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The development of digital technology has brought significant changes to product marketing and advertising patterns, particularly through social media platforms such as Instagram, which enable the rapid and wide dissemination of information. On the one hand, digitalization provides opportunities for business actors to promote their products in a more creative and interactive way. On the other hand, it also creates the potential for advertisements that may mislead consumers. In practice, there are still business actors who promote products that do not correspond to their actual conditions. Such misinformation can cause losses and raise issues related to consumer rights and the responsibilities of business actors. This study also analyzes dispute resolution related to misleading advertisements on social media. The method used is doctrinal legal research with a statutory approach (statute approach) and a case approach. The results of the study indicate that there are still advertising business actors who neglect consumers’ rights to truthful information about product conditions, and who fail to fulfill their obligations of good faith, providing accurate and honest information, and complying with standards stipulated in laws and regulations. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen supervision of the implementation of advertising ethics and enforce stricter law enforcement so that consumer rights can be protected and advertising practices on social media can be carried out responsibly.

This study aims to examine the theological meaning of love for the poor in the apostolic exhortation Dilexi Te and to reflect on its relevance within the context of Indonesia’s pluralistic society. The research employs a qualitative method with a literature study approach, using Dilexi Te as the primary source, supported by relevant theological and social literature. The findings reveal that love for the poor in Dilexi Te is not merely a charitable act but constitutes the core of Christian faith, inseparable from one’s relationship with God. This love is integral, encompassing spiritual, moral, and structural dimensions, and calls for active engagement in promoting social justice and addressing the root causes of poverty. Theologically, solidarity with the poor is grounded in the mystery of Christ’s incarnation and the principle of the preferential option for the poor. In the Indonesian context of diversity, this teaching holds strong relevance as a foundation for fostering interreligious solidarity, strengthening social cohesion, and encouraging both the Church and society to work toward a more just, inclusive, and humane social order. Therefore, this study highlights that theological reflection on love for the poor is not merely normative but also carries concrete social implications in a pluralistic society.

This study uses a qualitative research design with a literature study approach to examine the theological meaning of the suffering of the righteous in the Book of Job, specifically chapters 1–2 and 38–42. The literature study method was applied by collecting primary data in the form of biblical texts and secondary data from relevant national scientific journals. The approach used includes narrative interpretation to understand the story's structure, Job's character, and the dynamics of events, and theological interpretation to interpret suffering from the perspective of God's sovereignty. The results show that Job is portrayed as a righteous man who is pious, honest, and fears God, so his suffering is not related to personal sin. Job's suffering is holistic, encompassing physical, emotional, social, and spiritual aspects, and occurs in the context of God's permission of Satan's actions, confirming that no event is outside His sovereignty. God's response in chapters 38–42 emphasizes His greatness and wisdom through revelation from the storm, rather than through a rational explanation of the cause of suffering. These findings confirm that the primary purpose of suffering is not to be explained intellectually, but to purify faith and deepen humanity's relationship with God. Its relevance for the church today lies in the need for sound theological teaching on suffering, pastoral care for those who suffer, and the development of communities that sustain the faith and hope of the congregation. Thus, suffering, from the perspective of God's sovereignty, serves as a means of forming spiritual character, strengthening the resilience of faith, and recognizing the sovereign God.

The account of Moses’ death in Deuteronomy 34 has long drawn attention because of the questions it raises about what truly happened at the end of his life. The text leaves certain details unclear, especially regarding his burial and the absence of a known grave, which has led to different interpretations among scholars and faith communities. This study seeks to explore these interpretive possibilities, asking whether Moses simply died, was buried by God, or experienced a unique form of being taken by God. Using a qualitative approach based on literature review, this research engages biblical texts alongside selected contemporary studies. The discussion shows that the narrative intentionally allows room for multiple perspectives, rather than offering a single, definitive explanation. It also becomes clear that later Jewish and Christian traditions played a role in shaping how Moses’ death has been understood, often highlighting its deeper theological meaning. In the end, Moses’ death can be seen not only as the closing of his personal journey, but also as part of a larger story about leadership, transition, and God’s ongoing work among His people.

This study aims to analyze the position and function of the principle of good faith in the international contract law system and analyze its role in providing legal protection for parties in international business transactions, especially in the context of the free market era. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach to examine the legal provisions related to this principle. The results of the study indicate that the principle of good faith is not only understood as a moral value in contractual relations, but has also developed into a legal norm recognized in various international legal instruments, such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, Principles of European Contract Law (PECL), and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). This principle includes subjective aspects in the form of honest intentions of the parties and objective aspects in the form of internationally applicable fairness standards. The principle of good faith plays an important role in the formation, implementation, and resolution of international business contract disputes. Although there are differences in acceptance between civil law and common law systems, the application of this principle can be harmonized through international legal instruments and soft law.  Thus, the principle of good faith is an important basis for realizing fair, balanced and sustainable international business transactions.

Abstract. The increasing number of cases involving corporate losses that implicate the liability of directors in limited liability companies highlights the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the scope and nature of such liability from a civil law perspective. This study aims to analyze the liability of directors for corporate losses as well as the factors influencing the emergence of such legal liability. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, through a review of legislation, legal literature, and relevant court decisions. The results of the study indicate that directors’ liability is not automatic but depends on proving the existence of fault or negligence in performing their duties, in accordance with the principles of due diligence and good faith. Furthermore, factors such as weak internal controls, lack of transparency, and directors’ limited legal understanding are the primary causes of corporate losses. The implications of this study underscore the importance of implementing sound corporate governance principles, enhancing directors’ competence, and ensuring consistency in law enforcement to achieve a balance between legal protection and accountability in corporate management.

Digital spirituality is a way of living and expressing spiritual life within the context of the digital world, where technology serves as a medium to strengthen one’s relationship with God, oneself, and the community. It is therefore a conscious effort to maintain and nurture faith amid the overwhelming flow of information on social media. The concept of From Scroll to Soul encourages believers not merely to be passive recipients of information but to engage spiritually by using technology as a tool for faith formation. Practices such as using spiritual apps, participating in online communities, selecting constructive content, and conducting digital detoxes are important steps to maintain focus on God. Theologically, digital spirituality affirms that God is present in every aspect of life, including virtual spaces. Technology can become a tool of grace that deepens one’s relationship with God and serves as a space for witnessing faith when used wisely. Thus, digital spirituality is not a rejection of technology but rather its use as a medium for growth, testimony, and bringing Christ’s values into the modern information culture.

The unity and order of the Indonesian nation constitute fundamental aspects of national life, particularly within the context of a plural and dynamic society. In this context, Christian values are considered to have significant social and ethical relevance, especially through the role of Christian Religious Education. This study aims to examine the relevance of Christian values to the unity and order of the Indonesian nation and to analyze the role of Christian Religious Education in internalizing these values within national life. This research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach, involving the analysis of theological literature, sources on Christian Religious Education, and scholarly works related to issues of nationhood and character education. The findings indicate that Christian values contribute to strengthening tolerance, social responsibility, and legal awareness, which support national unity and order. This study concludes that the integration of faith-based values and education plays an important role in maintaining the unity and order of the Indonesian nation.

Christian Religious Education (PAK) plays a crucial role in helping students develop faith based on the truth of God's Word. Therefore, a theological foundation plays a crucial role in the implementation of PAK, ensuring that educational activities are not only focused on knowledge transfer but also directed toward holistically shaping character and strengthening students' faith. This article aims to examine the theological foundation of Christian Religious Education in the process of developing students' faith based on Christian teachings. The method used in this study is literature analysis, examining various theological sources, the Bible, and writings related to Christian education. The findings of this study indicate that the theological foundation of PAK stems from God's calling as a true educator, the example of Jesus Christ as the Primary Teacher, and the role of the Holy Spirit in fostering and maintaining faith. Christian Religious Education based on strong theology can help students experience true growth in faith, internalize Christian values, and implement them in their daily lives.

This paper attempts to explore the theological meaning of the Book of Job, particularly in the context of Job's suffering and God's justice. The author focuses this writing on understanding faith in suffering, with the aim of providing a deep interpretation of faith in suffering. The Book of Job is part of the Wisdom Books group consisting of 42 chapters, which discuss the suffering experienced by Job himself, and how he responded to the trials given to him by Satan with God's permission. This writing uses qualitative methods and a library research approach. This paper explains that the Book of Job provides a complex picture of the relationship between human suffering and God's justice. The main finding in this writing is highlighting the urgency of deep reflection on trust, tests of faith, and the meaning of life, leading to the conclusion that suffering is interpreted as an instrument of refining faith in God, then guiding believers towards His will and providence. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that suffering is interpreted as an instrument of priesthood of God, which then guides humans who believe in God's will and providence.

The debate concerning the relationship between faith (īmān) and deeds (ʿamal) constitutes one of the central issues in the history of Islamic theology, generating diverse perspectives among theological schools. This study aims to comparatively analyze the epistemology of deeds in three classical Islamic theological traditions: Khawarij, Murji’ah, and Ahlussunnah. The research employs a qualitative approach using the integrative literature review method, examining classical works of ʿilm al-kalām alongside contemporary academic studies. The data were analyzed through data reduction, thematic categorization, and comparative analysis to identify differences in the epistemological frameworks used to understand the relationship between faith and deeds. The findings indicate that the Khawarij developed a textual–legalistic epistemology that considers deeds an essential component of faith, thereby viewing perpetrators of major sins as having exited the state of faith. In contrast, the Murji’ah developed a theological–rational epistemology that separates faith from deeds and postpones judgment regarding major sinners to God’s ultimate decision. Meanwhile, Ahlussunnah formulated an integrative epistemology that combines belief in the heart, verbal affirmation, and deeds within the structure of faith without declaring major sinners as unbelievers. This study highlights that differences in the concept of deeds in Islamic theology are not merely doctrinal but also reflect distinct epistemological frameworks in interpreting religious sources. The findings contribute conceptually to the study of ʿilm al-kalām by offering a comparative mapping of the epistemology of deeds across three major theological traditions in Islam.

This study discusses the importance of family-focused Christian theology in building children's character in the digital era through the Christian Religious Education (PAK) approach. The transformation of information and communication technology has brought major changes, including in the fields of education and character formation. The digital era provides opportunities to increase knowledge and access to learning, but also raises challenges in the form of weakening moral values, integrity, and relationships within the family. The family as a divine institution has a primary role in teaching Christian values ​​through role models, communication, and direct experience. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, which reviews literature and observations of Christian education practices both in families and schools. The results show that families have an important role in developing children's faith and character, while PAK serves as a link between faith education at home and formal education at school. PAK is considered relevant because it can unite students' cognitive, affective, and conative aspects in facing the influence of digital culture. Overall, family-based Christian theology supported by PAK has great relevance in shaping a young generation with integrity, critical thinking, and character. This approach not only instills knowledge of faith but also prepares students to become responsible and wise leaders in utilizing technology in accordance with Christian values.

The principle of good faith constitutes a fundamental element within Indonesia’s trademark law system, particularly in processes ranging from trademark registration to the cancellation of registered marks. This study examines the role of the good faith principle as a primary legal foundation for trademark annulment, using the dispute over the Minyak Kutus Kutus trademark as a case study. The conflict emerged when the trademark was registered by an individual who was not the original creator, leading to legal disputes and judicial examination. This research adopts a normative juridical method by analyzing various legal sources, including statutory regulations, court decisions, and relevant legal doctrines. The findings indicate that the principle of good faith is not merely an ethical norm but also functions as an important legal instrument to protect the legitimate rights of original trademark owners from attempts of unlawful control through bad-faith registration. Furthermore, the court’s decision in the Kutus Kutus case demonstrates the crucial role of enforcing the good faith principle in maintaining legal certainty while ensuring protection for fair and honest business actors in Indonesia’s trademark system.

This research aims to describe the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5) in shaping student character at SD Negeri 160 Palembang. As a core component of the Independent Curriculum (Kurikulum Merdeka), P5 is designed to reinforce the fundamental values of Pancasila in students.This study employs a qualitative case study method. Data were collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving the principal, vice-principal of curriculum, classroom teachers, students, and parents. The results indicate that P5 implementation is carried out through three systematic stages: planning (team formation and theme selection), execution (applying experiential learning that encourages collaboration), and assessment. The three primary values emphasized are faith and morality, respecting differences, and togetherness. Despite challenges such as time constraints, synchronization of materials across subjects, and the need for teacher training, the study concludes that P5 is an effective instrument for character education. To optimize results, it is recommended to enhance program monitoring and align the conceptual understanding of P5 among educators. Overall, SD Negeri 160 Palembang has demonstrated a serious commitment to integrating P5 as a means of positive character building.

Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has become a critical requirement in cybersecurity due to the high-stakes nature of security decision-making and the limitations of black-box learning models. This study investigates the construction of an explainable cybersecurity knowledge representation by leveraging standardized terminology from the NIST cybersecurity glossary. The primary problem addressed is the lack of transparent and semantically grounded reasoning mechanisms in existing AI-driven cybersecurity systems, which limits trust, accountability, and analyst adoption. To address this challenge, we propose a NIST-based semantic knowledge graph that embeds explainability directly into its ontology structure and reasoning process. The proposed framework systematically extracts definitional entities and relations from NIST glossary entries to construct a domain ontology and a multi-relational knowledge graph. A rule-based semantic relation extraction method is employed to ensure faithful, interpretable, and reproducible reasoning paths. The resulting knowledge graph contains over 3,000 cybersecurity concepts and approximately 27,000 semantic relations, covering hierarchical, associative, dependency, and mitigation semantics. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed approach achieves a high level of explainability, with 92.4% of reasoning outcomes being fully traceable and only 1.4% classified as non-traceable. Most explainable reasoning paths are limited to two or three hops, indicating an effective balance between inferential depth and human interpretability. Structural analysis further confirms the presence of meaningful hub concepts that support multi-hop semantic inference. These results confirm that ontology-driven, standard-based knowledge graphs provide a robust foundation for explainable cybersecurity intelligence. The study concludes that explainability-by-design, grounded in authoritative standards, offers a viable and trustworthy alternative to opaque AI models for cybersecurity applications.

This study explores the lives of Rohingya women residing in the Minaraya refugee camp, Padang Tiji Subdistrict, Pidie Regency, Aceh, through the lens of the Gender Agency Theory and Resilience Theory. It aims to understand how these women negotiate their roles within a patriarchal social structure and develop resilience amid economic, social, and cultural constraints. The findings reveal that Rohingya women live under a deeply entrenched patriarchal system in which men dominate decision-making processes, while women are confined to domestic responsibilities. However, their compliance should not be interpreted as mere submission; rather, it reflects a form of piety-based agency, a conscious act grounded in religious and moral values to maintain dignity and family harmony. Within the domestic sphere, women play an essential role in managing aid funds, distributing food, and regulating household expenditures. These actions demonstrate adaptive capacity and subtle role negotiation within the limits of gender norms. Spirituality serves as a significant source of strength; religious activities such as Qur'an recitations and collective prayers function as coping mechanisms for dealing with trauma and uncertainty. Furthermore, support from humanitarian organizations helps meet basic needs. However, the core of their resilience stems from family solidarity and deeply held religious values. Rohingya women in Aceh display strength through faith, social adaptation, and resource management, positioning themselves as active agents in sustaining dignity and survival amid adversity.

This study examines the role of the Office of Religious Affairs (Kantor Urusan Agama/KUA) of Medan Petisah District in realizing sakinah families within the community. A sakinah family is one of the main goals of marriage in Islam, characterized by tranquility, affection, and harmony based on faith and devotion to Allah SWT. This study aims to analyze the concept of a sakinah family from an Islamic perspective, as well as the role and forms of family development activities carried out by the KUA of Medan Petisah District. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach through interviews and documentation involving KUA officials and religious counselors. The findings indicate that the KUA plays an active role through premarital guidance and religious counseling in fostering sakinah families. This study is expected to contribute as an evaluation and provide recommendations to improve the effectiveness of sakinah family development programs.

This study analyzes the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers based on James 3:1, which emphasizes the great responsibility carried by those who teach in the context of educational ministry. The research aims to examine the relevance of biblical principles regarding the role and duties of teachers with the implementation of the professional code of ethics for Christian Religious Education teachers in Indonesia. Teachers are not only responsible for delivering academic knowledge but also serve as moral and spiritual role models whose words, attitudes, and actions significantly influence students’ faith development. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through literature analysis, including the interpretation of James 3:1, ethical guidelines, and theological-pedagogical studies. The findings show that James 3:1 provides a strong warning for teachers to be cautious, responsible, and accountable in their teaching practices, as their judgment before God is greater. In conclusion, the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers reflect their faith commitment in carrying out their responsibilities with integrity.

This study examines the role of understanding Christian theology in improving the quality of Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning. The focus of the study is how theological foundations can shape students’ character, morals, and spiritual development, as well as how teachers’ instructional strategies can support the achievement of these learning outcomes optimally and sustainably. The method used is a qualitative literature review, analyzing various relevant books and journal articles related to CRE, teaching approaches, and the integration of faith values into the educational curriculum. The findings indicate that mastery of Christian theology serves as an essential foundation in learning, as it enables students to understand their faith deeply while also internalizing Christian principles in their daily lives. In addition, interactive, contextual, and participatory learning methods have been shown to increase student engagement and motivation in the learning process. The role of the teacher as a moral and spiritual role model is also a key factor in strengthening the internalization of these values. Thus, an understanding of Christian theology not only supports cognitive aspects but also contributes to shaping students’ character and ethical behavior, making CRE learning transformational and holistic.

This study examines the lived faith of Catholic migrants from East Nusa Tenggara (NTT) who have migrated to the Muslim-majority landscape of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. These migrants face a profound crisis of identity as they transition from a dominant religious environment to a marginalized minority status, necessitating a research objective that explores how their faith is reinterpreted amidst such socio-religious pressures. Employing a qualitative phenomenological-hermeneutical method, the research utilizes Paul Ricoeur’s threefold mimesis - prefiguration, configuration, and refiguration - as its primary interpretive framework. The findings reveal a significant narrative shift from an inherited “communal Catholic habitus” to a “refigured faith” characterized by personal agency and reflective commitment. This transformation is sustained through adaptive relational ethics, such as the sanctification of work and collaborative hospitality, which allow migrants to navigate their vulnerability. The study synthesizes these experiences to conclude that internal migration constitutes a vital locus theologicus, wherein the rupture of traditional religious structures does not erode faith but rather matures it into a more resilient, intentional, and relational existential orientation. Consequently, migration emerges as a transformative theological process that redefines the intersection of faith, culture, and minority existence in pluralistic societies.