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Semiotics is a study of signs. The poems of Pengagum Rindu by M. Hanfanaraya contains elements of semiotics such as icons, indexes, and symbols. The purpose of the study was to identify and analyze semiotics in the poems of Pengagum Rindu by M. Hanfanaraya. The scope of the research is the study of literary criticism, namely the study of semiotics. The limitation of the problem in this research is that the author takes all aspects of semiotics on the types of signs such as icons, indexes, and symbols. There are two sources of data, namely primary data sources and secondary data sources. This type of research is a qualitative research using a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used are hermeneutic and documentation techniques. The data analysis technique uses text analysis techniques. The results of the research that were found were (9) the symbol aspect was found as many as 1(one) data consisting of words, combinations of words, and phrases.    

Prohibited expressions are part of people's beliefs, referred to as people's beliefs because there is an association relationship in them. The culture of this prohibition expression has begun to disappear along with the changes or developments of the times. The purpose of making this picture story book is to preserve the Minangkabau culture of forbidden expressions and to explain the good intentions behind the prohibition phrases for young people today, especially the children of Koto Bersisir Selatan. With the media of interesting picture story books, it is hoped that this media will facilitate adolescents' understanding of the information conveyed, as well as increase interest in reading. The design of this work uses the glassbox design method with the design stages of preparation, incubation, lumination, and verification. 5W+1H data analysis method (What, When, Where, Who, Why, and How. In addition to designing picture books as the main media, this design has supporting media, namely posters, digital posters, x-banners, t-shirts, bookmarks , upload social media Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and E-book.

The aim of this research is to describe (1) the type of comparative language style found in the lyrics of the album Selamat Birthday dan Kalah Berbet by Nadin Amizah, (2) The function of the comparative language style found in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Bet by Nadin Amizah. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source in this research is the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Betting by Nadin Amizah. The data in this research is in the form of types and functions of comparative language styles contained in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah with the form of data in the form of words, phrases, clauses and sentences contained in lines and verses in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah which deals with the types and functions of comparative language styles. Data collection techniques were carried out using library techniques, listening, taking notes and entering them into data cards. Data analysis uses qualitative content analysis techniques. Based on the results of the analysis, it can be concluded that in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Bets by Nadin Amizah, there are types and functions of comparative language styles used by the author in the album's song lyrics. The types of comparative language styles found in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Lose Betting by Nadin Amizah are in the form of similes, metaphors, personification, depersonification, allegory, antithesis, pleonasm, periphrasis, prolepsis or anticipation, and correction or epanorthosis., while the function of language style The comparisons contained in the lyrics of the album Happy Birthday and Losing Betting by Nadin Amizah are in the form of information function, expressive function, aesthetic function, directive function and phatic function.

Morphology is one of the linguistic sciences that discusses the ins and outs of word formation such as compositum. Compositum is a combination of two words but the elements of compositum can be two or more words. Compositum has a word component as its forming element which has a special pattern so that it is different from other word combinations, such as idioms and phrases. The difference can be seen in terms of the level of meaning. Compositum can be classified into several types, namely based on the cohesiveness of meaning, the type of words of the elements, the distribution system, the complexity, and the language origin of the elements. Based on the cohesiveness of meaning, compositum consists of semicompound and non-compound compositum. Semicompound compositum is a compound word whose meaning is still related to the meaning of one of its elements. Meanwhile, a non-compound (tenuous) compositum is a compound word whose meaning is still related to the meaning of all its elements. Thus, many readers still do not know how semicompound and uncompound composites can be formed in Kahlil Gibran's poetry collection. In learning, there are still many educators who have not conveyed about compositum so that students do not know and have difficulty in determining compositum. Descriptive qualitative is the method used in this research. The purpose of this research is to analyze and describe semi-compound and non-compound compositum in a collection of poems by Kahlil Gibran. Based on the results of the analysis, there are 33 data including compositum based on the unity of meaning, namely 11 data showing semicompound compositum and 22 data including non-compound compositum.  

This study focuses on the analysis of phrases contained in the text of historical stories in class X textbooks of Social Sciences in the independence curriculum. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and data collection techniques used are listening techniques, observation techniques, and note taking techniques. In this analysis, the author analyzes the phrases in four historical narrative texts entitled Mohammad Hatta: "Every action is for the sake of the country you love, don't betray.", Ki Hadjar Dewantara: "It's better to have nothing but be happy than to be wealthy but unhappy.”, History of the Beduk Musical Instrument in Malay Dance Accompaniment Music in Pontianak City, Typhoid Outbreaks in Cirebon during the Dutch East Indies Period. The research results obtained were the discovery of various uses of phrases totaling 35 in these texts. There are 10 noun phrases, 15 verb phrases, 8 prepositional phrases, and 2 adjective phrases.

Language is the most important means of communication. Language also has scientific value, one of the studies of linguistics or linguistics is pragmatics. The discussion of pragmatics examines deixis, where a word has a meaning to refer to the meaning of something that has existed before. Deixis is a phenomenon in which contextual information is identified by lexical forms or grammatical distinctions, information that becomes clear only when linked to context. Phenomena involving phrases that cannot be separated from their context are called deictic expressions. Meanwhile, several linguistic forms used to indicate something are called deictic. Al-Qur'an is a book that contains a very deep meaning and has even been studied further. Based on semantic studies, the Qur'an contains words that are full of meaning. In this context, the researcher conducted his research on Surah Al Waqi'ah and focused on the study of time and space deixis. 

This research analyzed one of the syntactic fields of study, namely phrases in argumentation texts in class XI textbooks of the Kurikulum Merdeka. Two data will be studied in argumentation texts entitled "Ketahanan Pangan Lokal” and “Ketahanan Pangan pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19". In this study, the researchers limit the analysis of phrase type studies, namely based on word categories in the form of verb and noun phrases. The purpose of this research is to know in depth the research data along with an explanation of the types of phrases based on word categories, namely verb phrases and noun phrases found. In addition, this research is also expected to be valuable as a learning medium, especially in one of the fields of syntactic units, namely about phrases. The research method used a qualitative descriptive methodological approach and theoretical syntax with reading, listening, and recording techniques. In the analysis, it was found that verb phrases based on their position and location were divided into two, namely Coordinative Verb Phrases (FVK) and Subordinative Verb Phrases (FVS). Meanwhile, noun phrases based on their position and location are also divided into two, namely Coordinative Noun Phrases (FNK) and Subordinative Noun Phrases (FNS). To facilitate the analysis and understanding of the reader, the phrase data is presented in the form of a table accompanied by an explanation. This research is important to analyze the phrases in the argumentation text contained in the independent curriculum textbook, this is because the independent curriculum is the latest educational learning system in Indonesia.

Phrases can start with a preposition or a verb and also can just be the subject.  Phrases are in a syntactic function which is formed from a combination of words.  Often found in the text in a sentence, for example, is one of which is in the Book-Based Play and Learning Guide for Early Childhood Teachers.  This study discusses the analysis of the use of phrases in the textbook.  The aim is to find out the relevance of the sentence study of the types of phrases contained in book-based play and study guides for early childhood teachers.  This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The data collection method uses observation techniques and examines how the language is applied, and the note-taking method is also used to record the structure being analyzed.  This study found that there are 3 verb phrases, 3 adjektiva phrases, 3 numeral phrases, 3 noun phrases, 3 exocentric phrases, and 3 endocentric phrases.  One of the benefits of this research is that we understand more about the types of phrases in each sentence.

This research was conducted to analyze the phrases in the procedural text in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Kurikulum Merdeka. This study focuses on analyzing phrases based on categories or word classes used in procedure texts. The purpose of this research analysis is to examine the use of adverb phrases, numerals, adjectives, nouns, and verbs in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Merdeka Curriculum. This study uses a methodological approach in the form of a qualitative descriptive approach and a theoretical approach in the form of a syntactic approach. The data in this study were taken from fragments of phrases in procedural texts in the Indonesian book Moving Together Class V SD Kurikulum Merdeka. The results of this study are that there are 9 noun phrases or nouns, 8 adverb phrases or adverbs, 2 verb or verb phrases, 2 adjective phrases or adjectives, and 1 numeral phrase or number word. The benefit of this research is to find out the types of phrases in the procedural text in the book Indonesian Moving Together for class V at the Merdeka Curriculum Elementary School as well as provide initial knowledge about phrases to fifth-grade elementary school students as an introductory knowledge to continue to the next level of education.

The main discussion in this research article is the analysis of phrases that have a function in observing the use of the types of phrases contained in the essay text entitled "Dusta yang Jujur" and "Godaan". There is also a purpose in conducting this research, namely to inform, classify, and describe the types of phrases in the essays listed in Giyato's Dusta yang Jujur and Goenawan Mohamad's Godaan. The type of research in this article is a type of descriptive qualitative research. Data collection methods and techniques applied in this study are the observing methods and the note-taking technique. Data collection refers to the essay text in the Class XII book of the Merdeka Curriculum. The objects of research in this article are the essay entitled Dusta yang Jujur by Giyato which has 3 pages and the text of the essay entitled Godaan by Goenawan Mohamad in the Indonesian language book Class XII of the Merdeka Curriculum. With this research on phrases, it is hoped that readers will be able to find out the types of phrases contained in the essay text entitled Dusta yang Jujur by Giyato which has 3 pages, and the text of the essay entitled Godaan by Goenawan Mohamad in the Indonesian language book class XII of the Merdeka Curriculum.

The use of Indonesian can affect the distribution of power among local residents, either through the choice of words or phrases used, the style of communication, or access to information. The use of Indonesian by local residents also has implications for community empowerment and involvement. When people have broad access and a good understanding of Indonesian, they can participate actively in life. The use of Indonesian by local residents can also have an impact on cultural sustainability and create social harmony. Indonesian is stipulated in the 1945 Constitution and Indonesian has been studied in several countries. But that does not mean, the existence of the Indonesian language does not experience problems. Slang appears because of the dynamics in people's lives. The diversity of local cultures and languages ​​has a role and influence on the Indonesian language. It cannot be denied that cultural and linguistic diversity is the uniqueness of the Indonesian nation and a wealth that must be preserved. But this diversity affects Indonesian as the language of unity.

News texts have an important role in life. Each sentence in the news text contains one or more information depending on the type of sentence used. The length of sentences in a news text makes it difficult for readers to digest the information presented. For this reason, this research is more focused on analyzing the phrases and sentences contained in news text excerpts. The goal is to make it easier for readers to understand the information in a sentence. Theoretically, this research is useful for adding insight into several types of phrases and sentences in Indonesian. The practical benefits obtained are in the form of ease in determining the core information of a phrase or sentence in a news text. This research is descriptive qualitative research that uses a pragmatic approach. The theoretical approach used in this research is the syntactic approach. The data used is in the form of news text excerpts from class VII Indonesian books which are suspected of having endocentric and exocentric phrases as well as single sentences and compound sentences. Retrieval of research data using literature study techniques, namely observing and noting. The data was then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman technique combined with the distribution method in sorting the data. The results of this study are presented informally. From the research results of five news texts in class VII Indonesian books, 50 data were found which included 7 coordinating endocentric phrases, 10 attributive endocentric phrases, 4 appositive endocentric phrases, 9 directive exocentric phrases, 2 non-directive exocentric phrases, and 8 single sentences and 10 sentences compound.

The study was created to analyze the function, role, and syntax category in the sentences in story texts used in the Indonesian language textbook for class VIII junior high school independent curriculum. The data analysis technique used in this study is a billing technique with a theoretical language approach that focuses on each of the grammatical elements in sentence formation. The data on this analysis is the function, role, and syntax category in direct sentences and indirect sentences. The data source is two-story texts entitled "Parki and Egg Allergies" and "Uncle Tom's Magic Box" of the Indonesian language textbook for class VIII junior high school independent curriculum. Research has revealed five syntax functions (subjects, predicates, objects, appendages, and references), revealed a variety of syntax roles that do not always occupy the same function (the perpetrator, activity, target, driver, status, circumstances, time, tools, locative, and result), then found ten syntactic categories (pronouns, nouns, verbs, transitive verbs, intransitive verbs, verbal phrases, nominal phrases, adjective phrases, nominal-adjective phrases, and prepositional phrases). It is hoped that more variations of syntax functions, roles, and categories based on the findings of the research conducted.

The purpose of this research is to describe (1) the types of metaphors found in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi, and (2) the functions of metaphors in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The data source for this research is the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi, which consists of the songs titled "Nyala," "1-2-Cha-Cha," "Malam-Malam Ubud," "Di Timur," "Melebur Semesta," "Kultusan," "Ikat Aku di Tulang Belikatmu," "Amin Paling Serius," "Dalam Diam," and "Jelita." The data in this study are the types and functions of metaphors found in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi, in the form of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that are present in the lines and stanzas of the lyrics related to the types and functions of metaphors. The data collection technique used in this research is literature review, observation, note-taking, and data cards. The data analysis is done using qualitative content analysis. Based on the analysis results, it can be concluded that there are types and functions of metaphors used by the songwriter in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi. The types of metaphors found in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi include anthropomorphic metaphors, synesthetic metaphors, abstract metaphors, and bestial metaphors. The functions of metaphors found in the lyrics of the album "Berhati" by Sal Priadi include informational function, expressive function, directive function, and phatic function. The most abundant data are found in the category of abstract metaphors and informational function of metaphors, while the least amount of data are found in the category of bestial metaphors and expressive function of metaphors.

The phrase is one of the elements that fills the function in a sentence that builds a news discourse in the daily newspaper Detik.com. Phrases are divided into two groups, namely endocentric and exocentric phrases, this group of phrases fills the syntactic function in news discourse in the Daily Detik.com newspaper. These phrase groups will form a phrase structure which can be composed of words and words, words and phrases, and phrases and phrases to form a complete/complete sentence.  

This research aims to describe the level of syntax errors that include aspects of phrases and sentences on writing personal experience grade X SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL Stella Gratia Atambua. This research uses qualitative research designs with the kind of descriptive research. The results of this study indicate that many students make a mistake on a sentence structure that covers ten aspects. These findings prove that students pay attention to the use of grammar in writing, lack of vocabulary which  belonged to the students, the influence of the use of local languages, and teachers less use of grammar in writing.

Syntaxis analysis on narrative text in Indonesian language book class VII middleschool Merdeka curriculum focuses on analysis of phrases. The purpose of  performing phrase analysis on this narrative text is to find, describe, and group into the types of phrases contained in narrative texts "Bola-Bola Waktu", "Pantan Terong yang Instagramable" and "Jelajah Wae Rebo" in the Indonesian language class VII SMP curricullum Merdeka. This study used two research methods, descriptive method with qualitative approach and syntactic theoretical method. Data analyzed is collected by the technique of view and note technique. The results of data analysis are presented in the form of tables with the explanation of each phrase found and grouped according to the type of phrase. In this study produces findings of some types of phrases, among others, noun phrases, verb phrase,  adjective phrases, numeral phrases, adverb phrases, and preposition phrases. The benefits that can be obtained from this implementation is to provide knowledge and type of phrases and the reader can understand and learn the contents of this analysis and use it for a good context of language as a result of this analysis.

This research discusses the analysis of clauses in recon texts contained in Indonesian language school textbooks. This study was made to provide knowledge to the reader about the categories of clauses and their examples in sentences in the text. The data for this study are in the form of three recon texts, which contain the types of clauses found in the Advanced Indonesian Language Book for Class XI SMA Merdeka Curriculum. The technique employed in this study is a qualitative descriptive method where the data collected takes the form of words rather than numbers. The analysis technique used is syntactic and also uses note-taking techniques in data collection. Based on the research conducted, twenty-seven clauses were obtained according to the category of phrases or words that occupy the function of the predicate. The clause consists of 26 verb clauses, eight noun clauses, one numeral clause, and two prepositional clauses. A verb clause is a clause whose predicate elements are categorized as verbs. Noun clauses are clauses whose predicate elements are categorized as nouns. Numeralia clauses are clauses whose predicate elements are in the category of numerals. Based on these consequences, it can be formulated that the function of the results of this study is to facilitate the readers' understanding of clause analysis because it provides a detailed explanation accompanied by examples of phrases or words in each sentence that contains the type of clause.

The syntax studied has three scopes: phrases, clauses, and sentences. There are many problems regarding how to differentiate and classify clauses. Not a few equate between phrases and clauses. A collection of several words contains a clause if some of these words have subject and predicate elements, while a phrase means several words consisting of at least one predicate element without any subject element or can be said to be the opposite of a clause. The purpose of this article is to share knowledge about the grouping of clauses and provide examples of each sentence in the procedure text so that the benefits based on this analysis are expected to open and increase knowledge and broaden horizons for writers and readers so that readers can interpret and classify clauses based on analysis. the syntax. The results of the analysis in this article are expected to be useful for students and the wider community regarding language learning because it provides a lot of knowledge related to the grouping of clauses and the types of clauses in procedure texts in Buku Bahasa Indonesia Kelas VII SMP Kurikulum Merdeka. In the research context, methods and methodology are described and will be explained through a qualitative descriptive methodological approach. Qualitative methods aim to seek an in-depth understanding of symptoms and facts.

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies phrases, clauses, and sentences. In this article, the focus is more on discussing the analysis of sentences in a text, in which the sentence itself is part of the syntax, namely syntactic units composed of basic constituents, usually in the form of clauses, supplemented by conjunctions when needed, and accompanied by final intonation. This article’s text is anecdotal from the Class X Indonesian Language Book of the Merdeka Curriculum. The anecdotal texts in the book are then analyzed for sentences to know whether direct or indirect sentences and sentences are standard. Analyzing a sentence certainly uses a method or method used. The method itself uses a qualitative descriptive method. The qualitative descriptive method is used to make a detailed description of a particular object which is carried out systematically, factually, and accurately. The results of this study found effective sentences, ineffective sentences, declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, and imperative sentences. Based on the results of the analysis found five anecdotal texts. This research can be used as a source of learning, for example in learning about types of sentences. In addition, it can be used to measure literacy levels. As well as b improving language competence, it can also shape students' character conceptually and in the form of humor, which has become a part of life today.