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Bacterial infections are diseases that can be transmitted by bacteria from sufferers to others, either directly or indirectly. Cases of bacterial infections are more common among children. The use of antibiotics is needed to treat life-threatening conditions caused by bacteria by killing bacteria or making it difficult for bacteria to grow and reproduce. Antibiotics are a type of drug given to prevent bacterial infections, or are drugs given to high-risk patients. This research method is a descriptive study by collecting medical record data to find out the description of bacterial infections and the use of antibiotics in pediatric inpatients at RSU Cut Meutia Aceh Utara in 2022. This research technique used purposive sampling with a sample size of 183 samples. The results of this study showed that 183 children suffered from bacterial infections and received injection antibiotic therapy, the majority were boys, namely 106 children (57%), the age group with the most number of sufferers, namely aged 0‒5 years, totaling 76 children (41%), the percentage of bacterial infections most commonly found in pediatric inpatient wards at RSU Cut Meutia Aceh Utara in 2022, namely typhoid fever as much as 33%, the class of antibiotics most commonly used at RSU Cut Meutia is cephalosporins (93%).

The Alpha generation is currently facing big challenges in balancing virtual activities and real life, where the high intensity of using devices often shifts priorities for worship, especially during the month of Ramadan. This dependence on digital screens triggers individualistic attitudes and reduces children's levels of religious participation. Therefore, this community service activity aims to increase the capacity of parents and children to implement time management and limit screen time effectively. The method used is a social marketing approach combined with participatory observation techniques, interactive visual promotions, and educational simulation games which were implemented in the Imaduddin Mosque Youth Hall, Medokan Ayu, Surabaya. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in understanding among children and parents regarding the importance of setting time limits for using devices. Generation Alpha children responded positively by enthusiastically setting their own daily priority scale between playing and worshiping without feeling forced. The implications of this activity include long-term changes to the social and spiritual dynamics of residents, the creation of a more harmonious family environment with minimal conflict related to confiscation of devices, as well as the revival of the function of mosques as centers of communal interaction for the younger generation. It is hoped that the independence of citizens in educating children will be able to build the foundation for a future generation that is digitally intelligent, mentally healthy and has a strong religious character.

The development of discipline in children should begin at an early age, particularly in managing time for studying, playing, worship, and resting. Simple time management assistance activities are conducted to help children understand the importance of time regulation and to foster disciplined behavior in their daily activities. These activities include introduction sessions, material delivery, question-and-answer sessions, as well as the distribution of gifts and group photo sessions, all carried out in an interactive and participatory manner. The results indicate that children begin to organize their daily schedules, follow instructions, and demonstrate gradual improvements in discipline. The research method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR), which actively involves children, facilitators, and teachers/ustadzah in the stages of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. This approach enables children to learn by doing, fostering a sense of responsibility, critical thinking skills, and the development of positive habits in a sustainable manner. The activity is also supported by the active participation of teachers/ustadzah and the facilitation team to enhance the effectiveness of the learning process; therefore, simple time management assistance based on the PAR method is effective in fostering discipline and orderliness in children from an early age.

Cultural education plays a vital role in fostering children’s creative thinking skills. Batik, as Indonesia’s cultural heritage, embodies artistic values, symbols, and life meanings that can be utilized as a medium of learning. This study aims to describe the implementation of batik-based cultural education in enhancing the creativity of Indonesian children at Sanggar Bimbingan Al Ikhlas Sungai Penchala, Malaysia. The research method employed is qualitative with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that batik activities improve children’s ability to generate ideas, select colors, and create patterns based on imagination. Moreover, children demonstrate increased confidence in expressing ideas through artwork. Teachers serve as facilitators who guide, motivate, and provide examples during the creative process. The conclusion indicates that batik-based cultural education enhances creativity, self-confidence, and cultural identity awareness among Indonesian children living abroad. This study contributes to the discourse on cultural education by highlighting batik as an effective medium for creative learning and identity development in diaspora contexts.

This study is motivated by the importance of the principal’s leadership role in improving the effectiveness of organizational management in Early Childhood Education (ECE) institutions. As an educational leader, the principal is responsible for organizing, directing, and coordinating all available resources in ECE institutions to ensure they function effectively and efficiently. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of principal leadership on ECE organizational management. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The findings indicate that effective principal leadership, particularly democratic and participatory leadership styles, has a positive influence on improving the quality of ECE organizational management in terms of planning, organizing, implementation, and program evaluation. In addition, effective leadership also enhances teacher performance and creates a conducive working environment. The implication of this study suggests that improving the leadership competence of principals is essential to support the optimal management of ECE institutions.

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) face unique challenges in building attachment relationships, due to ASD children experiencing impairments in communication, social interaction, and emotional regulation. This study aims to identify effective intervention strategies to improve the quality of attachment between parents and children with ASD through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. The review findings indicate that several interventions have proven effective in enhancing attachment between parents or primary caregivers and children with ASD, including the following interventions: DIR/Floortime, Focused Playtime Intervention (FPI), Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT), Circle of Security (COS), Positive Behavior Support (PBS), play training, massage therapy, and psychoeducation. The results of these interventions show that changes occur before and after the intervention, including strengthening two-way communication, increasing parental sensitivity, and improving the child's emotional responses. These findings have practical implications for parents, educators, and therapists in designing attachment-based approaches to support the social and emotional development of children with ASD. Responsive and supportive designing attachment-based approaches to support the social and emotional development of children with ASD. Responsive and supportive relationship-based interventions can build secure attachments between children with ASD and their parents and serve as an important reference in attachment-based parenting and therapy practices.

Every nation, including Indonesia, has a problem with population growth. A high birth rate is the consequence of an expanding population, which causes childhood malnutrition. Family planning is an attempt to regulate the quantity and spacing of children. The AKDR is the recommended method of contraception. Indonesia's AKDR coverage is still inadequate. Because the husband is the head of the household, his support is crucial since he has the power to decide whether or not to use contraception. At the Ibu Community Health Center, this research aims to explore the connection between husband support and a lack of interest in using IUD contraception among couples of reproductive age. With 25 individuals in the study group, a cross-sectional research design with total sampling methodologies was employed. A survey was used as the research method, and the data was subjected to Chi-Square analysis with SPSS. The chi-square statistical test produced a P-value (asymp. Sig 2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating that there is a correlation between husband support and a low desire among couples of reproductive age to utilize IUD contraception. Consequently, since H0 was disproved and H1 was proven, it can be inferred that there is a link between husband support and couples of childbearing age having a low interest in using IUD contraception.

The Holy Communion is one of the sacraments performed in the Toraja Church as a direct command from God for all who believe in Jesus Christ. Therefore, everyone, both adults and children, is required to participate as part of the Kingdom of God's family. This study aims to analyze parents' understanding of the practice of Holy Communion involving children in the Gasing Congregation of the Toraja Church. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method to explain parents' understanding of the meaning and practice of Holy Communion involving children. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, field observation, and relevant literature review related to the research topic. The findings indicate that many parents still lack a proper understanding of the theological significance of Holy Communion, particularly when it involves children. Most parents simply follow the synod's decision without deeply understanding its theological foundation. Moreover, the church does not provide direct pastoral guidance to parents but merely reads out the meaning of Holy Communion during Sunday worship services, resulting in very limited comprehension among the congregation. Therefore, more intensive socialization and guidance from the church council to all congregation members, especially parents, is highly needed. This research is expected to contribute to the development of knowledge at IAKN Toraja and provide insights for readers, particularly congregants of the Toraja Church in general.

This research aims to analyze the emotional relationship between father and son in the animated film Finding Nemo (2003) through a literary psychology approach. The primary focus of this study is the attachment dynamics between the characters Marlin and Nemo. The method used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, where data were collected through documentation techniques from the primary data source, the film Finding Nemo. The results indicate that the emotional relationship between Marlin and Nemo evolves from a form of anxious attachment toward a secure attachment. Marlin's highly protective and anxious attitude is triggered by past traumatic experiences, which initially limited Nemo's independence and sparked conflict. However, through the narrative journey, both achieve emotional reconciliation characterized by the emergence of trust, healthy communication, and Marlin's recognition of his son's abilities. This study concludes that such emotional transformation is crucial in building a healthy relationship between parents and children.

The number of cases of sexual violence against children in Indonesia remains alarming, particularly among elementary school-aged children. One factor contributing to children's high vulnerability is a lack of understanding of body boundaries and self-protection. Furthermore, education about the body and self-protection is often considered taboo, resulting in inadequate communication with children. This article discusses the application of a positive narrative approach in writing an educational animation script entitled "Aku Jaga Tubuhku" (I Take Care of My Body) as a self-protection literacy medium for children aged 6–9 years. The research used a descriptive method, outlining the script design process through pre-production, production, and post-production stages. The positive narrative approach was implemented through the development of story, dialogue, characters, and conflict that emphasize child empowerment without creating excessive fear. The results indicate that this approach can help children understand the concepts of body boundaries, safe touch, and unsafe touch in a more concrete and emotionally secure manner. The integration of song elements as memory aids also strengthens children's understanding and retention of the message. Thus, writing an animation script based on a positive narrative can be an effective educational communication strategy for conveying self-protection literacy to elementary school-aged children.

Early reading skills are visual activities that involve the process of translating written symbols into sounds. Children's early reading skills will be developed through learning media that are appropriate to the child's developmental stage. This study aims to identify the need for developing pop-up syllabic learning media to improve the early reading skills of children aged 5-6 years. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Identification of needs is based on three aspects, namely learning media, learning strategies, and analysis of early reading skills. The subjects of this study consisted of 3 teachers and the principal of Kindergarten Al Falah Islamic Kindergarten, Pelita Doktora Kindergarten, and Rizani Putra Kindergarten. Data collection techniques used were interviews and documentation. Data analysis was carried out using the Miles Huberman Technique which includes the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusions/verification. The results of the study indicate that identification of needs is based on three aspects, namely learning media, learning strategies and analysis of early reading skills. In identifying learning media, it is necessary to develop interesting learning media. Then, in identifying learning strategies, a fun strategy is needed to achieve children's beginning reading skills, and is child-centered. Meanwhile, the analysis of children's beginning reading skills revealed the need for pop-up book media to improve children's relevant beginning reading skills.

This study aims to examine the effect of rhythmic gymnastics on the gross motor development of children aged 5–6 years. The research employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental method with a nonequivalent control group design. The sample consisted of 30 children divided into two groups, namely the experimental group and the control group, each comprising 15 children. Data were collected through observation using a gross motor development assessment instrument and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results showed an improvement in gross motor skills in the experimental group after receiving rhythmic gymnastics treatment. The mean score increased from 23.8 (pretest) to 40.67 (posttest), while the control group increased from 22.2 to 32.33. Category distribution indicated that the experimental group was dominated by high and very high levels, whereas the control group remained in moderate and high categories. The findings indicate that rhythmic gymnastics has a positive effect on the gross motor development of children aged 5–6 years and can be used as an effective learning method in early childhood education.

This study aims to analyze the influence of effective communication on the emotional intelligence of early childhood. Effective communication is the process of conveying clear, empathetic, and responsive messages between educators or parents and children, which plays a crucial role in shaping children's abilities to recognize, understand, and manage emotions. Emotional intelligence is an essential aspect of child development because it supports social adaptation, self-regulation, and positive interpersonal relationships. The research method used was a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The subjects were early childhood education institutions attending early childhood education institutions, with data collection techniques through observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Data were analyzed using statistical procedures to determine the relationship between the variables studied. The results showed a significant influence between effective communication and children's emotional intelligence. Children who receive good communication tend to have higher empathy skills, are able to control their emotions, and establish positive social relationships. In addition, effective communication helps children express their feelings appropriately and develop self-confidence. Thus, effective communication is an important factor in the development of emotional intelligence in early childhood. This research is expected to serve as a reference for educators and parents in improving the quality of interactions with children and supporting optimal child development.

This research is driven by the significance of examining language meaning, particularly connotative meaning which is often used to convey implicit messages in literary works. Folktales, as one type of oral literature, often utilize character names that carry specific meanings, such as Malin Kundang from Minangkabau. The aim of this research is to uncover the connotative meaning of the character name “Malin Kundang”, as well as its relationship with the moral and cultural values of the society. The methodology involves qualitative research using semantic analysis and a descriptive approach. Data were collected from the Malin Kundang folktale text thru library study and documentation techniques. Next, the processes of identification, classification, and interpretation of meaning were done in order to examine the data. The research result show that denotatively, the name Malin Kundang only functions as the identity of the character, but connotatively, it functions as a symbol of a disobedient child who does not respect their parents. The meaning is formed from the plot of the story and reinforced by the Minangkabau cultural values that uphold respect for parents. The implications of this research indicate that the naming of characters in folklore is not only linguistic but also reflects the moral and cultural values inherited by society.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

This study examines code-switching dynamics in parenting communication among two Indonesian migrant families who have acquired Malaysian citizenship. Using a qualitative approach with an intrinsic case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews and observation of four informants comprising parents (First Generation) and children (Second Generation). Analysis was conducted using Poplack's (1980) typology, Gumperz's (1982) sociopragmatic framework, and Spolsky's (2004) language ideology perspective. Findings indicate that intra-sentential switching is the most productive form with Malay functioning as the matrix language, addressee specification emerges as the most dominant function, and message qualification reveals a negative pattern in which Indonesian is no longer effective as a command reinforcer. Second Generation informants in both families tend to identify as Malaysian, with varying intensity that correlates directly with the degree of Indonesian language exposure at home. Code-switching among First Generation informants is shown to function as a deliberate identity strategy, whereby Indonesian is selectively maintained in specific domains as a conscious effort to preserve cultural ties amid the dominance of Malay in everyday life.

This research examines how families and communities play a role in instilling the value of tolerance through multicultural education. As a country rich in ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic diversity, Indonesia needs an attitude of mutual respect so that social life continues to run in peace and harmony. Therefore, it is important to introduce the value of tolerance from an early age through the child's closest environment, such as family, community and school. In everyday life, the family is the first place where children receive education about tolerance through providing understanding, habituating positive behavior, example from parents, and monitoring children's attitudes. On the other hand, society also has a contribution as a learning environment that introduces children to diversity through social interaction and various joint activities. Schools also play a role in forming a tolerant character by implementing multicultural education in a planned and sustainable manner. This research uses a literature study method by examining various scientific sources related to multicultural education and instilling the value of tolerance. Based on the results of the study, it is known that cooperation between family, school and community has a very important role in shaping children's character so that they are able to appreciate differences, live side by side in harmony, and maintain unity in the life of a diverse society.

This study aims to explore the implementation of creative learning through pipe cleaner crafts among children of Indonesian migrant workers at Sanggar Bimbingan Kampung Baru, Malaysia. The study adopts a qualitative research approach to gain an in-depth understanding of the learning process and participants’ experiences in a non-formal educational setting. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving 26 children aged between 4 and 13 years old. The data were analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the implementation of craft-based learning significantly enhances students’ engagement, creativity, and social interaction. The use of pipe cleaner materials encourages active participation and allows children to express their ideas through hands-on activities. In addition, the learning process fosters collaboration among students, contributing to the development of social skills. However, challenges were identified, particularly related to differences in age and levels of understanding among participants.

School snacks are one of the food sources commonly consumed by elementary school children; however, they are at risk of microbiological contamination if not properly managed. One of the pathogenic bacteria that can contaminate food is Salmonella, which can cause diarrheal disease. This study aimed to analyze hygiene and sanitation factors of food handlers on Salmonella bacterial contamination in pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District, Tuban Regency. This study used an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 20 pentol vendors and 20 pentol snack samples. Data were collected through observation using a hygiene and sanitation checklist and laboratory examination to detect the presence of Salmonella bacteria. Data analysis was initially planned using the Chi-square test; however, due to homogeneous results, the analysis was conducted descriptively. The results showed that most vendors had good hygiene and sanitation (85%) and sufficient (15%). Laboratory examination results showed that all pentol snack samples (100%) were negative for Salmonella bacteria. In conclusion, pentol snacks at elementary schools in Palang District were microbiologically safe from Salmonella contamination.

Primary education is crucial for child development, especially at the elementary school level. Children begin to acquire various basic knowledge that will shape their cognitive, social, and emotional abilities. However, reality shows that schools can also become sites of aggressive behavior in the form of bullying. According to the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (2023), cases of bullying in elementary schools have shown an increasing trend over the past five years. The purpose of this activity is to broaden students' understanding of bullying and its impacts, foster empathy and mutual respect, and strengthen the roles of teachers and parents in creating a safe and inclusive school environment. Findings indicate the presence of students who still lack understanding regarding types of bullying, with a high category showing that some individuals remain frequent targets of bullying. This may be caused by factors such as physical differences, social status, family background, or weak social support from peers. This condition indicates that schools still need to implement preventive and intervention approaches to protect students who are vulnerable to bullying.