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This study aims to determine the influence of the Project-Based Learning learning model on student learning outcomes in Animal and Plant Cell material. The background of this research is based on the low achievement of student learning outcomes at SMP Negeri 1 Bolaang, which is caused by conventional learning methods that are still dominant and the lack of active involvement of students in the learning process. This study uses a quasi-experimental approach with a nonequivalent control group design. Two VIII classes were selected as samples, namely the experimental class treated with project-based learning and the control class taught conventionally. The instruments used were pretest and posttest essay tests. The analysis results showed a significant increase in the average learning outcomes in the experimental group (81.72) compared to the control group (76.72). The Mann-Whitney statistical test showed a significance value of 0.043, meaning that the two groups had a significant difference in learning outcomes. These findings show that Project-Based Learning encourages students' active engagement, creativity, and deep understanding of biological concepts. This research strengthens the evidence that project-based learning is an effective strategy for improving student learning outcomes and is relevant to the middle level science curriculum. Implicitly, teachers are encouraged to integrate this model in contextual and collaborative science learning.

Today, higher education is one of the pillars of development and economic growth for every country in the world. The absence of innovation in higher education is one of the primary problems that Iraqi universities confront and still unable to overcome. This situation could be attributed to the dearth of strategic innovation programs and a lack of creativity in lecturing. Therefore, this study proposes a framework that fits innovation practices and employee creativity into the organizational performance of Misan University in Iraq. Quantitative methods were used to test the hypotheses and validate the fitness of the conceptual framework with the empirical data. Simple random sampling technique was used in the survey procedure. The study sample includes 500 lecturers, whereas 422 valid questionnaires have been included in the data analysis. The results show that innovation practices and creativity have a significant effect on the organizational performance of Misan University. These findings provide evidence that achieving superior performance in higher education no longer depends on the deployment of tangible assets like financial resources or the number of academic staff and faculty, but also on intangible assets such as creative lecturing and adopting innovation practices in the learning process. Thus, this study recommends that higher education institutions in Iraq focus on recruiting creative lecturers who can improve students' learning ability by promoting new ways of learning scientific materials in parallel with an innovation strategy in all organizational functions and processes.

This study aims to improve the reading comprehension skills of Class VIB students at UPT SPF SDN Sudirman 1 Makassar through the implementation of the Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review (SQ3R) method. The background of the study is the low learning outcomes in Indonesian language subjects, particularly in reading comprehension. Out of 32 students, only 20 reached the Minimum Mastery Criteria (KKM) score of 75. This research uses a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in two cycles. Each cycle includes the stages of planning, action, observation, and reflection. The instruments used in this study were observation sheets, written tests, and documentation. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ reading comprehension abilities. The average score increased from 70.63 in the first cycle to a higher score in the second cycle, with more students achieving the KKM. Additionally, students showed greater participation and enthusiasm during the learning process after the SQ3R method was applied. These findings indicate that the SQ3R method is effective in enhancing reading comprehension and can be used as an alternative learning strategy in teaching Indonesian language at the elementary school level.

This study aims to analyze the level of understanding of the division concept among third-grade elementary school students. Understanding division is a fundamental component in mathematics learning, serving as a basis for more complex numerical operations in higher grades. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method involving 5 students from an elementary school in. Data were collected through diagnostic tests, interviews, and observations. The findings revealed that most students still struggle to grasp the concept of division, particularly in understanding it as a grouping process and as repeated subtraction. Factors influencing students' comprehension include limited use of varied teaching methods, insufficient application of concrete learning media, and differences in students' learning styles. These findings are expected to serve as a reference for teachers in designing more effective and contextual learning strategies to enhance students’ understanding of the division concept at the elementary level.

The use of visual media in mathematics learning can help students understand difficult concepts, especially abstract ones. Images allow students to visualize mathematical processes, such as addition and subtraction, making these concepts easier to grasp. Visual media serves as an effective tool for delivering content, particularly in topics like geometry, which are hard to imagine using formulas alone. Additionally, visual media can enhance students' interest and motivation in mathematics, as learning becomes more engaging and enjoyable.

This study aims to examine the implementation of teacher pedagogical competence in three secondary schools with different characteristics, namely SMP Negeri 3 Tapung, SMAN 1 Tambang, and SMAN 12 Pekanbaru. Pedagogical competence does not only include the ability to deliver material, but also reflects an understanding of student characteristics, contextual learning strategies, and effective and enjoyable classroom management. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews and direct observations to explore the experiences of teachers, principals, and students in the daily learning process. The results of the study showed variations in the application of pedagogical competence influenced by social environmental factors, facilities, and teacher readiness to respond to changes in education policy. Despite facing challenges such as limited facilities and administrative burdens, some teachers were able to demonstrate high dedication and innovation in learning. This study provides a comprehensive overview of pedagogical practices in the field and is expected to be an input in formulating policies to improve teacher quality contextually and sustainably.

Improving the quality of education in Indonesia requires continuous efforts to develop teachers' competencies, especially in soft skills related to pedagogical abilities and the use of technology in learning. This community service aims to enhance the soft skills of teachers in the Majelis Dikdasmen PNF PDM of Sorong City through the application of the microteaching method with simple interactive visual media. The microteaching method provides teachers with the opportunity to practice teaching in short sessions, which are then evaluated by peers and facilitators. Additionally, simple visual media such as PowerPoint, learning videos, and infographics are used to enrich the teaching and learning experience. This community service is conducted in the form of theory and practice sessions, followed by group discussions and reflections to strengthen participants' understanding. The results of the service show an improvement in teachers' ability to effectively use visual media, as well as an enhancement in their skills in managing classrooms interactively. This service is expected to significantly contribute to the professionalism of teachers in Sorong City, particularly in improving the quality of the teaching-learning process in non-formal education levels.

Character-based learning assessment plays a crucial role in shaping the Pancasila Student Profile at the elementary school (SD/MI) level. This study aims to identify effective strategies for collecting character assessment data to ensure that students develop in accordance with Pancasila values. The research methods include analyzing various assessment techniques such as observation, reflection journals, interviews, and scenario-based instruments. Additionally, this study explores the role of teachers, parents, and the school environment in supporting the implementation of character assessment. The findings indicate that effective character assessment must be holistic, involve multiple stakeholders, and be conducted continuously. The main challenges in data collection include time constraints, lack of teacher training in using assessment instruments, and limited use of technology in the assessment process. Therefore, it is recommended that schools adopt a more systematic approach by integrating digital technology, strengthening teachers' capacity through assessment training, and increasing parental involvement in the assessment process. With the right strategies, character assessment can become an effective tool in strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile and shaping a generation that is ethical, independent, and critical-thinking.

Based on literature research conducted over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of technology use on students' cognitive development in schools. Digital technology plays a significant role in modern education, both in supporting students' critical thinking, creativity and conceptual understanding, and in introducing risks such as decreased concentration and digital dependency. The method used was a literature study that used a sample of literature covering various levels of education, from elementary school to higher education, using relevant articles and journals. The results of the analysis show that technology can accelerate the learning process and increase students' learning motivation if used appropriately and accompanied by the role of parents or teachers. However, excessive and unsupervised use can lead to cognitive, social and emotional impairment. Therefore, a balanced strategy for using technology is needed so that the benefits can be maximized and the negative impacts minimized.

In educational research, identifying variables and determining data sources are essential components in designing a systematic and accurate study. Research variables refer to the elements that are observed and measured within a study. These variables can include student achievement, motivation, teaching strategies, or learning environment conditions. Generally, variables are categorized as independent, dependent, control, or moderator variables. The independent variable is the influencing factor, while the dependent variable is the outcome. Control variables are held constant to avoid interference, and moderator variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship. The process of identifying variables begins with formulating the research problem and objectives. By reviewing theoretical frameworks and previous studies, researchers can focus their investigation on measurable aspects. For instance, in a study about the effectiveness of online learning on student performance, the independent variable is online learning, while the dependent variable is student achievement. Beyond identifying variables, researchers must also determine the appropriate types of data sources. Data sources are generally divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected directly from research subjects, such as through interviews, observations, or questionnaires. Secondary data, on the other hand, are obtained from existing sources like documents, books, journals, or official reports. The choice of data source must align with the research approach—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. In quantitative research, primary data such as test scores or survey responses are used to measure variables numerically. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and observations are commonly used to explore meanings and context. Using both types of data in combination can enhance data validity through triangulation. Ultimately, researchers must ensure the validity and reliability of their data, while also maintaining ethical standards in data collection and reporting. By understanding how to identify variables and select appropriate data sources, educational research can yield credible findings that contribute meaningfully to educational theory and practice.

This research presents the basic concept of learning interaction, especially in the Indonesian classroom. A literature review is a technique used in this study. The data collection technique was carried out by searching for library sources based on the outline topic, grouping library sources based on relevance to the subject and year of the research, then sequencing the structure of explanations and comparing interrelated data. The data is then analyzed through 3 steps, namely data reduction, data presentation, and verification. The results of the study explained that in general the interaction is divided into three patterns, (1) one-way patterns, (2) two-way patterns, and (3) multi-directional patterns. All three are needed in the learning process. However, what should be more dominant is the multi-directional pattern. In language classes, especially Indonesian interactions, learning interaction aims to develop four aspects of language skills, namely (1) listening, (2) speaking, (3) reading and (4) writing. Each aspect of skill has its pattern, technique/method. In addition, teacher and student activities during learning can be classified into seven categories of interactions known as the Brown Interaction Analysis System (BIAS).    

  Abstract. This study aims to determine how effective the Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) model is in increasing critical thinking in elementary schools. The Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning model is a way of learning that focuses on the use of critical thinking and social complexity to identify and resolve dilemmas. Critical intelligence means cognitive skills that demonstrate a high level of thinking skills, involving analysis, drawing conclusions, and assessing the problem-solving process, which is one of the important competencies in the 21st century. This study uses a quantitative approach using the Pratung Pre-Experimental design. The design applied is the One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. After the treatment was given, the average homogeneous value obtained was 78.11, while the t-test results gave a sig value (2-tailed) of 0.00 with a significance level of 5%. These results indicate that sig (2-tailed) is less than 0.05, so the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected. This means that there is a significant disparity between the pretest and posttest. The conclusion of this study is an example of Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning that has effectiveness in improving critical thinking skills of students in PPKn subjects at Elementary School 1, class V, Natar District. In addition, the analysis with the n-gain test produced an n-gain of 0.511 which is classified as moderate, which strengthens the acceptance of the other method hypothesis (Hα). This confirms that there has been a significant disparity between the pretest and posttest, regarding the effectiveness of the Inquiry Social Complexity (ISC) learning model on students' thinking skills in PPKn subjects at SDN 1, class V, Natar District.

This study aims to analyze the integration of technology in Islamic Religious Education (IRE) as a strategic effort to develop students’ 21st-century skills, particularly the 4Cs: Critical Thinking, Creativity, Communication, and Collaboration. In the digital era, educators are required to adapt learning approaches that not only convey religious knowledge but also empower students with relevant skills for navigating modern challenges. Employing a qualitative research method through a comprehensive literature review, this study explores various scholarly works that discuss the role of digital technology in supporting the development of 21st-century competencies within the IRE framework. The analysis reveals that technology-enhanced IRE learning fosters student engagement, strengthens critical and creative thinking processes, facilitates interactive communication, and encourages collaborative learning environments. Furthermore, the integration of technology allows for the contextualization of Islamic values in formats that resonate with the current digital-native generation. This synergy between religious instruction and digital innovation supports the holistic development of learners, ensuring they are intellectually equipped and spiritually grounded. The findings highlight the necessity for educators to design innovative, flexible, and value-based learning strategies that align with technological advancements while preserving the core principles of Islamic education. Ultimately, this research offers valuable insights for practitioners, policymakers, and curriculum developers in enhancing the relevance and effectiveness of Islamic Religious Education in the 21st century.

Summarizing Arabic texts plays a crucial role in understanding and disseminating knowledge. In Arabic language learning, there is a concept known as Naht, which is the process of simplifying or condensing lengthy and complex texts into a shorter form without diminishing the core meaning contained within them. However, in reality, many students still struggle to summarize Arabic texts due to less interactive teaching methods, resulting in passive attitudes and a lack of self-confidence among students. This study aims to develop more interactive teaching techniques to enhance student participation while supporting their critical thinking skills, particularly in the ability to summarize after reading Arabic texts. This research employs a qualitative approach with descriptive methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the application of interactive methods such as group discussions and mind mapping positively impacts students' ability to summarize Arabic texts and develop critical thinking skills. Group discussions help deepen understanding and boost students' confidence, while mind mapping facilitates the identification of core material and makes learning more engaging and easier to remember. This technique has proven effective in improving summarization skills and sharpening critical thinking, thus it is recommended for teachers to implement and further develop it in order to create an optimal learning process for students at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Izzul Islam.

The construction of a gazebo on the grounds of the Rectorate Building at Campus 1 of Gorontalo State University is an integral component of the Building Design Studio I course, which bridges theoretical knowledge and practical application for vocational students. This study aims to explore the process of student involvement in the design, implementation, and completion of the gazebo project, as well as to assess its alignment with the theory of simple building design and construction. The methods used for this project included on-site design evaluations, selection of local materials, distribution of group tasks, site analysis, creation of technical drawings, phased construction involving the lower, middle, and upper structures, and finishing. The results indicate that students effectively translated their technical drawings into a functional and aesthetically appealing structure. The gazebo was built using locally sourced materials, such as wood and bamboo, ensuring the structure met necessary strength standards while blending harmoniously with the campus environment. The activity highlighted the relevance of theoretical knowledge, with discussions emphasizing key concepts such as sustainability, accuracy in measurement, and effective team coordination. Furthermore, students' active participation in the project significantly enhanced their technical and managerial competencies, fostering a sense of responsibility toward the maintenance and development of campus facilities. The hands-on nature of the project also allowed students to gain real-world experience in construction practices, which directly contributes to their vocational training. This project serves as an effective example of project-based learning in vocational education, combining practical skills development with theoretical understanding. By engaging in this real-world application, students were able to strengthen their problem-solving abilities and gain insights into the complexities of construction projects, ultimately preparing them for professional careers in the field of architecture and building design

Image classification is a key field in digital image processing with broad applications, such as object recognition and disease detection. The use of artificial neural network architectures, such as MobileNetV2, has significantly advanced pattern recognition in large datasets. However, in small datasets, challenges related to accuracy and generalization are often encountered. This study explores an RGB-based approach utilizing MobileNetV2 for image feature extraction and Support Vector Machine (SVM) as the classifier. MobileNetV2 is applied to extract features from RGB images, which are then further processed by SVM to determine image classes. The results indicate that this model achieves an accuracy of 91.67%, precision of 0.9163, recall of 0.9167, and F1-score of 0.9161. Based on the confusion matrix analysis, the model effectively distinguishes between classes, despite slight overlaps. This research contributes to the development of intelligent image classification systems that can be applied in various fields, including the food industry. With these achievements, the RGB approach integrating MobileNetV2 and SVM has proven effective in enhancing image classification accuracy, even with relatively small datasets. These findings open opportunities for applying similar methods in other image processing tasks that require high accuracy in object or disease detection and classification.

This study employs a qualitative method through a literature review approach and aims to examine the utilization of interactive learning in enhancing educational innovation in the digital era. The study is driven by the urgency to adapt learning processes to the rapid advancement of technology, requiring strategies that optimize the use of interactive media in teaching and learning activities. Based on a review of various academic sources such as books, journals, and scientific articles, it is found that interactive learning holds great potential in creating engaging learning environments, increasing student participation, and stimulating creativity and innovation. The integration of digital technology in interactive learning is also considered effective in expanding access to information, facilitating better understanding of learning materials, and enriching learning resources. Therefore, the literature reviewed indicates that developing technology-based interactive learning is highly relevant to improving the quality of education in facing the challenges of the digital age.

This research is motivated by the problems in class VIII of Al-Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School that the learning process is still centered on the teacher, lack of student response to mathematics learning, lack of student courage to ask the teacher, students still think mathematics is difficult and scary, lack of interest in learning mathematics, and students are less enthusiastic when participating in mathematics learning. One alternative learning that can be done to overcome these problems is to apply the Problem Based Learning learning model. This study aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School. The hypothesis in this study is "there is a significant effect of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School". This type of research is a pre-experiment with a one group pretest-posttest research design, the population in this study were all students of class VIII of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School, the sampling used was Random Sampling, first a normality test, homogeneity test, and average similarity test were carried out on the population data. The sample in this study was class VIII A as the sample class. The instrument in this study was a questionnaire on students' interest in learning mathematics. The data analysis technique used in this study was the paired sample t test. The results obtained from the paired sample t test were t count = 2.81 and t table = 2.05 and sig = 0.0045 at a real level of α = 0.05. From these results it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted. So it can be concluded that there is a significant influence of the Problem Based Learning learning model on the interest in learning mathematics of class VIII students of Al Irsyad TI Bulaan Kamba Islamic Boarding School.    

Introduction: Achieving carbon neutrality in industrial systems is essential for mitigating climate change and promoting sustainability. The increasing demand for energy optimization and carbon emission reduction has driven the development of advanced technologies, particularly hybrid machine learning (ML) models. These models, combining ensemble learning and reinforcement learning (RL), offer significant promise in optimizing industrial processes, reducing energy consumption, and improving environmental performance. This study explores the application of hybrid ML models in achieving carbon neutral goals through dynamic process optimization and energy control in industrial settings. Literature Review: Hybrid ML models integrate different machine learning techniques to handle complex and dynamic environments effectively. Ensemble learning methods, such as boosting, bagging, and stacking, combine multiple algorithms to improve predictive performance and robustness. Reinforcement learning (RL), on the other hand, enables real time decision making and adaptation based on trial and error interactions with the environment. In energy optimization, these models are used to reduce energy intensity and carbon emissions, enhancing overall operational efficiency. Previous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ML models in energy management, but challenges such as data quality, model integration, and computational complexity remain. Materials and Method: The study applies hybrid ML models combining ensemble learning and RL to optimize energy consumption and minimize carbon emissions in industrial processes. Data from real time sensors and operational parameters are used to train the models. The ensemble learning component improves the accuracy of energy predictions, while RL ensures dynamic process adjustments in response to fluctuating energy demand. The models were tested in various industrial settings, including manufacturing processes, smart grids, and microgrid systems. Performance metrics such as energy efficiency, carbon emissions reduction, and operational costs were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of the models.  Results and Discussion: The hybrid ML models achieved significant reductions in energy intensity (15-20%) and carbon emissions (18-25%). The real time adaptability of the RL component allowed the models to adjust energy consumption patterns dynamically, improving energy efficiency and reducing waste. The models demonstrated their ability to adapt to varying operational conditions, ensuring optimal energy use. A cost-benefit analysis showed that the hybrid models provided substantial energy savings and reduced operational costs, with a return on investment (ROI) of 30-35% within the first year of deployment. However, challenges such as computational complexity and data quality issues were identified, highlighting the need for further refinement in model development.

This study explores the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with thermal optimization in Waste-to-Energy (WtE) systems to enhance both energy recovery and emission control. Introduction: The growing need for sustainable urban waste management has highlighted the importance of optimizing WtE systems. AI technologies, including machine learning and deep learning, have shown potential in improving the efficiency of WtE processes, especially in reducing emissions and enhancing energy recovery. Literature Review: Previous research indicates that AI has been successfully applied to various WtE technologies such as pyrolysis, gasification, and incineration, yet the integration of AI specifically for thermal optimization remains underexplored. Most studies focus on predictive models for emission reduction rather than real time thermal optimization. Materials and Method: The study proposes the development of an AI-driven framework that integrates real time data collection from IoT sensors, predictive modeling, and real time control algorithms. The system optimizes key parameters such as combustion temperature and fuel flow to enhance energy recovery and minimize emissions. The method includes data collection from operational WtE plants, followed by model development using machine learning algorithms. Results and Discussion: Initial simulations and pilot testing showed significant improvements in energy efficiency and emission reduction. AI-driven systems outperformed conventional WtE systems by optimizing operational parameters in real time. The study identifies gaps in AI integration for thermal optimization and suggests future research directions, including the integration of AI with smart grids and carbon credit systems for more sustainable WtE operations.