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Along with the development of technology and the increasing need for speed and ease of access to information, electronic archives have developed into Dynamic Archiving Information Systems (SIKD). Not only functioning as a storage medium, SIKD is also used as an archive management tool that allows organizations to organize, access, and monitor documents more efficiently and in real-time, to support the creation of a more modern work process. This study was conducted at the Head Office of Perum BULOG with the aim of analyzing the effectiveness of SIKD in archive management, identifying obstacles to its implementation, and formulating efforts to increase personnel awareness of the use of SIKD. This study uses a qualitative method using a research method that focuses on direct observation of phenomena or events that occur in real life, and uses a data analysis model with the help of NVivo 12 Plus software. The units of analysis in this study are sub-division heads, managers, and employees who are active users of the Dynamic Archiving Information System (SIKD). Data were obtained directly from the original source using interview, observation, and documentation techniques, and supplemented with literature studies as additional sources of information. Based on the research results, it shows that the implementation of SIKD increases work efficiency, accelerates the flow of correspondence, and digitizes archives. However, the implementation of this system still faces challenges such as low employee awareness in using this system, technical constraints, and operational constraints.

This essay looks at an investigation into the economies, A significant topic in the policy equation of many has been fiscal federalism, which reflects the degree of fiscal autonomy and responsibility granted to subnational government developing, transitional, and industrialized nations. Scholarly attention has been drawn to Nigeria's federalism because of its intricacy and vibrancy. This is due to the fact that it has created numerous issues that could jeopardize the Nigerian state's corporate existence and continuity. Therefore, the relationship between Nigeria's fiscal federalism and the oil-rich nation's lack of economic development is highlighted in this study. Our main contention is that Nigeria's fiscal federalism has not sparked the growth that the system's designers had hoped for. Therefore, this essay looked at Nigeria's fiscal federalism's development, composition, and practices. In order to do this, the study used secondary sources to collect data and combined descriptive and analytical methodologies. According to the report, Nigeria has not functioned as a a federal constitution, making it a true federation. Taxing authority and fiscal responsibility are still heavily concentrated. Numerous issues, such as the federal government's dominance in income sharing, the lengthy period of military interregnum rule, and an excessive reliance on Federation Account revenue, have hindered Nigeria's practice of fiscal federalism. This study investigated how fiscal federalism and the chosen distribution formula contribute to unhappiness and violent agitation. In order to do this, the study used secondary sources to collect data and combined descriptive and analytical methodologies. Therefore, the study came to the conclusion that in order to promote sound fiscal independence, the federal government should give state governments some of its taxing authority. and rivalry between states.

The cooling system on the Jupiter MX 135 CC motorcycle functions to maintain a stable engine temperature to prevent overheating. There are two main types of cooling systems on motorcycles: Air Cooling System and Liquid Cooling System. In the Air Cooling System, the working principle involves heat generated by the motorcycle engine being dissipated through cooling fins located around the engine block. Air that flows through the fan or moves as the motorcycle runs will carry away the heat. Meanwhile, in the Liquid Cooling System, the working principle involves coolant (usually a mixture of water and antifreeze) flowing through channels inside the engine to absorb heat. The coolant is then carried to the radiator, where the heat is transferred to the air with the help of a fan. Common problems that occur in the cooling system of the Jupiter MX 135 CC motorcycle can interfere with engine performance and risk causing serious damage if not addressed promptly. Some of the common issues include, Low coolant level, Radiator damage, Water pump failure, Malfunctioning thermostat (thermostat stuck), Leaking or broken radiator hose, Radiator fan malfunction, Dirty or contaminated coolant, Ineffective fan (for air-cooled engines), Overheating due to excessive load. The objectives of this study are to understand how the cooling system on the Jupiter MX 135 CC motorcycle works, to identify damages occurring in the cooling system, and to solve the issue of water pump leakage in the cooling system. The methods used in this research include observation, literature study, interviews, and action methods. The results of problem identification in the cooling system of the Jupiter MX 135 CC motorcycle show, The water jacket gasket is corroded ,The bearing on the water pump is damaged, The water pump impeller is worn out, The radiator pump seal has hardened, causing a squeaking sound around the water pump, Solutions to the problems in the cooling system components include replacing the damaged and worn parts (head gasket, bearing, seal, and impeller) and refilling with new coolant.

Revitalization of traditional markets is a manifestation of the commitment of the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia in efforts to improve the economy through development, empowerment, and then improving the quality of management in traditional markets as an effort to increase the competitiveness of traditional markets. The purpose of this study is to determine and examine the impact of the traditional market revitalization policy on Sukawati Market, because Sukawati Market is one of the markets with a high level of tourism productivity in Gianyar Regency. This study uses Qualitative methods, as well as the Policy Evaluation theory according to William N. Dunn (2003). This study found that the Evaluation of the Impact of the Sukawati Market Revitalization Policy has not achieved optimal results in all policy evaluation indicators, namely effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The suboptimal revitalization policy at Sukawati Market as an effort to increase competitiveness in order to improve the welfare of traders is influenced by several things, namely human resource capacity, changes in infrastructure, and changes in market function after revitalization. The recommendations in this study are increasing human resource capacity, dissemination of information and promotion, and improving market governance.

Sexual violence is an act that is degrading, humiliating, harassing, and/or attacking a person’s body or reproductive function, typically caused by an imbalance of power relations or gender discrimination, which results in psychological and physical suffering. Sexual violence against children is a social problem that requires special attention because this crime involves children in its commission. The Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR) also emphasizes that intercourse with a child constitutes a criminal offense, even if it is framed as consensual, in order to protect the child’s rights and future. Based on this issue, the author aims to examine efforts to combat sexual violence against children under the guise of sexual consent to find the most effective strategies to reduce this increasingly widespread crime. The research method used is a normative and empirical juridical approach. The data used includes both primary and secondary data. Data collection procedures involve literature study and field research. The data analysis was conducted using qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that efforts to combat sexual crimes include both penal and non-penal measures. Penal efforts involve the government enacting more specific regulations on sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretense of sexual consent, as well as taking repressive measures as a last resort. Non-penal efforts conducted by relevant institutions include public outreach and education that provides information about such criminal behaviors. The suggestions in this study are: (1) To prevent sexual crimes committed under the guise of sexual consent, it is necessary to involve the community and a supportive environment that is aware of unlawful acts occurring around them, and to collectively protect family and community members from engaging in harmful behavior. (2) The government is expected to establish more specific policies regarding sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretext of sexual consent.

Student discipline is a crucial aspect in the world of education that directly affects the effectiveness of the learning process. This study aims to analyze the implications of punishment on student discipline using a behaviorist learning theory approach. In this theory, punishment functions as a consequence that reduces unwanted behavior, while positive reinforcement aims to encourage expected behavior. A case study of Mrs. Supriyani, a teacher accused of committing violence against students, is the focus of this study. The results of the study indicate that punishment given appropriately and consistently can build a deterrent effect and increase student discipline. However, excessive or unfair punishment tends to have negative impacts, such as emotional resistance and damaged teacher-student relationships. To achieve more effective discipline, a combination of educational punishment and positive reinforcement is needed so that students not only understand the bad consequences of violations but are also motivated to demonstrate good behavior. Prospects for further development of this research include the implementation of restorative justice methods in conflict resolution and strengthening the role of teachers as learning facilitators who educate without having to cause fear.

This analysis aims to draw attention to the necessity of improving military-civilian interactions in order to promote peace in Borno State. The information used in the paper was taken from literary works of literature. The results demonstrate the critical necessity for good ties between the military and people in order to establish mutually beneficial partnerships that could result in peace during this period of insurgency in Borno State, Nigeria.  The primary focus of modern civil-military relations is how civilian leadership manages the armed forces in democracies. Therefore, the elements that influenced the connection between Nigeria's military institution and civilian leadership (2012–2021) were evaluated in this study. The study made the assumption that, since the establishment of the elected civilian government in May 1999, Nigeria's civil-military relations have been significantly shaped by the nature of the interactions between the military and civilian leaderships, the function of civil society, and the external environment. Among the factors found are the knowledge of civilian leadership, the military's readiness to follow orders from civilian leadership, the legal and policy frameworks that governed these leaderships, the functions of international actors, particularly advanced democracies, and civil society. The following results were obtained by using the qualitative content analysis method for data collection and evaluation: The Nigerian military was easier to control thanks to the civilian leadership's understanding of military issues; civil society's role as an advocate for liberal, democratic civil-military relations was very limited; the military's willingness to submit to established authority determined civilian control ability and the role of the international community in terms of its expectations and assistance in the region reform of the security sector fueled the potential for civilian command of the armed forces. 

The study looks at fiscal federalism, which is the distribution of resources between federating entities so that they can carry out their constitutional duties. The goal of this study was to identify the fundamental imperatives of fiscal federalism for the advancement of the country. In Nigeria's new democratic environment, the relative roles of the federal government, state governments, and local government authority (LGAs) in providing public services have become one of the most crucial subjects of candid and heated discussion. Federalism, fiscal federalism, and development were conceptually explained from the outset, and it became clear that the principles of fiscal autonomy and integrity are critical to the survival and ongoing existence of a properly federating form of government. In order to ascertain how the federal arrangements affect the provision of basic services in four crucial areas, the analysis will make use of fieldwork conducted in six states and twelve LGAs. primary health care, primary education, clean water and sanitation, and local roads that connect communities to marketplaces, schools, and medical facilities. The paper, which was based on Buchan Fiscal Residuum Theory, attempted to accomplish the study's goal by balancing the value of the public services returned to individuals with the payments paid. According to the article, the conflicting problems and difficulties of fiscal federalism may manifest as a misalignment between the functions of the different levels of government and the sources of money. According to the paper's conclusion and recommendations, it is important to make sure that revenue allocation encourages state and local governments to increase internal revenue generation rather than relying only on funding from In order to clearly define the duties to be carried out by each level of government, the federation account and intergovernmental relations issues should be examined and respected.

In recent years, the judiciary has faced harsh criticism for its tardiness in resolving electoral cases in a free and equitable way. Here, a Marxist theoretical approach is used to identify the issue contemplated. Every society's government should ideally endeavor to create a peaceful and habitable environment by enacting laws that safeguard the interests of its residents and those who live nearby. Since the judiciary, an arm of a democratic government, like the one in Nigeria, is tasked with upholding the law, it becomes quite concerning when this branch of the government is beset by charges and convictions of corruption.  It was suggested that corrupt judges who commit crimes should face a variety of penalties and sanctions, including the death penalty, termination from their position, and public humiliation by being imprisoned for a period of time. Supporting politicians who buy off judges to see through, they ought to be tried and found guilty of bribing public officials. Additionally, they ought to be disqualified from any political office they are running for, since this will lessen judicial corruption, which impedes the development of Nigerian democracy. This report examines Nigeria's problems with corruption. It uses case studies of two nations with comparable issues and histories to provide a comparative perspective. Some of the suggested methods for an efficient performance of oversight functions include evolving reforms, guiding media and civil society engagement, and involving citizens.  

The Regional Representatif Council (DPD) is an institution that was born as a result of amendments to the 1945 Constitution from 1999 to 2002. This institution existed as a response to the centralization of government in the new order which caused various upheavals in the regions. Apart from that, the DPD is also expected to be able to create a check and balance mechanism between legislative institutions (DPR and MPR) as well as realizing the DPD as a regional representation. The current authority and membership of the DPD is not sufficient to create a check and balance mechanism for both the DPD and DPR and the DPD in the MPR forum. Apart form that, party sympathizers and domicile requirements that are too loose mean that the DPD as regional representation has not been realized optimally. Designing the authority and membership  by maximizing legislative functions and increasing the number of members can be create checks and balances between legislative institutions. Apart from that, a new design of the DPD nomination requirements is also needed, by prohibiting nominations of political party sympathizers and narrowing the domicile requirements to realize the DPD as a genuine regional representation.

This article discusses the position and functions of state institutions in Indonesia's governmental system based on the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945). The UUD 1945, as Indonesia's highest written constitution, establishes state institutions within three main branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The article outlines how each branch fulfills its role according to the principle of trias politica, aimed at maintaining a balance of power through a system of checks and balances. The main focus is to analyze the position of these institutions within the constitutional framework and how they work synergistically to support Indonesia's political, legal, and social stability. Furthermore, the article explores the challenges faced by state institutions, such as overlapping authorities, and offers recommendations for addressing these issues to strengthen good governance and democracy. A deeper understanding of the role and functions of state institutions is expected to help Indonesia achieve a just and prosperous government.

This study examines the role of Local Strongmen (Fukun) in resolving land conflicts within the salt pond industry in Weoe Village, Wewiku District, Malaka Regency. The research aims to identify, describe, and analyze the role of local strongmen in mediating land disputes in salt pond operations, as well as to identify challenges encountered during the resolution process. The primary focus is on the function of local strongmen or traditional leaders in addressing land conflicts in this industry. The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach through field research. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and literature review. Data analysis follows a structured process involving data collection, reduction, presentation, and verification leading to conclusion drawing. Findings reveal that local strongmen (Fukun) serve as effective mediators in conflict resolution. Their approach facilitates a settlement process that is simple, efficient, and participatory. However, the study identifies a significant challenge: differing perceptions among stakeholders often hinder the achievement of mutually satisfactory agreements.  

The principal is the highest leader in an educational unit who has the task and responsibility to manage the educational unit, therefore this study aims to describe and analyze the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management and the factors that hinder and support the implementation of the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management and the efforts made by the Principal in overcoming obstacles in the implementation of Educational Management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang. The research data were obtained by interviews, observation and document methods which were analyzed using interactive model analysis. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that 1) the Principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang implemented the principles and functions of educational management such as planning, organizing, implementing/driving, and supervising, especially in the governance of students, educators and education personnel, and facilities and infrastructure so that the implementation of education runs in accordance with applicable regulations. 2) inhibiting and supporting factors for the implementation of the principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang including the principal's ability in educational management and leadership, support and active participation of educators and educational personnel, availability of adequate facilities and sufficient resources to support the learning process, a positive culture that has grown and developed in the school. While inhibiting factors include budget limitations, less than optimal communication and coordination, educators' understanding of new approaches to changing school conditions, and parental support that is not yet complete. 3) efforts made to overcome obstacles to the principal's strategy in implementing educational management at SMA Bina Warga 1 Palembang include optimizing the use of human resources, a persuasive approach to teachers and stakeholders, implementing time management, strengthening collaboration with parents and other stakeholders

Effective financial management is a crucial aspect in ensuring the sustainability and growth of an organization, including in the context of social and profit organizations (SOPI). The Revenue and Expenditure Budget Plan (RAPB) is the main instrument in financial management, which not only functions as a guideline for allocating resources, but also as a strategic tool in achieving organizational goals. This study uses a library research method to explore how systematic budget planning can improve financial efficiency and ensure transparent and accountable use of funds. This study highlights the importance of preparing formal documents such as annual work plans, budget work plans, and RAPB in ensuring that organizations can manage resources in a more structured and measurable manner. By applying analysis to various literature sources, this study identifies steps in preparing an effective RAPB, including revenue estimation, expenditure allocation, and budget evaluation and control mechanisms. The results of the study show that a well-prepared RAPB can help organizations set priorities, measure performance, and avoid waste of resources. In addition, RAPB also acts as an internal communication tool that clarifies the direction and goals of the organization to all stakeholders. With a strict evaluation system, organizations can ensure that the budget used has an optimal impact on achieving the vision and mission that have been set.

Learning media has a crucial role in the educational process, especially in mathematics subjects at the elementary school level. The use of learning media aims to increase students' interest and enthusiasm in learning, as well as potentially improve their learning outcomes. Learning that utilizes learning media tends to be more interesting and easier to understand than learning methods that are monotonous and do not involve media. This study aims to conduct a literature review on the role of learning media in the context of mathematics learning in elementary schools. The research method used is a literature study, focusing on research articles published between 2020 and 2025. The analyzed articles come from accredited national journals accessed through Google Scholar with the help of the Publish or Perish application. The findings of this study show that the use of learning media in mathematics subjects has a significant impact on increasing students' interest in learning, motivation, and learning outcomes. In addition, learning media also functions to facilitate the understanding of concepts and provide direct experience to students related to the material taught.

Casework is a process used by humanitarian service agencies to assist individuals in addressing social functioning issues. This process includes several stages: engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, and termination. This study examines the application of the casework method with a client named SM, a 30-year-old widow with two children facing economic and social limitations. Through interviews and observations using the BPSS (Bio, Psycho, Social, Spiritual) approach, the practitioner assessed the client’s condition, revealing that SM struggled with economic difficulties and challenges in providing adequate care for her children. In the intervention stage, SM was provided with a program to develop weaving skills, which led to the production of woven mats, curtains, and decorations. Monitoring was conducted to ensure that the client adhered to the program, ultimately increasing SM’s income to Rp 40,000 per day. In the termination stage, the cooperation between the practitioner and the client was concluded as the agreed-upon goals had been achieved. This study demonstrates that with the right approach, individuals facing social and economic limitations can develop their potential and improve their well-being.

Overhead cranes are an important device in the manufacturing and construction industry that functions to move heavy loads efficiently and safely. However, human error often occurs which can cause work accidents, equipment damage, and decreased productivity. Therefore, this research aims to design and build an Arduino-based automatic overhead crane system that can increase work efficiency and safety. This system is designed using an Arduino microcontroller as a control center, equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the position and distance of the load, as well as a servo motor to regulate crane movement automatically. The system also features a wireless communication module to monitor and control the crane remotely. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which includes the stages of needs analysis, system design, hardware and software implementation, and performance testing. Test results show that this automatic overhead crane is capable of moving loads with high accuracy and a speed that can be adjusted according to needs. The system also succeeded in reducing manual intervention, thereby increasing work safety and reducing the risk of accidents by up to 30% compared to manual systems. The Arduino-based automatic overhead crane design succeeded in meeting the research objectives, increasing work efficiency and safety. Routine maintenance and periodic checks on mechanical and electronic components need to be carried out to ensure the system continues to function optimally and reduces the risk of damage.

Digital transformation in the sales function has become a critical strategic element in facing the challenges of the digital era. This study aims to explore how companies’ managerial practices in managing digital sales transformation compare to existing prescriptive frameworks. Using a survey approach of 540 sales managers from the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, and a cluster analysis based on five key dimensions—strategic clarity, sales force replacement, sales force empowerment, implementation actions, and key performance indicators—this study identifies four typologies of companies: Digital Sales Transformation Leaders, Laggards, Enablers, and Replacers. The results show that the success of digital transformation is influenced by a combination of strategic clarity, targeted use of technology, and a focus on customer value creation. This study provides a practical contribution in the form of a taxonomy that can be used as an evaluative and strategic tool for companies in designing and implementing effective digital sales transformation.

In the era of globalization, fashion accessories are no longer limited to functional purposes but have evolved into instruments of personal and cultural expression. Wallets, as one of the most widely used accessories, are now experiencing a shift in design orientation toward cultural values. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of culturally designed wallets as an emerging modern trend through a comprehensive literature review. The research explores various academic and industry sources published between 2018 and 2024 to understand how cultural elements are integrated into wallet designs and how these influence consumer preferences.The study identifies three primary factors that drive consumer interest in culturally themed wallets: aesthetic value, sustainability, and innovation. Aesthetic value refers to the visual and symbolic appeal of cultural motifs, which resonate with consumers seeking uniqueness and identity. Sustainability reflects the growing awareness among younger generations—especially Millennials and Gen Z—regarding ethical consumption and the use of eco-friendly materials. Innovation in design, such as the fusion of traditional patterns with modern functionality, also plays a crucial role in maintaining market relevance.The findings suggest that culturally inspired wallets have a distinctive market niche, appealing to consumers who value both cultural heritage and modern fashion sensibilities. Moreover, these products support the preservation and promotion of local culture in the context of global commerce. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on culture-based product development and provides insights for stakeholders in the creative industry to enhance product innovation, cultural storytelling, and market competitiveness in the global fashion landscape.

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a common cause of peripheral vestibular dysfunction, often resolving with canalith repositioning maneuvers (CRM). However, residual dizziness and imbalance may persist, impairing functional mobility. This case report describes a 55 year old female diagnosed with right posterior canal BPPV through a positive Dix Hallpike test. Following successful CRM, she reported residual postural instability and difficulty walking. A structured four week vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) program was implemented, consisting of habituation (Brandt Daroff), adaptation (gaze stability, VOR x1, VOR x2), sensory substitution, and progressive balance training, delivered three times weekly for 45 minutes per session. Balance and mobility were assessed using the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test at baseline and after the intervention. Results showed improvement in BBS from 42/56 to 53/56 (+11 points) and a reduction in TUG from 14.8 to 9.6 seconds (−5.2 seconds), both exceeding minimal detectable change values for older adults. The patient reported complete resolution of dizziness, increased walking confidence, and return to independent daily activities without adverse effects. This case suggests VRT as a valuable adjunct to CRM in BPPV patients with residual functional deficits, warranting further research in larger controlled studies.