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Speaking anxiety among students is a common phenomenon that affects their academic performance and personal development. This study aims to explore the reasons behind students' fear of speaking in various educational settings. Using a literature review method, this research examines previous studies related to psychological, social, and educational factors contributing to students’ reluctance to speak. The findings indicate that speaking anxiety is primarily caused by fear of making mistakes, low self-confidence, and negative social evaluations from peers or teachers. Additionally, classroom environment, teaching methods, and cultural influences also play a significant role in shaping students' willingness to speak. The impact of this fear extends beyond academic performance, affecting students' participation, self-expression, and future communication skills. Several strategies have been identified to reduce speaking anxiety, including fostering a supportive learning environment, encouraging positive reinforcement, and implementing interactive teaching methods. Educators are encouraged to create a more inclusive atmosphere that minimizes students' fear of judgment and enhances their confidence in speaking. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge on students' speaking anxiety by summarizing key factors and offering practical implications for teachers, educators, and policymakers. Future research could further explore intervention programs that effectively address students' fear of speaking in different cultural and educational contexts.  

Psychological safety, a critical concept in team performance and innovation, remains predominantly studied in developed nations, despite its under-explored relevance in developing countries characterized by rigid hierarchies, collectivist cultures, and socioeconomic disparities. This article analyzes the challenges and opportunities of fostering psychological safety in Indonesia, emphasizing unique dynamics such as paternalistic leadership, deliberative values (musyawarah), and the influence of Pancasila ideology. Through a literature review, critical research gaps are identified: integrating local wisdom, transforming authoritarian leadership systems, and the role of the informal sector. The study advocates for culturally adaptive approaches, empathic leadership training, and leveraging gotong royong (communal cooperation) as a foundation for psychological safety. Theoretical and practical recommendations aim to advance inclusive HR policies and further research in Indonesia, accounting for its sociocultural complexities.

Through a systematic review and meta-analysis, this research investigates the relationship between spirituality and psychological resilience in the Afghan population. Of the 1,247 identified studies, 47 (N=12,468) met the inclusion criteria. The results of the random-effects model analysis confirm a strong positive correlation between spirituality and psychological resilience (r = 0.64, 95% CI [0.58, 0.70], p < .001). Furthermore, there is significant heterogeneity among studies (I² = 76.3%, Q = 182.45, p < .001). Additionally, moderator analysis reveals that the effect of spirituality on resilience is significantly stronger in Afghan groups experiencing war trauma (β = 0.72) compared to non-traumatized groups (β = 0.51). Meta-regression results indicate that daily spiritual practice accounts for 43.2% of the total variance in psychological resilience among the Afghan community. In comparison to the findings of Salsman et al. (2015) and Schwalm et al. (2022), which reported a moderate correlation between the two variables (r = 0.45-0.52), this study has reinforced the presence of a stronger effect of spirituality on resilience in the context of prolonged conflict, presenting a novel contribution. Lastly, the mediation analysis indicates that the sense of meaning in life mediates the spirituality-resilience relationship in Afghanistan by 67.8% (95% CI [61.2, 74.5]). This research expands upon the findings of Meichenbaum (2008) by identifying specific mechanisms that explain the protective role of spirituality in the context of collective trauma in Afghanistan. Thus, these findings can universally serve as an empirical foundation for developing spirituality-based interventions for trauma recovery in communities affected by prolonged conflict.

This study aims to analyze the legal protection for children who commit theft, as examined in Decision Number 33/Pid.Sus-Anak/2018/PN Gns, focusing on how such protection is provided under Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Justice System and the consequences of the absence of legal protection in sentencing children for theft. Using a normative legal research method that emphasizes positive law in the form of legislation and secondary legal materials as the primary sources, this study employs a statutory and case approach. The findings indicate that the decision has not optimally provided legal protection for children, as it does not fully adhere to the principle of the best interests of the child or the principle that deprivation of liberty and criminal sanctions should be a last resort. Moreover, the rights of children as offenders are not fully upheld, including the right not to be separated from their parents against their will. Consequently, if a child is sentenced to imprisonment, their relationship with their parents is severed, potentially leading to significant psychological and social impacts.

Background: For women, menarche is the first menstruation, which is a sign of puberty (maturity) for healthy adolescents. Menarche occurs at the age of 8 to 12 years. It is very important to prepare adolescents mentally and psychologically from the beginning of menarche so that they have a positive response to menarche. Aspects of menarche readiness are divided into 3, namely aspects of understanding, aspects of appreciation, and aspects of willingness. Factors that influence menarche readiness include internal factors, namely attitude and age, while external factors are sources of information, maternal social support and social environment. Unpreparedness to face menarche has an impact on personal hygiene during menstruation and anxiety. Objective: To determine the effect of menstruation education using animated video media and leaflets on menarche readiness in children aged 9-12 years at SDN Bojong 2 Cianjur. Method: This study used a true experimental design research design, with a pretest-posttest with control group design. The sampling technique used total sampling with a sample size of 94 respondents. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire, then the data was processed and analyzed using SPSS computer software. Statistical test using Wilcoxon test. Results: In the intervention group between the pretest and posttest values ​​obtained a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05), while in the control group between the pretest and posttest values ​​obtained a p-value of 0.084 (> 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant difference between the intervention group and the control group after being given menstruation education. So there is an effect of menstruation education using animated video media and leaflets on menarche readiness in children aged 9-12 years at SDN Bojong 2 Cianjur.

This review analyzes 47 studies (N=12,487 refugees) published between 2010-2024 to compare the effectiveness of adaptive and maladaptive coping strategies in addressing trauma and stress among Middle Eastern refugees. The results of the analysis, utilizing a random effects model, affirm that adaptive coping strategies are positively correlated with psychological well-being (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and social adjustment (r = 0.58, p < 0.001) of Middle Eastern refugees. Conversely, maladaptive strategies are associated with an increase in symptoms of depression (r = 0.45, p < 0.001) and anxiety (r = 0.52, p < 0.001). Furthermore, the moderator analysis reveals that social support enhances the positive effects of adaptive strategies (β = 0.34, p < 0.01). At the same time, trauma conditions exacerbate the negative impact of maladaptive strategies among refugees (β = 0.41, p < 0.001). Thus, these findings extend prior research by Alzoubi et al. (2019) and Paudyal et al. (2021), which focused solely on a single type of coping strategy, by providing insights into the complex interactions between various strategies and contextual factors affecting the coping mechanisms of Middle Eastern refugees as a novel contribution. Additionally, this research uniquely emphasizes, lacking in previous literature, that a combination of problem-focused and emotion-focused coping strategies can result in better adaptation outcomes for trauma-affected Middle Eastern refugees compared to the use of a singular strategy (d = 0.76, p < 0.001).

People with diabetes often experience ongoing anxiety due to concerns about possible complications. This condition can have a negative impact on physical, psychological, and social health. This anxiety can develop into depression. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the risk of depression in elderly people with diabetes mellitus in the Bandar Baru Health Center Working Area, Pidie Jaya Regency. The type of research used is analytical with a cross-sectional approach, while data analysis used univariate and bivariate. The population in this study amounted to 473 elderly people and the sample was 83 people with a purposive sampling technique. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the majority of respondents experienced a risk of severe depression (48.2%), there is a significant relationship between the level of family support (p value = 0.000), family function (p value = 0.000), and family role (p value = 0.000) to the level of depression in elderly people with diabetes mellitus in the Bandar Baru Health Center Work Area, Pidie Jaya Regency, so it can be concluded that family support, family function and family role are related to the risk of depression in elderly people with diabetes mellitus in the Bandar Baru Health Center Work Area, Pidie Jaya Regency.    

For a woman, pregnancy is a phase of life that is full of significant physical, emotional, and psychological changes. Pregnancy also affects psychological and emotional aspects, which are often associated with the psychological health of the mother. Sexuality is an important part of human life, and is influenced by hormonal, physical, and psychological changes during pregnancy, but is often overlooked in research on maternal well-being. To find out the relationship between sexual well-being and psychological health in pregnant women in the Kuningan Bandarharjo sub-district area. Quantitative cross-sectional, the sample used purposive sampling of 77 respondents. The correlation test used is the contingency coefficient. Most respondents are 25-30 years old. The results of the Somers test "obtained a value (ρ-Value) of 0.000, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between the relationship between sexual well-being and psychological health in pregnant women in the Kuningan Bandarharjo sub-district area, The correlation value obtained was 0.781, it can be interpreted that the strength of the relationship between sexual well-being and psychological health of pregnant women in the Kuningan Bandarharjo sub-district area is strong.

Background: When someone falls, they quickly lay down or sit down on the ground or floor, whether they are aware of it or not.  Many older people experience falling as a normal part of getting older.  One in three older people will fall at least once a year, and half of those people have fallen more than once in the past.  There are many things that can make an older person more likely to fall. These include sociodemographic factors like age, gender, and socioeconomic status, physiological factors like neuromuscular, musculoskeletal, visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, biomechanical, muscle strength, balance, and gait pattern, medical conditions (pathological), environment, and psychological factors.  Aminia et al. (2022) say that anxiety and fear of falling are mental disorders that happen to older people.  Mhetod: A pre-experimental research design with a one-group pretest and post-test design, a purposive sampling technique, and 14 people who filled out an observation sheet.  Findings: This research shows that there is a link between older people's body balance and their risk of falling.  A P value of 0.000, which is less than 0.05, was found in the study used Gamma correlation.  Because the 0.000 P number is less than 0.05, there is a link. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between body balance and the risk of falling in the elderly at the Pucang  

Patients who come to the emergency room will be triaged. Categorization of patients based on triage often causes anxiety in the patient's family. Anxiety is a psychological condition of a person with fear accompanied by physical complaints. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of patient emergency with the level of anxiety of the patient's family in the emergency room of RSI sultan agung Semarang. This study is a type of quantitative research with correlational research design and cross sectional method. Data collection was done with a questionnaire with a total of 300 respondents with accidental sampling technique. The data obtained is statistically processed using the sommers test. Based on the analysis obtained, 41 respondents in ATS 2 experienced very severe anxiety, 63 respondents in ATS 3 experienced severe anxiety, 47 respondents in ATS 4 experienced moderate anxiety, 10 respondents in ATS 5 experienced mild anxiety. The results of the sommers test showed a p value of 0.00, meaning that there was a relationship between the level of emergency of the patient and the level of anxiety of the patient's family in the emergency room of RSI sultan agung Semarang.

Sexual violence in the digital space can occur in various motives, such as Flaming, which is an act of harassment committed personally on social media, where the perpetrator insults, attacks, or humiliates the victim through abusive words, private photos, or messages that lead to sexual activity. In the context of digital sexual violence. This form of harassment aims to cause the victim distress, fear, or embarrassment, and can cause psychological trauma. To protect victims, the law needs to impose sanctions against sexual harassment committed through electronic media. In the Indonesian legal system, several laws have been implemented to follow up and address this kind of crime, including the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law), the Criminal Code (KUHP), and the Sexual Violence Crime Law (TPKS Law), so that perpetrators of sexual violence in digital spaces are expected to be subject to strict criminal sanctions. Laws are an important step in law enforcement and victim protection. However, effective implementation and public education are needed to achieve these goals. Therefore, there is a need for training for law enforcement officials to better understand and be able to handle appropriate cases of digital sexual violence and community counselling and public education to increase public awareness of electronic sexual violence.

Chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience sleep problems. This condition can affect the patient's quality of life physically and mentally. This study examined the relationship between the level of spirituality, coping mechanisms, and sleep disturbances in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Psychological factors such as the level of spirituality and coping mechanisms can affect patients' adaptation to stress due to chronic illness, including sleep disturbances. Using a cross-sectional design, this study involved several patients who were in the hemodialysis room of the hospital. The purposive sampling method was used to conduct this study on seventy samples. Data processing was done with the chisquare test. The results showed that the sign value of 0.034 < 0.005 and 0.038 < 0.05, which indicates that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. There is a relationship between age, gender, level of spirituality, coping mechanisms, sleep disorders in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. In addition, adaptive coping mechanisms were also found to have a positive correlation with good sleep quality. This study concludes that increasing spirituality with adaptive coping mechanisms can contribute to the improvement of sleep quality in chronic renal failure (CKD) patients undergoing hemodialysis.

This study analyzes the psychological impact of the armed conflict in Yemen by comparing urban and rural populations through a systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 published studies (N=28,463) from 2015 to 2024. The analysis reveals a significantly higher prevalence of PTSD in the urban population (42.8%, 95% CI [39.2-46.4]) compared to the rural population (31.5%, 95% CI [28.1-34.9], p<.001). In addition, multilevel regression analysis indicates a strong correlation between the level of exposure to conflict and the severity of depressive symptoms (r=.68, p<.001) and anxiety (r=.72, p<.001) in both populations. Additionally, when examining specific urban risk factors, calculations indicate that population density (OR=1.86, 95% CI [1.54-2.18]) and loss of infrastructure (OR=1.73, 95% CI [1.45-2.01]) are significant. Moreover, geographic isolation (OR=1.92, 95% CI [1.67-2.17]) and limited access to mental health services (OR=2.14, 95% CI [1.89-2.39]) also demonstrate prominent risk factors, thereby emphasizing the predominance of specific urban risk factors in rural areas. These findings contrast with the research conducted by Le & Nguyen (2023) and Carpiniello (2023), which focused solely on general impacts; thus, the novelty of this research lies in its success in identifying distinct patterns of psychological trauma based on geographic characteristics. In addition, this study successfully reveals the differing mediating mechanisms of social support between urban (β=-.42, p<.001) and rural (β=-.28, p<.01) populations in mitigating the impacts of the Yemeni war trauma.

The objectives of the study are (1) to determine the critical thinking skills of 5th grade students of SD Negeri 03 Jumapolo, Karanganyar. (2) to determine the factors underlying the critical thinking skills of 5th grade students of SD Negeri 03 Jumapolo, Karanganyar. This study used qualitative research that lasted for 2 weeks. Data collection techniques in this study used observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of this study indicate that (1) the critical thinking skills of 5th grade students of SD Negeri 03 Jumapolo, Karanganyar in solving story problems on addition and subtraction material do not fully have critical thinking skills because there is one aspect that has not been fulfilled, namely not being able to conclude addition and subtraction material through story problems. (2) The factors that influence critical thinking skills in 5th grade students of SD Negeri 03 Jumapolo, Karanganyar are 2 factors, namely psychological factors and physiological factors.  

Background: One of the psychological problems often faced by the elderly, especially those living in nursing homes, is anxiety. Physical activity is one of the factors that plays a role in reducing anxiety. Compared to elderly people who are less active, those who are physically active usually experience lower levels of anxiety Method: This study used cross-sectional methodology and observational analytical design. Using the Slovin technique, 95 elderly residents of Panti Wening Wardoyo Ungaran and Panti Pucang Gading Semarang became the research sample. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) questionnaire was used to measure physical activity, and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) was used to examine anxiety levels. The Gamma correlation test was used to analyze the data. Result: The research findings show that the majority of elderly people in this study do physical exercise regularly (48.4%) and experience mild anxiety (51.6%). With a p value of 0.027 (p< 0.05), the results of the correlation test indicate a strong relationship between anxiety levels and physical activity.Conclusion: There is a relationship between anxiety in elderly people and physical exercise.

Background: As you get older, health problems increase, one of which is stress. Stress is very important because stress will have an impact on the quality of life and psychological well-being of the elderly. Psychological well-being in the elderly is the elderly's ability to accept themselves as they are, be able to build positive relationships with other people, be able to independently face social pressure, master the environment, have a purpose in life, and be able to realize one's potential in a sustainable manner. Stress in the elderly can describe that a person experiences a decrease in psychological well-being in the elderly which can be said to be low. Objective: This research is to analyze the relationship between stress levels and psychological well-being in elderly people at the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardoyo Ungaran Elderly Social Service Homes. Method: This research is a type of correlational quantitative research using the cross-section method. The sample taken in this study was 105 elderly people who were in the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardoyo Ungaran elderly service homes. The instrument for measuring stress levels and psychological wellbeing in the elderly uses a questionnaire. The test used in this research is the Gamma test. Conclusion: There is a relationship between stress levels and psychological wellbeing in the elderly at the Pucang Gading Semarang and Wening Wardhoyo Ungaran Social Service Homes for the Elderly.

Leadership is often associated with symbols, one of which is the rank insignia worn by regional leaders in Indonesia. This symbol is believed to provide legitimacy and authority to leaders; however, its effectiveness remains debatable, especially when compared to regional leaders in other countries who do not wear rank insignia. This study analyzes rank insignia from the perspectives of Christian theology and leadership psychology to understand its impact on performance, competence, and public perception of leadership. From a Christian theological perspective, ideal leadership emphasizes service over symbolic authority. Meanwhile, in psychological studies, rank insignia can enhance a leader’s confidence but may also create psychological distance from the public and increase mental pressure. This study compares the effectiveness of regional leadership with and without rank insignia, considering factors such as competence, transparency, and public participation. The analysis reveals that the substance of leadership is more important than visual symbols such as rank insignia. These findings provide implications for developing leadership based on performance and inclusivity, while also encouraging further research on the psychological impact of leadership symbols in modern governance.  

Chemotherapy is an effective treatment for the destruction of cancer cells, but often causes side effects that affect the quality of life of patients, such as nausea, vomiting, hair loss, and fatigue. Chemotherapy patients need physical and psychological motivation to overcome these side effects. In these side effects, self-equipment is the key to treating and improving symptoms properly. The purpose of this study aims to determine how to manage self-care in patients undergoing chemotherapy. Quantitative research with a descriptive design Data were collected through purposive sampling techniques on 230 respondents. And statistical tests were used to process the data. Of the 230 respondents, most were women (53 percent), with an average age of 56-63 years (54.8%), the most recent education was PT/Academic (46.5%), most of the jobs were civil servants (32.2%), had undergone chemotherapy for <1 year (56.1%), the most cancer stage was stage IV (30%) and for the most side effects experienced hair loss/weight loss (42.2%). In this study, self-care management in the adaptive category was (66.5%) and in the maladaptive category (33.5%). It can be concluded that self-care management is very effective in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus which is increasingly common is often accompanied by complications and psychological problems such as stress. The level of stress in diabetes patients can be influenced by family support which plays a crucial role in improving their quality of life. This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of family support and stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design. A total of 132 type 2 DM patients registered at the Genuk Health Center, Semarang, were randomly selected as samples. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test, and the results showed a significant relationship between family support and patient stress levels (p-value = 0.047). This indicates that adequate family support plays an important role in reducing stress in type 2 diabetes patients.

Preoperative anxiety is a common issue that can affect both the physical and psychological condition of patients before undergoing surgery. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be applied to reduce anxiety is the five-finger hypnosis therapy.Evaluating the effectiveness of five-finger hypnosis therapy in reducing anxiety levels in preoperative patients at Siloam Silampari Hospital, Lubuklinggau.Using a case study approach with the application of evidence-based nursing practice in nursing care for three preoperative patients experiencing anxiety. Data were collected through nursing assessments and measured using the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS) to determine anxiety levels. The intervention was carried out over three days following standard operating procedures (SOP).The study results indicate that five-finger hypnosis therapy is effective in reducing anxiety levels in preoperative patients. The HARS scores gradually decreased, with all patients improving from severe anxiety to mild anxiety and eventually showing no clinically significant anxiety by the third day of the intervention. A more significant impact was observed after the second and third days of intervention, suggesting that this therapy is more effective when applied repeatedly and consistently.