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The purpose of this study was to determine the quality of the Odd Semester Final Summative Questions for the Automotive Basic Engineering Subject for Class X SMK TKM Pertambangan Kebumen using the Anates V4 Application. The exam question data, answer keys, and all students' answers were collected through data collection documentation techniques. Furthermore, using the Anates version 4.02 program, item analysis will be carried out to assess the validity, reliability, level of difficulty, discriminatory power, and effectiveness of distractors. This research method is quantitative descriptive research, the data analyzed is not used to accept or reject the hypothesis; instead, the results of the analysis show a description of the observed symptoms, which are represented by numbers or coefficients between variables. The results showed that 95% of the odd semester final summative questions for the Automotive Basic Engineering subject for Class X SMK TKM Pertambangan Kebumen using the Anates V4 Application had validity, with 5% being invalid. For reliability, the questions had a reliability coefficient of 0.78, which indicated that it had a high coefficient. Furthermore, based on the level of difficulty, 2% were included in the easy category; 40% were included in the moderate category; 55% are in the difficult category; and 3% are in the very difficult category. In terms of discrimination power, 25% are in the good category; 57% are in the sufficient category; and 18% are in the poor category. All distractors function well on 90% of the questions.

This study aims to assess how well the Problem-Based Learning learning model improves the learning outcomes of Science High School Negeri 1 Nanusa grade XI students studying the Structure and Function of Plant Tissues. Learning biology frequently calls both a thorough conceptual grasp as well as an instructional strategy that may best engage pupils. The Classroom Action Research methodology is used in this study in two cycles, each with two meetings. Pre-tests, post-tests, observation of teacher and student activities, and documentation of the learning process were used to gather data. The study's findings demonstrated that using the Problem-Based Learning paradigm improved student learning outcomes' average score from 70 in the first cycle to 82 in the second. Additionally, the percentage of classical completeness rose dramatically from 40% to 90%. Furthermore, the second cycle appeared to have better results regarding students' active participation in group discussions, comprehension of the subject matter, and capacity to communicate group work outcomes. These results suggest that biology instruction at the secondary school level benefits greatly from using problem-based learning. This methodology promotes students' active participation, conceptual comprehension, and improved academic performance.

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a part of the peripheral nervous system that plays a role in controlling bodily functions unconsciously. The ANS consists of two main divisions, namely the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which work antagonistically to maintain the body's homeostasis. This article discusses the structure, function, and working mechanisms of the ANS under various physiological and pathological conditions. Understanding the ANS is crucial in the medical field, especially in managing diseases related to autonomic nervous system dysfunction.

Aging is a dominant risk factor for most forms of cardiovascular disease. Sedentary lifestyle in elderly with obesity can decrease the function of cardiovascular system. Previous study determined that moderate intensity aerobic exercise was highly recommended in elderly because the type of exercise can improve body fitness and oxidative damage due to aging. The aims of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on NOx plasma level, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in sedentary elderly women with overweight. The research method is quasi experimental with pre test and post test design. The sample included 33 volunteer sedentary elderly women overweight with age 65,11±4,85 years old that divided on two group that is the experimental group (EG/ n=17) and control group (CG/ n=16). EG performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise (walking) during 30 min per session, intensity 50–80% heart rate maximum,  three times per week for 12 week. The examination of NOx plasma level by ELISA method and resting blood pressure by auscultation method. Data was processed by unpaired t-test. Experimental group had significantly lower level of SBP (-10,294 p 0,001) than CG. NOx plasma level showed significantly decreases in both group (p < 0,05), but the decreasing trend was found to be higher in the CG. DBP and body mass index (BMI) did not change (p >0,05). Moderate intensity aerobic exercise can delay the reduction of NO due to aging proceses.

This study aims to analyze the process of affixation, which is the addition of elements to the basic form of a word, in three languages: Indonesian, English, and Javanese. Affixation is one of the important morphological processes in the formation of words that reflects the structure and characteristics of each language. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach by utilizing speech from the three languages as comparative data. Data was collected through the listening method, which is by observing the use of language in various contexts, both oral and written, including excerpts from texts that contain language errors. The analysis was carried out on the basic forms of words that undergo the process of affixation, focusing on four types of affixes: prefixes (prefixes), infixes (inserts), suffixes (suffixes), and confixes (a combination of prefixes and suffixes). The results show that the three languages have a distinctive affixation pattern, although there are some similarities in the function and purpose of word formation. Indonesian and Javanese tend to have a more complex and productive attribution structure than English, which is more dominant in using suffixes in the formation of new words. This study also found that language errors in writing are often related to the use of affixes that are not in accordance with the morphological rules of each language. These findings show the importance of understanding the process of affixation in language learning and language competence development. By understanding the differences and similarities in the process of interlingual affixation, it is hoped that language learners and practitioners can improve the accuracy of word use and enrich cross-cultural linguistic insights.

Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the activities of the Majelis Ta'lim Kanzul Ulum cover three main areas: education, da'wah, and social service. In the field of education, the Majelis regularly holds daily religious studies, monthly religious studies, and special religious studies on Islamic holidays. In the field of da'wah, it coordinates Rebana training and manages Rebana groups, organizes Salawat Dibaiyah meetings, organizes infaq collections for those who wish to contribute, and facilitates Qurban savings programs. Meanwhile, in the social field, the Majelis plays an active role by organizing assistance for orphans and the poor, providing ta'jil, breaking the fast, and sahur during the month of Ramadan, and holding collective celebrations such as Eid al-Adha. These activities show that the Majelis Ta'lim Kanzul Ulum functions not only as a place to learn religion but also as a center for social solidarity and community empowerment. The role of the Majelis Ta'lim Kanzul Ulum in improving religious knowledge in Karyamulya District, Cirebon City, is very significant. This Majelis functions as a forum for fostering and developing religious knowledge, especially in the field of morals. This assembly also serves as a space for the intellectual and practical dimensions of religious life, fostering social piety, encouraging adherence to Islamic teachings, and strengthening the internalization of Quranic values among its congregation. For adolescents in particular, this Majelis Ta'lim provides a foundation for moral awareness, which grows from continuous exposure to religious knowledge and practices. This study also identified supporting and inhibiting factors that influence the effectiveness of the Majelis Ta'lim. Supporting factors include regular evening recitation activities, local government support, regular scheduling, strong organizational management, tolerance within the community, and the provision of food during the events.

The history of Islamic economic thought has developed since the time of the Prophet Muhammad and continues to experience enrichment by Muslim scholars. These thinkers tried to build Islamic economic concepts that are relevant to the context of their times, while still based on the Qur'an and Hadith. One of the important figures in Islamic economic thought is Abu Ubaid, whose main work Kitab al-Amwal is the main reference in understanding the classical Islamic economic system. In his work, Abu Ubaid emphasizes the importance of justice as the main principle in economic management, including the use of money. He views money as having two main functions, namely as a standard of value and a medium of exchange. His views show strong relevance to the modern economic system, where the function of money still plays an important role in economic activity. This paper aims to examine in depth Abu Ubaid's thoughts on the function of money and assess its relevance in the context of contemporary economics.

The construction of a gazebo on the grounds of the Rectorate Building at Campus 1 of Gorontalo State University is an integral component of the Building Design Studio I course, which bridges theoretical knowledge and practical application for vocational students. This study aims to explore the process of student involvement in the design, implementation, and completion of the gazebo project, as well as to assess its alignment with the theory of simple building design and construction. The methods used for this project included on-site design evaluations, selection of local materials, distribution of group tasks, site analysis, creation of technical drawings, phased construction involving the lower, middle, and upper structures, and finishing. The results indicate that students effectively translated their technical drawings into a functional and aesthetically appealing structure. The gazebo was built using locally sourced materials, such as wood and bamboo, ensuring the structure met necessary strength standards while blending harmoniously with the campus environment. The activity highlighted the relevance of theoretical knowledge, with discussions emphasizing key concepts such as sustainability, accuracy in measurement, and effective team coordination. Furthermore, students' active participation in the project significantly enhanced their technical and managerial competencies, fostering a sense of responsibility toward the maintenance and development of campus facilities. The hands-on nature of the project also allowed students to gain real-world experience in construction practices, which directly contributes to their vocational training. This project serves as an effective example of project-based learning in vocational education, combining practical skills development with theoretical understanding. By engaging in this real-world application, students were able to strengthen their problem-solving abilities and gain insights into the complexities of construction projects, ultimately preparing them for professional careers in the field of architecture and building design

This study analyzes state-sponsored cryptocurrency theft, focusing on the Lazarus Group affiliated with North Korea, within the framework of contemporary hybrid warfare strategy. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the article explains how systematic and large-scale crypto asset theft conducted by Lazarus Group serves not only financial motives but also functions as a strategic tool to evade international sanctions and fund North Korea’s nuclear programs. The research finds that such cybercrimes reflect high-ambiguity, non-conventional tactics key features of hybrid warfare. This study expands the traditional concept of hybrid warfare by incorporating digital financial crimes as instruments of state geopolitical strategy. It further highlights the importance of international collaboration and strengthened cybersecurity policy to address increasingly complex digital-era threats.

Ketoprak as a form of traditional Javanese theater has the characteristics of historical storytelling or legend supported by artistic elements such as music, dialogue, clothing, and stage settings. In its development towards a modern form of ketoprak, the use of multimedia technology has become one of the significant innovations, especially in the creation of performance settings. This article examines in depth the function of multimedia in supporting the creation of modern ketoprak settings, both from aesthetic, dramatic, and production efficiency aspects. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection through observation of ketoprak performances that integrate multimedia, in-depth interviews with directors, artistic stylists, and multimedia technicians, and literature studies that discuss contemporary performing arts. The results of the study show that multimedia plays an important role in building richer imaginative atmospheres and spaces and allows for the depiction of complex settings such as palaces, forests, or battlefields quickly and effectively. In addition, multimedia expands visual possibilities through projection of images, videos, and dynamic light effects that cannot be achieved with traditional physical properties alone. The multimedia function has also been proven to enhance the viewer experience by presenting a more modern visual sensation without losing the traditional identity of ketoprak. These findings indicate that multimedia serves not only as a complement, but also as an integral element that influences the overall aesthetic, reinforces dramatic messages, and facilitates transitions between scenes.

This study aims to describe the presentation form of Rapa'i Geleng dance in Sanggar Pocut Baren MAN Model Banda Aceh. The method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation and interviews. The results showed that the presentation of Rapa'i Geleng dance consists of three stages and four acts, namely: seulaweut (opener), saleum (greeting), kisah (content), and lanie (closing). Each act has a distinctive structure of movement, Rapa'i beat, and poetry. In addition to functioning as entertainment, this performance is also a medium for proselytizing and preserving the cultural and religious values of the Acehnese people. The main property used is Rapa'i, Islamic nuanced closed clothing, and a movement system that reflects local wisdom.

Rice is the main source of income for rural communities in Bojonegoro Regency and is one of the main food commodities that is a priority in agricultural economic development both at the national and regional levels, especially Bojonegoro Regency. The Bojonegoro Regency area is crossed by the Bengawan Solo River which is one of the sources of air for rice plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the production and income of rice farming in the Bengawan Solo Hilir Watershed, Bojonegoro Regency. The sample used was 30 farmers taken purposively who had land around the Bengawan Solo Hilir Watershed. The analysis method used was the Cobb Douglas production function method and farm income analysis. The results showed that rice farming in Bojonegoro Regency was profitable. This can be seen from the farm income of Rp. 760,586,000.00. Rice farm income is the difference between revenue and total costs used, which are Rp. 969,050,000 and Rp. 208,464,000, respectively. The production factors used in the model are land, labor, and fertilizer production factors. The production factor that has a significant influence is the land production factor which has a calculated t value of 6.305 which is greater than the t table value of 2.405 at a 95% confidence level.

This paper aims to overcome the problem of manual financial recording that is still commonly used by MSMEs, which often causes data loss and inefficiency in financial management. To answer this challenge, researchers developed a mobile-based financial recording application using Flutter and a number of available supporting packages. This application is designed to be able to record and store income and expenditure data directly on the user's mobile device, making it easier for MSMEs to monitor their financial condition in real time. The development was carried out using a waterfall model approach, which includes the stages of analysis, design, implementation, and testing. To test the functional performance of the application, the Black Box testing method is used to assess the accuracy and reliability of the features without looking at the internal code structure. The test results show that all features can function as they should and the application is considered effective in supporting digital MSME financial recording.

Law enforcement holds a central role in shaping social order and ensuring the effective implementation of legal functions in Indonesia. The law is not merely a normative reference but must be strategically positioned as the fundamental basis for resolving disputes and conflicts that emerge within society. In this regard, Law No. 16 of 2004 concerning the Indonesian Prosecutor’s Office, particularly Article 2 paragraph (1), clearly stipulates that the Prosecutor’s Office is a state institution entrusted with exercising governmental authority in the field of prosecution, along with other responsibilities mandated by law. Within the framework of criminal justice, the Prosecutor’s Office assumes a pivotal role as Dominus Litis—the ultimate controller of criminal cases. This authority signifies that the Prosecutor’s Office is the only institution empowered to decide whether a particular case, supported by sufficient evidence in line with the Criminal Procedure Code, is eligible to be brought before the court. The prosecutor’s discretionary power in this context highlights its critical position in upholding justice and maintaining the integrity of legal proceedings. Beyond its prosecutorial function, the Prosecutor’s Office also bears the exclusive responsibility for executing criminal judgments, ensuring that court decisions are implemented properly and consistently with the rule of law. This dual function—both as Dominus Litis and executor of judicial decisions—underlines the institutional indispensability of the Prosecutor’s Office in the Indonesian legal system. The institution’s authority is therefore not limited to initiating prosecutions but also extends to safeguarding the finality and enforcement of criminal verdicts, which makes it a cornerstone in the broader architecture of law enforcement. Consequently, strengthening the role and capacity of the Prosecutor’s Office is essential for advancing justice, protecting the rights of citizens, and reinforcing the legitimacy of Indonesia’s legal order.

The transformation of Human Resource Development (HRD) through a data-driven decision-making system has become a strategic necessity for organizations aiming to improve performance and competitiveness. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach by reviewing several relevant journals that discuss the integration of data analytics into HRD functions. The findings indicate that data-driven decision systems enable organizations to accurately identify training needs, predict employee performance, and design development programs that align with evolving organizational demands. Furthermore, the use of data reduces subjective bias in evaluation processes and enhances the objectivity of performance assessments. This transformation also strengthens the strategic role of HRD by providing timely and evidence-based recommendations that support organizational goals. However, successful implementation requires technological readiness, digital competencies among HR personnel, and an organizational culture that encourages data utilization. Overall, the literature review shows that adopting data-driven decision approaches significantly contributes to improving HRD effectiveness and organizational performance.

Liver disease is an increasingly prevalent health problem among the productive-age population, primarily driven by unhealthy lifestyles, alcohol consumption, obesity, and the risk of hepatitis infection. Liver dysfunction often presents no specific symptoms in its early stages, making early detection challenging. The Community Service Program (PKM) conducted in Grogol Village aimed to raise public awareness about the importance of early liver function screening through SGOT and SGPT enzyme assessments. This activity included education on risk factors as well as on-site liver enzyme testing for participants. Among the 71 participants, 18 individuals (25.35%) had elevated SGOT levels, and 17 individuals (23.94%) showed SGPT levels exceeding normal limits. These findings highlight the importance of early liver function screening in preventing the progression to chronic liver diseases such as NAFLD or hepatitis, and in serving as an indicator of cardiometabolic risk. Therefore, routine liver enzyme testing can serve as a foundation for increasing public awareness about the importance of maintaining liver and metabolic health in a sustainable manner.

Wireless communication, in its infrastructure nature, faces many challenges such as fading, data coverage, and interference issues. Therefore, High-Fidelity or (Li-Fi) is utilized due to its ability to naturally provide high-density wireless data coverage in closure’s particularly helpful for application(s) in some areas while the radio interference conditions are concern. This article illustrates an advanced Li-Fi approach performing high-speed data transmission between two Personal Computers (PCs) utilizing the Arduino Nano-based technique. In the experimental phase, data is mainly used to be transmitted over red laser diode (630 nm) through (30 cm) in distance, a distance of 30 cm, achieving a high peak speed reach to about (512Bps). The proposed approach performance is computed by evaluating the most important and related metrics like Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Bit-Error-Rate (BER), and influence of throughput on input data over various light circumstance. The proposed approach mainly utilizes a keypad as a user input and two related detection models for both a solar cell and a photodetector in order to make a powerful comparison in terms of performance. the results showed that when the photodetector applies a higher-detection efficiency (via BER enhancement which reaches to 20% over solar-cell), the solar-cell clarify outstanding power and cost-activity. The mentioned findings are propped by elaborated statistical-analyses and MATLAB simulation to design, simulate and visualize the validate functionalities of the robustness and scalability properties of the proposed Li-Fi approach.

Mahmud Village, located in Bandung Regency, is one of the indigenous communities that continues to uphold its customary laws and traditions amidst the tide of modernization. This research aims to explore and analyze the political position and role of customary law within this community, with a focus on how customary norms and rules are implemented, maintained, and passed down amidst the dynamics of social change and interactions with state law. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, data was collected through participant observation, in-depth interviews with customary leaders, community members, and government officials, and a review of relevant literature. The research results indicate that customary law holds a highly significant and respected position among the residents of Mahmud Village. The customary figure, known as the "Kuncen," holds the highest authority in enforcing customary law, leading traditional ceremonies, and resolving various disputes, ranging from marriage and inheritance matters, ceremonial procedures, to mediation mechanisms between residents. Although customary law has strong social power, its application is not entirely independent of the influence of state law, particularly in cases that intersect with criminal law or national legislation. These findings reveal a process of adaptation, where the Mahmud Village indigenous community strives to maintain traditional values while adapting customary rules to remain relevant to current demands. This research confirms that customary law functions not only as a social regulatory system but also as a bulwark of cultural identity and a vital instrument for the sustainability of indigenous communities. Therefore, understanding and recognizing customary law is crucial for maintaining harmony between local traditions and the national legal framework.

This study explores the paradox of democracy in Muslim-majority societies, particularly how democratic political systems influence the role of religion and the construction of religious identity. Employing a qualitative-descriptive approach through literature review and case studies in Indonesia and Turkey, this article finds that democracy opens participatory space for religious expression while simultaneously enabling the domination of majoritarian Islamic identity in the public sphere. This transformation leads to the fragmentation and commodification of religious identity, shifting it from a spiritual-transcendent value toward a symbolic-political function. In Indonesia, post-Reformasi democracy has fostered the expansion of conservative Islamic movements via electoral and social mobilization. In Turkey, democratization under the AKP regime has turned into religious populism that undermines secularism. The study concludes that democracy in Muslim-majority societies holds a paradoxical potential: it can serve as a medium for religious reform or become a tool for identity-based hegemony. Hence, strengthening institutions, political ethics, and reflective religious narratives is essential to make democracy a just and inclusive arena.

Understanding electric motors and transformers is crucial in the field of electrical power engineering education. To enhance practical learning, a trainer was designed for single-phase AC motors, incorporating an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) safety system to prevent electric current leakage, which could pose a risk during experiments. The aim of this research is to design and develop a trainer module that serves as both an interactive and safe learning tool for laboratory practicums. The trainer is equipped with a safety circuit, along with controllers such as a voltmeter, ammeter, selector switch, pushbutton, relay, and potentiometer, allowing students to understand and control various electrical parameters. The tool underwent voltage measurements and functional tests at three distinct measurement points to evaluate its performance and safety features. The results demonstrated that the trainer performed effectively, significantly enhancing students' practical understanding of electric power systems and contributing to better hands-on learning experiences in electrical engineering.