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This study aims to analyze the performance of village government officials in providing services to the community in Watutoa Village, Marioriwawo District, Soppeng Regency. Village officials play a crucial role in delivering optimal services to the public. To achieve this, several supporting and hindering factors are needed, including external factors such as limited resources, government policies, and social environment, as well as internal factors like the skills and knowledge of officials, motivation and commitment, and the systems and procedures used. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that hinder the performance of village officials in providing services to the community in Watutoa Village, as well as to identify the supporting factors that facilitate the implementation of services. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a community study design. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The research participants included the officials of Watutoa Village (the head of the village and the head of sections) and the community members who had received services from the village officials. The results of the study indicate that, overall, the performance of village officials is quite good. However, there are several areas that need attention, such as limited resources, where digital services have not yet been optimized. Although government policies regarding attendance, working hours, sanctions, and training have been effective, there are still areas that need improvement. Infrastructure is sufficiently adequate to support the smooth delivery of services, but the technical skills and utilization of technology by village officials need to be enhanced. Furthermore, the motivation and commitment of the officials in delivering services should be strengthened. The existing service systems and procedures are not fully efficient, so continuous evaluation and improvement are necessary to enhance the quality of services in the future.

Service quality is a vital element that must be prioritized to achieve excellence in public service delivery. It serves as the cornerstone for any institution, directly influencing public satisfaction. Such satisfaction can only be realized when services are delivered effectively, efficiently, and in alignment with the community’s needs. This study aims to assess the quality of public services at the Plampang Village Office and identify factors that hinder its enhancement in 2022. Using a descriptive method with a qualitative approach, the research explores and analyzes various phenomena, events, social activities, attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and community perspectives, both on an individual and collective level. The findings reveal that the assurance dimension of service quality received favorable feedback from service users. However, other dimensions still exhibit notable deficiencies, such as the public’s limited awareness of service standards, the small size of service spaces, and inadequate facilities, such as computers and laptops, which often experience technical issues, leading to delays in service completion.

The application of restorative justice in the Indonesian criminal justice system cannot be immediately implemented in all cases, particularly for assault crimes. This is due to limitations in implementation and inhibiting factors that arise in the field. Facts show that some law enforcement officers are still less than optimal in expediting the restorative justice process. This condition creates legal uncertainty and anxiety, especially for prosecutors handling cases. This situation also impacts the prosecutor's position, which could be questioned by superiors and supervisory committees if case resolution does not proceed according to regulations. This study uses a socio-legal research approach to examine two main issues. First, the author analyzes the implementation of restorative justice in resolving assault cases in the jurisdiction of the Samarinda District Attorney's Office. Second, the author identifies obstacles faced in implementing restorative justice in that jurisdiction. Based on the results of the study, 14 cases of assault were handled. Of these, 11 cases were successfully resolved through restorative justice mechanisms, while 3 cases were declared failed. This failure is generally influenced by the failure to meet several important requirements, including: the perpetrator being a recidivist or having previously committed a crime, a sentence exceeding five years, the absence of a peace agreement between the perpetrator and the victim, and the perpetrator's failure to fulfill their obligation to provide compensation. Therefore, it can be concluded that although restorative justice plays a crucial role in achieving a more humane and equitable resolution of cases, its implementation still faces structural and technical obstacles. Consistent efforts by law enforcement and increased understanding of the concept of restorative justice are needed for this mechanism to operate effectively, provide legal certainty, and address the community's need for justice.

This study examines tourism development policies and their contribution to increasing Regional Original Revenue (PAD) in Gresik Regency. The research specifically analyzes policy implementation, supporting and inhibiting factors, and their implications for local economic growth. Employing a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected from key informants within the Gresik Regency Government, including the Office of Culture, Tourism, Youth, and Sports, as well as relevant supporting agencies. Primary data were supplemented with secondary sources, and analysis was conducted using McNabb’s (2002) model, which involves data grouping, interpretation, and the formulation of generalizable insights. Findings indicate that tourism development policies in Gresik Regency focus on five key areas: designation and spatial planning of tourism zones, development of tourist attractions and supporting infrastructure, promotion of tourism activities, and business development initiatives. These policies are supported by government regulations, community involvement, improved facilities, diversified tourism destinations, and marketing strategies utilizing both online and offline media. However, several inhibiting factors were identified, including limited funding, inadequate human resources, lack of cooperation with third parties, negative public perceptions, and insufficient knowledge about tourism potential. Overall, tourism in Gresik Regency demonstrates significant potential to enhance PAD, given its diverse natural, cultural, and religious attractions. The study concludes that strengthening collaboration, improving human resource capacity, and increasing promotional efforts are essential for optimizing tourism’s contribution to sustainable regional economic development. Future research should explore quantitative measurements of tourism's economic impact to validate the qualitative findings. Additionally, implementing performance-based budgeting for tourism programs may improve resource allocation and accountability.

Manado City is an area that is vulnerable to floods and landslides, but until now the effectiveness of disaster management still faces serious challenges due to low community involvement in mitigation planning. This study aims to analyze the role of participatory planning in improving community-based disaster preparedness, with a focus on how the Manado City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD: Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah) involves the community in the process of formulating disaster strategies. Using a non-empirical qualitative approach through a literature study method, data were obtained from scientific journals, policy documents, and institutional reports that were analyzed thematically and contextually with reference to the framework of community participation and disaster risk management. The results of the study show that community involvement is still at a symbolic level, limited to the implementation stage, and has not touched the strategic planning process in a meaningful way. Lack of institutional capacity, low disaster literacy, and absence of formal participatory mechanisms are the main inhibiting factors. As a result, disaster programs are often not aligned with local needs and have an impact on low preparedness effectiveness. This study concludes that strengthening community participation in disaster planning is needed to build a more adaptive and iterative preparedness system. Theoretically, the study broadens the understanding of the relevance of participatory planning approaches in community-based disaster management, while practically, the findings provide recommendations for BPBDs and local governments to develop more collaborative and local needs-based policies as a step towards sustainable disaster resilience. 

Vocational education in Indonesia faces a serious challenge in the form of a gap between the competencies of Vocational High School (SMK) graduates and the evolving needs of the workforce. Timika City, despite having the largest number of vocational high schools (SMK) in Papua, has not yet fully demonstrated optimal educational management quality, particularly in the aspect of school administration. This condition has resulted in low effectiveness in data recording, documentation of industrial work practices, and reporting and evaluation of partnerships with the business and industrial world (DUDI). This study aims to explore and analyze administrative management strategies that can improve educational quality while strengthening the work readiness of vocational high school students in Timika City. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with content analysis of secondary data, including government policy reports, educational statistics, and the latest scientific literature. The results show that weaknesses in the administrative system are one of the factors inhibiting the achievement of competitive vocational education quality. The implementation of management strategies based on Total Quality Management (TQM) principles, particularly through the Plan–Do–Check–Act (PDCA) cycle, data-driven decision-making, and the involvement of all school elements, has proven effective in increasing the efficiency and accountability of administrative services. The discussion also emphasized the importance of transformational leadership from school principals, developing the competencies of administrative staff, utilizing information technology in administrative systems, and strengthening strategic partnerships with the industrial and industrial sectors (DUDI). Therefore, it can be concluded that school administrative management is not merely a technical function, but rather a strategic component in building a vocational education ecosystem that is adaptive, relevant, and oriented to the needs of the workplace. This research recommends that school policymakers and local governments strengthen administrative governance systems to support educational quality and improve the job readiness of vocational high school graduates.

This study examines the empowerment of civil servants and its contribution to improving the quality of public services in Southwest Papua Province, with particular focus on the Human Resources Development Personnel Agency (BKPSDM: Badan Kepegawaian Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia). The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach to capture and analyze empowerment practices as well as their supporting and inhibiting factors. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, involving key informants such as the Head of BKPSDM and relevant staff members. The data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldana, which consists of three stages: data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings reveal that empowerment practices at BKPSDM encompass structured recruitment policies for both Indigenous Papuans (OAP) and non-OAPs, systematic career development, provision of education and training programs, and implementation of fair compensation mechanisms. These initiatives are aimed at enhancing civil servants’ competencies, professionalism, motivation, and accountability, ultimately contributing to better service delivery to the public. Supporting factors identified include the existence of strong regulatory frameworks, leadership commitment, competency-based training opportunities, high internal motivation, and the establishment of a collaborative work culture. On the other hand, several inhibiting factors persist, such as limited and unequal access to training, inadequate infrastructure, frequent changes in regulations, discriminatory practices, and low levels of digital literacy among some employees. The study concludes that civil servant empowerment represents a strategic pathway to building a professional, accountable, and responsive state apparatus capable of delivering high-quality public services. To strengthen these efforts, recommendations highlight the importance of expanding training access, improving digital skills, ensuring infrastructure readiness, and maintaining inclusive and transparent policies. By addressing these challenges, civil servant empowerment can be optimized to achieve sustainable improvements in public service performance across Southwest Papua Province.

This study aims to determine and analyze the influence of performance expectancy, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk on continuance intention among e-wallet users at Budi Luhur University. The background to this research is based on the increasing use of e-wallets among students, which has prompted the need to understand the factors influencing the continued use of this technology. The independent variables in this study are performance expectancy, perceived ease of use, and perceived risk, while the dependent variable is continuance intention. The research method used is quantitative with a descriptive approach. The study population included all e-wallet users at Budi Luhur University. Sampling was conducted using a non-probability purposive sampling technique, which considers specific respondent criteria, resulting in 98 respondents. The sample size was determined using the Lemeshow formula. The research instrument was a questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression analysis to examine the effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable. The results of the study show that performance expectancy has a positive and significant influence on continuance intention, indicating that the higher users' expectations of e-wallet performance, the greater their intention to continue using it. Perceived ease of use was also shown to have a positive and significant influence on continuance intention, indicating that perceived ease of use is a key factor in continued e-wallet use. Conversely, perceived risk did not have a significant influence on continuance intention, indicating that perceived risk is not a major inhibiting factor in students' decisions to continue using e-wallets.  

This research is motivated by the low level of community participation in the process of forming Village Regulations in Sukamantri Village, Ciawi District, Tasikmalaya Regency, which has resulted in less than optimal public involvement in decision-making at the village level. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent of community participation in the formation of Village Regulations and to identify inhibiting factors and efforts made by the village government to increase such participation. This study uses a qualitative method with 11 informants consisting of village officials, community leaders, and villagers. Data were collected through literature studies, observations, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively by processing information from interviews and observations to draw conclusions. The results of the study indicate that community participation in the formation of Village Regulations in Sukamantri Village is still not optimal. The main obstacles faced include limited implementation time which results in some community members being unable to attend official forums, low legal literacy and understanding of the importance of involvement in village policy formulation, ineffective mechanisms for conveying aspirations, and the dominance of certain figures in the decision-making process which limits the representation of all elements of society. To overcome these obstacles, the village government has undertaken various efforts, including expanding outreach through neighborhood associations (RT/RW) and social media, opening additional discussion forums at the hamlet level, and involving various community groups, including women and youth, in village meetings. These efforts are expected to increase community awareness, involvement, and satisfaction with the Village Regulation drafting process, so that in the future, Village Regulation drafting can be more transparent, inclusive, and able to accommodate the aspirations of all levels of society.

This study aims to describe in depth the role of guidance and counseling (BK) in improving the effectiveness of consultation and collaboration services at SMA Negeri 3 Tasikmalaya City. Consultation and collaboration services are an integral component of the BK program that focuses on professional interactions between BK teachers and various related parties, such as subject teachers, homeroom teachers, parents, and other stakeholders who are concerned about student development. Through these services, BK teachers help students overcome personal, social, and academic problems holistically. This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation analysis to obtain a comprehensive picture of the consultation and collaboration practices implemented. The data analysis process was carried out thematically to identify interaction patterns, forms of collaboration, and supporting and inhibiting factors in the implementation of services. The results show that BK teachers at SMA Negeri 3 Tasikmalaya City play an active role as a communication liaison between students, teachers, and parents, as well as mediators in solving problems faced by students. Effective collaboration between BK teachers and all related parties contributes to the creation of a conducive, inclusive, and responsive learning environment to students' needs. Consultation services implemented in a planned, continuous, and data-driven manner can provide a better understanding of student problems and offer appropriate and applicable alternative solutions. These findings confirm that guidance and counseling play a strategic role in supporting educational success in schools. The implementation of effective consultation and collaboration services not only positively impacts student problem-solving but also strengthens synergy between educational elements in building a supportive school climate oriented toward student well-being.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the priority policy for the use of Village Fund in 2024 in Lanjut Village, Singkep Pesisir District, Lingga Regency. The main focus of this study is how the national policy on the priority use of Village Fund is practically implemented at the village level, including the supporting and inhibiting factors. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document studies. The analytical model used refers to the implementation theory of Van Metter and Van Horn, which includes six main variables: policy objectives and size, resources, characteristics of the implementing agents, disposition of the implementers, communication, and social, economic, and political conditions. The results of the study show that the policy implementation was carried out participatively through village deliberation forums, involving the community in every stage of planning and decision-making. Several priority programs, such as Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), food security programs, and reducing stunting, were successfully realized, providing direct benefits to the village community. However, the implementation of this policy is not without challenges. Some identified obstacles include limited use of information technology to support transparency and efficiency, the readiness of human resources (HR) for implementation that still needs improvement, and the capacity of village institutions that has not yet reached its full potential. Despite these challenges, the overall implementation of the Village Fund policy in Lanjut Village can be considered relatively effective, given the successful realization of various priority programs that support participatory, transparent, and sustainable village governance. The conclusion of this study is that, although there are obstacles, the Village Fund policy in Lanjut Village has provided positive impacts on the community's welfare.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of scarcity of 3-kilogram LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) occurring in several sub-districts within Kudus Regency. This scarcity is frequently caused by misdirected distribution, wherein the subsidized gas, which pursuant to Article 3 Paragraph (1) of Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 104 of 2007, is intended for low-income households and micro-enterprises, is instead accessed by middle-to-upper class individuals and sold at prices exceeding the government-mandated retail price (Harga Eceran Tertinggi/HET). The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of the aforementioned Presidential Regulation in the distribution of 3-kg LPG within a specific sub-district of Kudus Regency, and to identify the inhibiting factors affecting its execution. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method using a field study approach. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews with LPG base outlet operators, sub-district government officials, and subsidy recipient residents, as well as through documentation of policies and distribution reports. The findings indicate that the implementation of the 3-kg LPG distribution policy in the field has not been conducted optimally. Many base outlets continue to sell subsidized LPG to retailers or to non-target consumers for the sake of higher profit margins, compounded by weak regulatory oversight. The impeding factors in policy implementation include: lack of understanding of the regulations by distribution actors, insufficient governmental outreach and socialization efforts, weak oversight and evaluation from Pertamina (the state-owned oil and gas company), and the absence of firm enforcement measures or sanctions against violations, which further exacerbate the problem.

Self-evaluation is an important instrument in teacher professional development, as it can help identify strengths and weaknesses in learning practices. This study aims to describe in depth the practice of teacher self-evaluation, the supporting and inhibiting factors, and its impact on teacher professional development in the school environment. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study method focused on a teacher at SMA Negeri 1 Maumere. Data collection techniques were conducted through an open-ended questionnaire designed to explore teachers' understanding of self-evaluation practices, as well as observations of lesson planning documents. The results showed that the teachers who were the subjects of the study had fairly good lesson planning and demonstrated a commitment to improving the quality of teaching. However, several challenges remained, such as difficulties in optimally adapting the curriculum to student needs and limitations in developing and implementing relevant learning evaluation instruments. Furthermore, the utilization of evaluation results for learning improvement has not been optimal. Although teachers have been active in Classroom Action Research (CAR), the integration of self-evaluation results into learning innovations still requires strengthening. Factors supporting self-evaluation include teachers' intrinsic motivation to develop, principal support, and relevant training. Meanwhile, inhibiting factors include time constraints, administrative burdens, and the lack of reflective forums at the school level. This study confirms that self-evaluation conducted in a structured and reflective manner can play a significant role in improving teachers' professional competence and the quality of learning in schools.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) serve as a key pillar of Indonesia’s national economy, contributing significantly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment absorption. Nevertheless, MSME actors continue to face various challenges, including limited access to capital, low digital literacy, and bureaucratic hurdles in business licensing. Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) was introduced as a regulatory breakthrough to address these obstacles by simplifying bureaucracy, offering business incentives, and easing access to digital markets. This study focuses on the implementation of this policy in Kampung Batik Turi, Blitar City, a hub of local wisdom-based MSMEs. The research aims to analyze the local-level application of the Job Creation Law, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and assess its impact on the growth and independence of batik MSME actors. The findings are expected to offer practical recommendations to strengthen the alignment between national regulation and the actual needs of regional MSMEs, fostering more inclusive and sustainable MSME empowerment.

This study aims to describe and provide recommendations regarding the proper management of extracurricular sports activities in senior high schools in Tarakan City. Extracurricular activities play an important role in helping students develop their potential. This study used a qualitative descriptive method. Subjects included principals, physical education teachers or extracurricular sports coordinators, and sports coaches from 14 randomly selected religious, public, and private senior high schools in Tarakan City. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. Data validity was ensured through source triangulation and technique triangulation. The data analysis process included data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings indicate that: (1) Planning for extracurricular sports activities is generally carried out through coordination meetings among the parties involved to organize activities during one school year. Scheduling is the responsibility of the extracurricular coordinator and is arranged in consultation with the sports supervisor or coach to avoid conflicts with other school events. Coaches also prepare training programs as part of the planning process. (2) Extracurricular sports activities are held in the afternoon, outside of regular school hours, based on a schedule prepared by the coordinator and vice principal for student affairs. (3) Evaluations are conducted at least once every three months and involve various school stakeholders. Aspects evaluated include student attendance, participation in learning, and training outcomes. (4) Supporting factors include adequate facilities and infrastructure, funding, student competency, and teacher involvement. Conversely, inhibiting factors include low student attendance, limited funding, inadequate or inadequate facilities, and unfavorable weather conditions. These findings provide an overview of how extracurricular sports activities are managed in high schools in Tarakan City and highlight the importance of effective planning, implementation, and evaluation. This study also identifies key factors that support and hinder the success of these programs, offering insights for future improvements.

The role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in shaping students' religious moderation is highly needed. The very diverse religious diversity in public schools is a challenge for PAI teachers compared to religious-based schools. The purpose of this study is to identify PAI learning based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to improve students' moderate attitudes and national insight which includes; planning, implementation, evaluation, supporting and inhibiting factors as well as the impact of problem-based PAI learning to shape students' moderate attitudes and national insight. This study uses a qualitative approach using the case study method. Data collection techniques are carried out through interviews, observations and documentation analysis. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman analysis technique using the ATLAS.ti analysis tool. The results of the study found that: First, PBL learning planning is carried out by; setting learning objectives, compiling learning steps and learning evaluation. Second, implementation is carried out by; orientation stage, guiding stage, developing stage and conclusion stage. Third, evaluation is carried out by; holistic, diagnostic, formative and summative evaluation stages. Fourth, supporting factors include; student involvement, high teacher creativity, student collaborative learning, program collaboration, contextualization of issues in learning, support for infrastructure and school culture. Inhibiting factors include; difficulty in determining relevant problems, time availability, lack of teacher understanding, student diversity, difficulty generating ideas, social and cultural barriers, and resistance to change. Fifth, a moderate attitude is demonstrated by; tolerance, openness, respect for diversity, good ethics in interactions, wasathiyah, social harmony, critical and objective.

This study examines the implementation of the advertising tax policy and its role in supporting Regional Original Income (PAD) in Gresik Regency, and identifies barriers that affect its effectiveness. This research adopted a qualitative descriptive approach with data obtained from field studies involving key government officials and supported by relevant literature and regulatory documents. Data were analyzed using McNabb's (2002) framework, which includes grouping data based on constructs, identifying the basis for interpretation, developing generalizations, testing alternative interpretations, and refining theoretical insights. The results indicate that the implementation of the advertising tax policy in Gresik focuses more on intensification than extensification, as intensification is considered more practical and faces less resistance. The licensing and collection processes for advertising tax are carried out based on the legal framework of Regional Regulation No. 8 of 2023 concerning Regional Taxes and Levies and Regent Regulation No. 79 of 2023, which regulates the rental value of advertising as the basis for taxation. Despite significant revenue potential, significant challenges remain, such as inter-agency coordination issues, inadequate data collection, and technical and non-technical barriers in implementing this policy. Unclear legal sanctions and low public awareness and compliance are also inhibiting factors. Nevertheless, advertising tax revenue has generally reached its target, although certain periods were affected by unfavorable economic conditions. This study concludes that to maximize the contribution of advertising tax to local revenue (PAD), improved inter-agency coordination, strengthened institutional capacity, clarified regulatory sanctions, and enhanced public education and engagement are needed. This is expected to support regional fiscal independence in Gresik Regency.

The increasing demands for teacher professionalism are not always accompanied by adequate welfare, especially in Islamic educational institutions. This study aims to describe the role of the madrasah principal’s entrepreneurial competence in improving teacher welfare at MAN 2 Kudus in the 2024/2025 academic year. Using a qualitative descriptive method, data were gathered through observations, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman interactive model. The study focuses on three aspects: the implementation of entrepreneurial competence, supporting and inhibiting factors, and the outcomes achieved. The findings show that the principal has demonstrated strong entrepreneurial competence, such as innovation, motivation, persistence, and the ability to manage school-based business units. Supporting factors include multiple income sources, high commitment from leadership and the school committee, and the professional status of most teachers. Inhibiting factors involve teacher workload, limitations on government education funds (BOS), and the underperformance of school businesses. Despite challenges, the entrepreneurial competence of the principal has positively impacted teacher welfare in economic, professional, and psychological aspects.

This study analyzes the winning strategy of Simprosa Rianasari Gandut in the 2024-2029 Legislative Election in Manggarai Regency Dapil 4. Although Simprosa Rianasari Gandut is a newcomer to political contestation, she managed to get the most votes and beat the incumbent from the same party. The study employs a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis, emphasizing interviews, literature review, and direct observation of Simprosa Rianasari Gandut’s political activities. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to explore the strategies applied, including push marketing (direct and face-to-face campaigns with the public), pull marketing (utilization of print and social media to build a political image), and pass marketing (involving traditional leaders and social networks to strengthen support). In addition, this research also identifies the supporting and inhibiting factors for its success, such as the support of family, success teams, political parties, as well as the challenges of patriarchal culture. The results show that a direct communication-based approach, active involvement in the community, and an effective political marketing strategy were key to Simprosa Rianasari Gandut’s victory. These findings provide insights into the dynamics of electoral politics, especially for female legislative candidates who want to compete in a political system that is still dominated by men.

This study investigates the role of transformational leadership of school principals in enhancing the instructional quality of teachers at SMP Negeri 5 Satap Bungoro, Pangkep Regency, Indonesia. The research addresses three main problems: (1) how the principal's transformational leadership contributes to improving teacher performance in the classroom, (2) what strategies or actions the principal undertakes to elevate instructional practices, and (3) what supporting and inhibiting factors influence the process. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation involving the school principal and five teachers. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and triangulation techniques. The findings reveal that the principal's transformational leadership plays a critical role in instructional improvement, marked by five key practices: presenting an inspiring leadership vision, encouraging professional growth, providing support and empowerment to teachers, fostering a collaborative and inclusive school culture, and delivering constructive feedback and evaluation. The strategies employed include the integration of the Merdeka Curriculum, mentoring and coaching of teachers, and fostering pedagogical understanding. Supporting factors include well-organized school and classroom environments and cleanliness, while the primary obstacles consist of limited funding, inadequate facilities and infrastructure, and a lack of strong teacher collaboration. In conclusion, transformational leadership contributes significantly to teacher development and improved instructional quality, especially in schools facing resource limitations. The study emphasizes the need for proactive leadership to overcome structural barriers and support effective teaching and learning.