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The purpose of this study was to analyze legal protection for users of health services managed by dentists. Data for this letter were collected through literature review and interviews, followed by descriptive analysis as legal material. The description of the data received in the letter was written and arranged systematically in the form of a sentence description whose meaning is understood as a statement or conclusion. The investigation revealed that the dentist was involved in activities that did not comply with the laws and regulations applicable to dental practice. This caused the victim to suffer losses. The state, which is responsible for supervision and regulation, did not provide guidance or supervision over the work of dental technicians. The dentist committed a violation in providing dental services outside his authority and had a valid dental practice permit from the government as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 39 of 2014 (Regulation on the Development, Supervision, and Licensing of Dental Practice); The author recommends that the central government work together with local governments to conduct regular and continuous supervision of dental clinic locations and provide training to dentists so that they do not become victims of dental clinics.

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence presents a challenge in Copyright law in the context of visual artworks, as various Artificial Intelligence systems are currently available to create images. Based on this, the research aims to examine the legal regulations regarding the use of Artistic Image Works in Artificial Intelligence training data according to the Copyright Laws of Indonesia and Singapore, as well as how Copyright regulations can be developed to address these legal issues. This study uses a normative legal research method with a descriptive nature, employing statutory and comparative approaches. The data consists of secondary legal materials, collected through library research and analyzed using a syllogistic method with deductive reasoning. The findings and discussion of this research reveal that there is currently no clear legal basis for the use of Artistic Image Works in Artificial Intelligence training data under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright in Indonesia, whereas the Singapore Copyright Act 2021 has accommodated this issue through provisions on Fair Use and Computational Data Analysis. Therefore, a reformulation of regulations is needed regarding several aspects such as Use, Reproduction, and the role of Collective Management Organizations.

A certificate serves as strong evidence of land ownership rights. In line with technological advancements, the government, through the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, has introduced a legal product in the form of an Electronic Certificate. This Electronic Certificate, also known as e-Certificate, is issued as a result of an electronic land registration process. As a legal product of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, the Electronic Certificate constitutes valid and strong evidence of land ownership rights. However, in the process of land registration leading to the issuance of the Electronic Certificate, as well as in other related aspects, errors may occur, resulting in administrative and/or juridical defects. Moreover, the Electronic Certificate may also become an object of a court decision. Consequently, the Electronic Certificate can be subject to cancellation, which may be processed based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2020 on the Handling and Resolution of Land Cases. This study employs a normative juridical research method, utilizing a statute approach as its legal analysis framework.

This study aims to analyze the service quality at Ketapang Urban Aquaculture (KUA), a mangrove ecotourism area in Tangerang Regency, using the Servqual theory encompassing five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. This qualitative research utilized primary data from in-depth interviews with KUA management and secondary data from relevant literature. The findings indicate that physical facilities, such as trekking paths and informative signs, enhance visitor comfort. Educational programs run on schedule, and the complaint system effectively addresses visitor concerns. Friendly and well-trained staff provide a sense of safety and a positive tourism experience. However, challenges remain in optimizing sanitation facilities and digital promotion. The study concludes that KUA's service quality meets expectations, supporting sustainable ecotourism.

Termination of Employment (TOE) is the termination of an employment relationship due to a matter that results in the expiration of rights and obligations between workers/laborers and employers regulated in Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning employment and secondary legal materials obtained from employment, internet papers and others. The implementation of termination of employment must be in accordance with Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning employment that termination of employment is carried out in several processes, namely deliberation between employees and the Company, if there is an impasse, the last resort is carried out through the court to decide the case. Therefore, the strength of the implementation of labor law is needed through increased supervision, education for the parties, and optimization of the role of labor dispute resolution institutions.

Indonesia's democracy, despite over two decades of progress since the fall of the New Order regime, has faced stagnation and democratic backsliding in recent years. Indicators from institutions such as the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Freedom House, and Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) consistently highlight a decline in democratic quality. Contributing factors include identity politics, declining electoral integrity, political dynasties, and weak institutional capacities, described as "Low-Capacity Democracy." This study employs a qualitative approach to explore these challenges, including literature reviews, document analysis, and interviews. The findings reveal systemic issues at both institutional and societal levels, including weakened oversight bodies like the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK), the dominance of executive power, and the rise of transactional politics and political dynasties. Digital challenges, such as disinformation and low digital literacy, also exacerbate these issues. This study recommends comprehensive reforms, such as strengthening independent institutions, enhancing transparency in public fund management, and improving political education to reduce transactional practices. Digital media regulations and technology-based electoral monitoring are also proposed to increase transparency. By addressing these issues, Indonesia can reinforce democratic resilience and foster an inclusive, accountable political system.

This research aims to analyze the factors behind the rejection of land vacancy by recipients of land use rights in Numponi Village, East Malaka District, Malacca Regency. Employing an empirical legal research method, the study integrates primary data obtained through interviews and secondary data gathered from literature studies. The data were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach. The findings reveal that the refusal to vacate land stems from a combination of internal and external factors. Internal factors include claims made by the right holders over the land, fulfillment of tax obligations, and the perception of ownership by the recipients of use rights. Meanwhile, external factors involve economic interests, cultural values, the influence of a matrilineal customary system that is not yet fully understood by the disputing parties, and a general lack of public awareness regarding agrarian law and the necessity of formal land documentation such as certificates. The study highlights the critical need for better dissemination of agrarian legal knowledge and formal land administration practices within local communities to prevent future disputes and ensure legal certainty over land use rights.

This study will describe the legal character of the new Criminal Code in the perspective of legal politics, as for the problem in the research, namely how politics is very influential in producing a legal product. this research method uses normative legal research where in this case it examines legal issues and examines norms, as for what is studied in this study is the new Criminal Code Law. This research aims to answer how the politics of law on criminal law reform in indonesia and how the political configuration and legal character of the new Criminal Code. the conclusion of this research is the politics of law in the Criminal Code Update is the politics of criminal law, which is basically a form of policy that responds to the development of human thinking about crime. political configuration that has a major influence on the formation of rules. Legal products that are responsive in character, the process of making them is participatory, which invites as much community participation as possible through social groups and individuals in the community. In relation to the new Criminal Code, it is not responsive or democratic in nature, and it is also born through an authoritarian political configuration because of the lack of popular participation in its design.

The role of the TNI is very important in creating and maintaining the security of the community in fulfilling human rights, but based on the long history in Indonesia, it is suspected that there has been violence and serious human rights crimes committed by state apparatus and security actors. The principle of command responsibility for military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors is at least three reasons that underlie the thinking of military commanders, police superiors and other civilian superiors, namely the commander or superior who has the power to give orders and is responsible for the failure to control or control his subordinates. This research examines the following issues: 1) How is criminal responsibility for crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP); 2) Which court is authorized to try the case of crimes against humanity committed by TNI soldiers or troops in security restoration operations after the occurrence of military operations other than war (OMSP). This type of research is normative legal research using the approach method used, namely the statutory approach and concept approach. Source of legal material. The sources of legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Legal material search techniques are carried out by literature study or document study. 

The existence of the Regional Public Company (PERUMDA) of Kupang City aims to distribute water to residents in the surrounding areas. This study aims to evaluate the performance of PERUMDA in providing clean water services in Alak District, Kupang City. This research employs a combination of juridical and empirical approaches. The study was conducted at the PERUMDA Kupang City office and in the Alak District area of Kupang City during January 2025. The population in this study includes all PERUMDA employees and drinking water customers in Alak District, Kupang City. The sample was obtained using purposive sampling techniques, consisting of the head of the customer relations division (1 person), PERUMDA employees (10 people), and community members who use PERUMDA services (50 people), resulting in a total sample of 61 respondents. Data were collected through document review and in-depth interviews guided by an interview protocol. Based on the interview results, it was found that clean water services provided by PERUMDA were still suboptimal. Although PERUMDA Kupang City already has Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), the implementation in the field still faces various obstacles, such as unequal distribution of clean water, limited infrastructure, occasional poor water quality, ineffective complaint handling systems, and outstanding payment arrears. PERUMDA Kupang City needs to expand its clean water distribution network, improve water quality, strengthen the customer complaint system, and conduct education and outreach to the community regarding the importance of efficient water use and the obligations of the community as service users.

The management of regional finances aims to realize good governance that includes efficiency and transparency in meeting public needs. Efficiency and transparency in the decentralization of financial management policy by the Financial and Asset Management Agency (BKAD) of Kupang City are key factors in ensuring proper regional financial management. This study uses an empirical research method. After data collection, the researcher categorized the data based on the sources and analyzed them. The results of this study indicate that Efficiency has not been fully achieved due to mismatches in budget allocation. Meanwhile, transparency remains suboptimal because the existing system often experiences disruptions, limiting open access to information. The most dominant inhibiting factor affecting implementation effectiveness is human resources (HR). In addition, dependency on central government funding hampers flexibility and independence in regional financial management. The study suggests that BKAD should conduct technical competency training and development for staff, the Kupang City Government should increase local revenue (PAD), and the public should actively participate in budget public consultations.

The standard agreement for the delivery of goods whose contents or clauses are made by business actors to avoid losses on another day and consumers only have the choice to accept or reject, thus making the position of business actors stronger while consumers are weakened. The UUPK itself does not prohibit the existence of an exoneration clause as long as it does not violate article 18 of the UUPK. The type of research is field research or Empirical Juridical research is carried out by starting from primary data obtained from the research site, the data collection technique is through literature studies and analyzed in a qualitative way, which is a discussion that is carried out by combining literature research and field research. The results of the research obtained in the study show that consumers have been protected by Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, If a dispute occurs and a family settlement has been carried out but there is no result or no peace occurs, then consumers can take legal action as stipulated in articles 24 and 25 of the UUPK regarding how the responsibility of business actors, in the resolution of consumer disputes is protected by article 45 of the UUPK concerning dispute resolution. Dispute resolution can be done through the court and out of court, out-of-court dispute resolution can be done by filing a claim for compensation or through the consumer dispute resolution agency (BPSK). As a legal consequence that occurs if there is a clause in the standard agreement that is null and void, even though the standard agreement containing an exoneration clause has been agreed before, the agreement cannot be considered valid because it contradicts one of the contents of article 1320, which is a halal cause, due to the transfer of responsibility.  

Narcotics are substances that cause certain effects for those who use them and put them into their bodies. Along with the development of the times, the types of drugs are increasing and have various variations. One example of a new type of drug is gorilla tobacco. Criminal Law Policy Against New Types of Narcotics Abuse. This study uses a normative juridical research type with a Philosophical approach, Criminal Law Political Approach, legislation, case approach and examines the contents of various legal sources, both books, journals and other related legal sources to answer the aspects that are the focus of the research. The results of this study indicate that in 2022 31,420 incidents were caused by an increase in the abuse of new types of narcotics (New Psychoactive Substances) which in previous years were not registered in the appendix to Law Number 35 of 2009, this caused a Legal Vacuum regarding the New Type of Narcotics. In addition, the author also analyzes the law enforcement against new types of narcotics (gorilla tobacco) in a review of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics and the form of criminal responsibility carried out by perpetrators of gorilla tobacco abuse in the decision of the District Court Number 32/Pid.sus/2021/PN Rtg.

The development of digital technology based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) has had a significant impact on society, including the emergence of new crimes such as deepfake pornography. Deepfake pornography is a form of AI misuse that creates fake pornographic content by manipulating a person's face into a video or image without consent. This phenomenon raises complex legal issues within the Indonesian criminal law system. This study aims to examine how Indonesian criminal law regulates AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography and to assess the effectiveness of these regulations in providing legal protection. This research uses a normative approach with qualitative analysis methods and the theory of legal effectiveness as the analytical tool. The research findings indicate that AI deviations in the form of deepfake pornography are not specifically regulated in Indonesia's positive criminal law. The applicable regulations are still general in nature, scattered across several laws such as the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law), Personal Data Protection Law, Pornography Law, Sexual Violence Criminal Act Law, Copyright Law, and the Criminal Code (KUHP), which do not comprehensively address the technological aspects and psychosocial impacts of this crime. Based on Soerjono Soekanto's theory of legal effectiveness, the existing regulations are not yet effective, as seen from the legal substance, law enforcement, legal facilities and infrastructure, community factors, and legal culture. Therefore, a responsive legal reform is needed to keep pace with digital technological developments, along with strengthening the capacity of law enforcement institutions.

This study examines the legal aspects of land lease agreements for Madura grocery stalls based on Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code. A normative juridical method is employed, focusing on statutory regulations and literature review. The primary focus is to identify essential elements in the lease agreement, such as the leased object, mutual consent, and payment obligations. The research also highlights breach of contract issues and emphasizes the importance of legal guarantees in lease relationships. Case studies and recent regulations support the findings, ultimately contributing to legal certainty in land lease practices within the MSME sector.

Pancasila has been established as both a rechtsidee (legal ideal) and a grundnorm (fundamental norm). The values of Pancasila must guide and be embodied in legal reform in Indonesia whether at the substantive level (legal content), structural level (legal institutions), or cultural level (legal culture). These values must be embedded in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and further reflected in all subsequent laws and regulations. The value of national unity contained in Pancasila is reflected in the enactment of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage. The unification of marriage law through this legislation abolished the diverse marriage laws that existed prior to its enactment. The value of social justice for all Indonesian people is reflected in the enactment of Law No. 16 of 2019, which amended Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage. The amendment, which revised the minimum age for marriage, provides justice for both men and women regarding the legal validity of marriage in Indonesia.

This study aims to see the determination of the minimum limit of criminal liability for children in conflict with the law after the emergence of the rape and murder case of a junior high school student in Palembang in August 2024 where the three perpetrators who were under 14 (fourteen) years old were not sentenced but only in the form of actions. This research is a normative legal research that uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The results of this study indicate that when referring to the provisions of international law on children, namely the CRC and its General Comments and the Beijing Rules, the determination of the minimum age of criminal liability for children and the minimum age of children can be punished in national law, namely the SPPA, is appropriate so that there is no need for changes. There are three solutions to dealing with cases of children committing sexual violence in the future that the government can do, namely: Strengthening parental responsibility in supervising digital literacy and strengthening family socio-economics, psychological approaches to children and the importance of sex education

The principle of legality is one of the main principles adopted by criminal law. Indonesia has incorporated the principle of legality into the first article of the Criminal Code, which carries the consequence that the imposition of criminal penalties must first be regulated in written law. The reform of criminal law through the New Criminal Code continues to apply the principle of legality in Article 1 and also adds recognition to the laws existing in society that are generally unwritten. The recognition of unwritten laws in the New Criminal Code does not mean shifting the principle of legality and applying the law arbitrarily, but rather a form of realization of the principle of legality in accordance with the characteristics of Indonesian society. The New Criminal Code has provided limits on the application of unwritten laws existing in society, namely if the Criminal Code does not regulate the punishment and must be in accordance with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, human rights, and general legal principles recognized by the community of nations.

A contract is an important legal tool in society, whether in business, family, or personal relationships. In civil law, a contract not only regulates the rights and obligations of the parties involved, but also must adhere to several principles that underpin its validity and execution. This article aims to analyze the key principles in contracts under Indonesian civil law, such as the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of consensualism, the principle of good faith, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, the principle of balance, and the principle of compliance with the law. This study demonstrates that these principles not only serve as guidelines in drafting contracts, but also provide legal certainty for the parties involved. In practice, the application of these principles is crucial to avoid injustice and abuse during the contracting process. 

Dismissal of a Regional Head can occur due to two factors, the first is 'Objective' in investigating violations of the oath or promise of office carried out by the Regional Head. Second, 'Subjective' in using his authority, namely looking for loopholes to dismiss the Regional Head on sentimental grounds. The reasons for the dismissal of a Regional Head are regulated in Article 78 paragraph (1) and paragraph (2) of Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government (UUPD). Some of the problems that often occur in the dismissal of Regional Heads are, the Regional Head is elected directly but the mechanism for dismissal is indirectly (representatively) through the DPRD so that it is not in line with democracy, then regional autonomy is not implemented freely because there is still a role for the central government and there is also no Judicial institutions in regions specifically for the dismissal of Regional Heads. After we analyzed the many articles in the Constitution, the amendments relating to the main duties of the House of Representatives, also in UUMD3 1999 in conjunction with UUMD3 2014, were further emphasized by DPR Standing Orders No. 16/DPR/RI/1999-2000 jucto Regulation of the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2014 concerning Rules of Procedure, from the authority and duties of the DPRD above, it can be formulated that the DPRD has three functions, namely the supervisory function, the budget function, and the function of making Law or legislation. In carrying out its functions and duties, the DPRD has several rights that can be used to carry out its duties as government supervisor. Some of the rights in question are the Right to Questionnaire, the Right to Interplation, the Right to Express an Opinion. As for the right to inquiry itself, the definition is contained in Article 79 paragraph (3) of Law Number 17 of 2014 concerning the MPR, DPR, DPD and DPRD.