed in this research is measuring the effectiveness of the book Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik in speaking proficiency. The aim of this research is to see the effectiveness of using the Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik book in speaking proficiency. The results of this research are related to the components of book content, the role of the teacher, and the role of students in speaking proficiency in the Arabic language learning process.

Students critical thinking skills cannot develop appropriately if in the learning process, the teacher is not active. Therefore, to improve students' critical thinking skills, a teacher should choose and use strategies, approaches, and methods techniques that involve students actively in learning, both in manner mental, physical, and social. One alternative learning that provides opportunities for students to develop students' critical thinking skills in problem solving is problem-based learning. This research was a research study literature examining related journal application of problem-based learning to improve critical thinking skills. The findings of this study included: (1) the implementation of PBL has the potential to help students motivate and provide learning experiences; and (2) PBL implementation is very useful in improving students' critical thinking skills, provided that teachers and students can apply each stage of PBL well.

This study aims to analyze the plot and point of view in the short story Percayakah Kau Padaku, a work that features deep psychological exploration and strong emotional conflict. Using a structuralist approach, this research evaluates how the non-linear plot and the choice of first-person perspective influence the reader's understanding of the characters and the main themes, namely trust and betrayal. The complex plot, with shifts between the past and present, creates tension and adds depth to the protagonist's inner journey. On the other hand, the first-person perspective allows the reader to directly experience the psychological dilemmas faced by the character, enriching the understanding of the internal conflict. Through this analysis, it can be concluded that the plot and point of view serve as tools to deepen the characters, strengthen the themes of the story, and provide a more intense reading experience. This study also offers suggestions for further story development by enriching the supporting characters and clarifying the time transitions in the plot.

This article analyzes the representation of culture shock in Andrea Hirata's novel Edensor, focusing on the experiences of the main characters, Ikal and Arai, as they interact with European culture. Using Kalvero Oberg's culture shock theory, which includes the stages of honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment, this study explores how both characters undergo shifts in mindset and attitudes when confronted with foreign cultural values. The paper also discusses the impact of culture shock on their character development and its relevance in today's global socio-cultural context, including migration and international education. Through this analysis, it is understood that culture shock is not merely a clash of cultures, but also a crucial process for learning and personal growth. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to interdisciplinary literary studies, particularly in understanding the relationship between literature and social-cultural phenomena.

The book Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik is a guide book for learning Arabic which includes four skills in Arabic, namely speaking skills, listening skills, reading skills and writing skills. In this book there are many important aspects to improve students' speaking skills. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. This method was chosen to be able to describe real phenomena without any engineering involved. The data source in this research is Arabic Language and Culture students at Al Azhar University Indonesia. The problem discussed in this research is measuring the effectiveness of the book Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik in speaking proficiency. The aim of this research is to see the effectiveness of using the Al Arabiyah Baina Yadaik book in speaking proficiency. The results of this research are related to the components of book content, the role of the teacher, and the role of students in speaking proficiency in the Arabic language learning process.

This study aims to determine the application of Differentiated-Based Learning (DBL) learning model in improving students' creativity at IT Darussalam Elementary School. DBL is a learning approach that adapts the learning process to the needs, interests and ability levels of each student. This research uses a qualitative approach method with a combination of interviews and direct observation, interviews were conducted with the principal. The results showed that the application of Differentiated-Based Learning (DBL) model can improve students' creativity. Suggestions for the development of the Differentiated-Based Learning model can conduct teacher training, improve learning facilities and infrastructure. SD IT Darussalam is on the right track in developing a learning model that suits the needs of students. To face the challenges, strategic steps such as supervision, collaboration, innovation and the use of technology show the school's commitment to providing quality learning. With continuous support, learning models such as DBL or PBL can be applied more effectively, providing a positive impact on student development, both academically and non-academically

The success of a school is greatly influenced by the role of the principal's leadership in managing educational resources and guiding teachers and school staff towards achieving optimal educational goals. Principal leadership includes the ability to plan, organize, motivate, and direct all potentials in the school to achieve quality education. The principal as a leader is not only tasked with administrative aspects, but also plays an important role in creating a conducive learning climate, supporting innovation in teaching, and improving teacher competence. This article discusses the concept, role, and challenges faced by principals in implementing leadership in schools, as well as strategies that can be applied to improve school performance. With effective leadership, principals are able to bring positive changes to the progress of education in their schools.

Clinical supervision is a strategic approach in improving the quality of learning through mentoring and teacher training in a planned, focused and sustainable manner. This approach communicates collaboration between supervisors and teachers in analyzing and improving learning practices in the classroom. This article discusses the role of clinical supervision in identifying teachers' professional needs, providing constructive feedback, and supporting the development of relevant pedagogical skills. The research results show that the implementation of effective clinical supervision can increase teacher competence, improve teaching methods, and create a more optimal learning environment for students. Additionally, clinical supervision also encourages a culture of reflection and continuous learning.

This research examines the use of technology in increasing learning interactivity in Indonesia. The aim of the research is to analyze various forms of educational technology used, identify their impact on learning interactivity, and explore the challenges and opportunities in their implementation. The method used is a systematic literature review by analyzing published scientific articles. The research results show that the use of technology such as learning management systems, augmented reality, and artificial intelligence significantly increases learning interactivity. However, there are challenges such as limited infrastructure and digital competence of educators. In conclusion, the use of technology has great potential in increasing learning interactivity, but requires a comprehensive and sustainable implementation strategy.

This study explores efforts to improve literacy and numeracy through collaboration between teachers and students in the Teaching Campus Program at SD Negeri 03 Geragahan. Literacy and numeracy are essential skills in primary education, but many schools in remote areas still face challenges in achieving expected standards. The study aims to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of this program. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, and then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results show that the Teaching Campus Program has a significant positive impact on improving students' literacy and numeracy. There was an increase in reading ability, reading comprehension, reading interest, arithmetic ability, understanding of mathematical concepts, and interest in learning mathematics. The implications of this research highlight the importance of support and commitment from all parties involved in the program to ensure its sustainability and success. This research makes a significant contribution to efforts to improve the quality of education in remote areas and can serve as a reference for similar programs in the future.