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This study aims to compare the performance of Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Random Forest Regression (RFR) in predicting student performance based on academic scores. Student performance is defined as the average of math scores, Reading Scores, and writing scores. This study uses a quantitative approach with a comparative design based on predictive modeling. The data used is secondary data from the Student Prediction dataset obtained through the Kaggle platform, which was processed using the Python programming language through the Google Colab platform. The analysis stages included the formation of performance variables, the separation of training and test data with a ratio of 80:20, model training, and evaluation using the Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R²) metrics. The results show that the Multiple Linear Regression model produced an MSE value of 2.74 × 10⁻²⁸, an MAE of 1.51 × 10⁻¹⁴, and an R² of 1.000. Meanwhile, Random Forest Regression produced an MSE of 0.296, an MAE of 0.375, and an R² of 0.998. These findings indicate that both models have a very high level of accuracy, but Multiple Linear Regression provides the best performance. This is due to the strong linear relationship between the input variables and the target variables formed directly from the combination of academic values. Thus, the linear regression model is proven to be more suitable for use in data structures that have simple linear relationships compared to ensemble-based models.

A student's learning success is largely determined by their academic evaluation. Estimating a student's final grade can assist educational institutions in conducting initial assessments of academic achievement. This study aims to analyze the performance of the Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) and Random Forest (RF) algorithms in predicting students' final grades using Google Colab. This research method uses a quantitative approach using secondary data that includes age, mid-term exam scores, final exam scores, and categorical variables as independent variables, with the final grade as the dependent variable. The research process is carried out through data preprocessing steps, dividing training and test data, model training, and performance evaluation using Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and the coefficient of determination (R2). The results show that the Random Forest algorithm provides more accurate prediction accuracy compared to the Multiple Linear Regression algorithm, especially in identifying nonlinear relationships between variables. Therefore, the Random Forest algorithm is more recommended for predicting students' final grades with complex data characteristics.

This study examines how Grammarly AI helps students improve their writing and avoid plagiarism in digital learning. As more academic work is done online, students need quick and clear feedback to guide their revisions. This research focuses on students’ perceptions of Grammarly and how they respond to its feedback. A survey was conducted with 30 university students using Likert scale and open-ended questions. The results show that most students find Grammarly helpful for correcting grammar, improving clarity, and motivating them to revise their writing. Students also reported that the paraphrasing and similarity checking features help them maintain originality and understand academic integrity better. These findings are supported by the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which explains that students respond positively when a tool is useful and easy to use, and by feedback theory, which highlights how learners process corrective input. Overall, this study concludes that Grammarly functions not only as an error-correction tool but also as a learning support system that strengthens writing skills and promotes responsible writing practices in digital environments.

The legal relationship between doctors and patients is essentially based on an obligation of effort (inspanningverbintenis), rather than an obligation of result (resultaatverbintenis). In practice, however, dissatisfaction with the outcomes of medical services often leads to criminal reports alleging medical negligence, which implies the criminalization of healthcare professionals. On the other hand, Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health and the Regulation of the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 2021 provide broader opportunities for the application of restorative justice in resolving criminal cases, including medical negligence. This research aims to analyze the criteria for applying restorative justice in medical negligence cases at the investigation level, examine resolution patterns oriented toward recovery and justice for all parties, and identify the obstacles faced by investigators in implementing this mechanism. The research method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, conducted through a review of legislation, legal doctrines, and expert opinions in the fields of health law and criminal law. The results indicate that the application of restorative justice in medical negligence cases can, in principle, be carried out as long as it meets the formal and material requirements as regulated in Police Regulation No. 8 of 2021, and aligns with the restorative resolution paradigm promoted by Law No. 17 of 2023 concerning Health. Resolution patterns oriented toward mediation, reconciliation, and reparation are considered more capable of achieving substantive justice for victims while providing protection for medical personnel who lack mens rea. Nevertheless, the implementation of restorative justice at the investigation level still faces various obstacles, including subjectivity in determining compensation, differing understandings among law enforcement officers regarding the boundary between professional error and criminal offense, disagreement between parties, and the pressure of public opinion and social media. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations, increase the capacity of investigators, and harmonize understanding among stakeholders to optimize the application of restorative justice in medical negligence cases.

Prolactinoma is the most common functional pituitary adenoma, particularly in adolescent females, and is typically characterized by amenorrhea and galactorrhea resulting from hyperprolactinemia. However, in certain cases, serum prolactin levels may appear normal due to the hook effect, an immunoassay measurement error caused by extremely high prolactin concentrations that interfere with antigen–antibody complex formation. We report the case of a 17-year-old female presenting with a five-month history of galactorrhea, accompanied by breast pain, headache, and primary amenorrhea. Brain MRI revealed a pituitary mass measuring 1.4 × 0.8 × 0.5 cm, suspicious for prolactinoma, while serum prolactin was within the normal range (17.33 ng/mL). The discrepancy between clinical manifestations, lesion size, and laboratory findings raised suspicion of the hook effect. The patient was treated with dopamine agonists, bromocriptine and cabergoline, and referred for multidisciplinary management involving endocrinology, neurosurgery, and obstetrics–gynecology. Despite the absence of prolactin dilution testing, MRI findings supported the diagnosis of prolactinoma, and the patient demonstrated a favorable clinical response to therapy. This case highlights the importance of recognizing laboratory variability, performing comprehensive hormonal evaluation, and considering prolactin dilution assays when clinical and laboratory findings are discordant, particularly in adolescent patients with suggestive symptoms.

Background: Effective communication is an importat component in improving patient safety in hospitals. Ineffective communication can lead to misperceptions, errors in treatment, and an increased risk of medication errors. Therefore, supervision is necessary to ensure that nurses’ communication meets standards. This study aims to determine the relationship between supervision and the implementation of effective communication by nurses at Sultan Agung Islamic Hospital in Semarang. Method: This study used an analytical quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 94 nurse practitioners, selected using total sampling technique. The reearch instruments were a supervision questionnire and an obervation sheet on effective communication based on the SBAR method. Data analysis used Pearson product moment rank correlation test to determine the relationship between the two variables. Results: The results show that most nurses have effective communication in the “fair” category, with 70 respondents (74,5%), and supervision in the “moderate” category, with 75 respondents (79,8%). The Pearson product moment test obtained a p-value of 0.025 (< 0.05), which means hat there is a relationship, and r = 0.232, which indicates a weak relationship, and r = 0.232, which indicates a weak relationship and a positive direction. Conclusion: There is a Relationship Between supervision and the implementation of effective communication by nurses

Public legal awareness is an important element in realizing an orderly, just, and law-based social life, as it enables citizens to understand and properly carry out their rights and obligations. In Mekarjaya Village, Gantar District, Indramayu Regency, a low level of public understanding of the hierarchy of laws and regulations is still evident, which has the potential to cause errors in the application of law within families and communities. This condition indicates the need for systematic, contextual, and easily understood legal socialization. This Community Service Program aims to improve the understanding of members of the Paguyuban Istri Peduli regarding the hierarchy of laws and regulations, while strengthening their role as agents for disseminating legal information within the surrounding community. The method employed is descriptive qualitative with a participatory approach through the delivery of materials, interactive discussions, question-and-answer sessions, and joint reflection. Data were collected through direct observation, oral question-and-answer sessions, and participant feedback forms. The results show an increase in participants’ understanding, high levels of participation in discussions, and the ability to relate legal concepts to real conditions. These findings confirm that participatory-based legal socialization is effective in enhancing public legal awareness and encouraging active community involvement at the local level.

English is an international language that plays an important role for students in the era of globalization; however, speaking anxiety or fear of speaking remains a major obstacle in academic practice within higher education institutions. This anxiety emerges as a complex psychological phenomenon involving cognitive, affective, and social aspects, rather than merely an issue of language proficiency. This study examines the problems faced by students, particularly those majoring in non English disciplines, in overcoming speaking anxiety in English academic settings. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through semi-structured interviews involving students of PASIM National University who exhibited varying levels of speaking anxiety. The data were analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques to identify emerging patterns and themes.The findings indicate that speaking anxiety is caused by fear of making pronunciation and grammatical errors, concern about receiving negative evaluations, limited vocabulary, and a lack of experience in communicating in English. These conditions are further exacerbated by limited opportunities for speaking practice, non-interactive learning methods, and insufficient support from teachers and peers. Students developed adaptive strategies such as relaxation techniques, thorough preparation, positive self-talk, and consistent language practice. To create a safe learning environment in which students can speak English effectively, this study proposes learning strategies that are more inclusive, supportive, and grounded in psychological principles.  

Fear of making mistakes is one of the psychological factors that may hinder students’ participation in English speaking activities. In vocational high school settings, speaking competence is particularly important because students are expected to communicate effectively in both academic and professional contexts. However, many learners remain reluctant to speak English due to concerns about making errors. Understanding this phenomenon is essential for supporting students’ oral language development. This study investigated students’ fear of making mistakes in English speaking performance at SMK PGRI Sumbermanjing, East Java, Indonesia. The study aimed to explore the factors contributing to students’ fear of making mistakes and examine how this fear affected their speaking performance in classroom activities. A qualitative case study design was employed. Twenty students were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes. The findings revealed four major factors associated with students’ fear of making mistakes: fear of pronunciation errors, fear of negative evaluation from peers, limited vocabulary knowledge, and fear of teacher correction. These factors influenced students’ speaking performance by reducing confidence, increasing hesitation, limiting classroom participation, and encouraging avoidance of speaking opportunities. Fear of negative evaluation and pronunciation-related concerns were reported most frequently among participants. In conclusion, fear of making mistakes remains an important challenge affecting students’ English speaking performance. Creating supportive classroom environments and providing meaningful speaking opportunities may help students participate more confidently in English communication activities.

This study analyzes the comparison of the Trapezoidal, Simpson 1/3, and Simpson 3/8 to approximate numerical integration using Microsoft Excel, with the variation of the interval . The test function is  on the interval . Because it is smooth and lacks an elementary antiderivative, the results indicate that the Simpson Method outperforms the Trapezoidal method in accuracy. The Trapezoidal method yields absolute errors on the order of  to , while Simpson 1/3 and 3/8 achieve  to , with Simpson 1/3 performing best across all . These findings confirm the higher convergence order of Simpson methods ) vs . Excel implementation proves effective as an accessible learning tool for numerical methods, supporting integral computation in higher education. This research contributes to simplifying computational approaches for engineering applications and education, and opens up opportunities for more effective implementation of numerical methods in practical teaching. The results of this research are expected to enrich understanding of numerical applications in engineering and science.

Letter of Credit or L/C is a payment instrument in international trade transactions. Payment through a Letter of Credit is the most ideal form of payment in providing  payment certainty, because in its mechanism, L/C requires  payment to the seller through a bank guarantee with the fulfillment of the conditions specified in the document. Fraudulent letters of credit are disputes between parties in the execution of L/C payments caused by errors or irregularities due to fraud. As a result, in international civil agreements,  such agreements are deemed invalid. Mediation is a method of dispute resolution through non-litigation channels. In mediation, the dispute resolution mechanism is carried out by using a third party called a mediator. This method is highly dependent on the trust of the disputing parties in the mediator. In carrying out their duties, mediators act based on the principles of neutrality, confidentiality, voluntariness, empowerment, and as a provider of recommendations in the course of mediation for dispute resolution. Generally, mediation as a method is rarely applied in cases of international civil dispute resolution, because the resolution of international civil payment disputes is carried out through arbitration. Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution based on an arbitration agreement. An arbitration agreement is an agreement agreed upon by both parties to submit and surrender all matters to an arbitrator.

The SMK N 3 Kendal Library is a vital resource supporting teaching and learning activities at the school. However, the manual process of registering and identifying library members often presents various challenges, such as data entry errors, service delays, and difficulties in membership verification. Based on these challenges, a QR Code-based member and library book registration system was designed and developed to improve the efficiency and accuracy of membership data management. This system was built using the Waterfall system development method, with stages including needs analysis, system design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. QR Code technology serves as a unique identifier for each member, stored in the database and can be scanned using a digital device to expedite the identification process. System testing results indicate that implementing QR Codes in the member registration system can accelerate the library's book borrowing process at the school, including registration, data retrieval, and member verification, by up to 80% compared to manual methods. Therefore, this system can help the library improve service effectiveness, minimize data input errors, and support more modern and integrated library administration.

This study discusses the implementation of the Yanbu'a Method at Pondok Pesantren Tanwirul Qulub. The education sector today faces various changes influenced by the rapid advancement of knowledge, technology, and the impact of globalization, which also affects religious education, particularly in the teaching of the Qur'an. One of the main obstacles in Qur'anic teaching is the use of methods that do not align with the tajwid or makhorijul huruf as taught by Prophet Muhammad SAW. This can lead to critical errors in reading the Qur'an. Therefore, this study aims to explore the challenges that arise in the process of teaching the Qur'an using the Yanbu'a Method at Pondok Pesantren Tanwirul Qulub, which is applied by KH. Agus Musta'in Ilyas. This research uses a qualitative approach based on Max Weber's Verstehen theory. The results show that the obstacles in implementing the Yanbu'a Method include a lack of coordination among teachers, significant differences in students' abilities, low student discipline in muroja'ah, and students' activities outside Qur'anic learning hours. To optimize the implementation of this method, it is recommended to provide teacher training and workshops, group students based on their abilities, strengthen evaluation and monitoring, establish consistent learning schedules, and increase student motivation.

This research is framed in the topic of the application of the Yanbu'a Method in Islamic Boarding Schools. The world of education is currently faced with various changes in aspects of life in society. This is due to the rapid advancement of knowledge and technology, as well as the impact of globalization that is occurring in the world. This has an impact on religious education, especially in the teaching of the Qur'an. Not a few Qur'an teachers teach how to read the Qur'an not in accordance with the tajwid or makhorijul huruf that has been taught by the Prophet Muhammad. In addition, there is one of the most prominent obstacles in the implementation of Qur'an reading education, namely in terms of the use of Qur'an teaching methods. This is very urgent to be studied because the application of inappropriate Qur'an teaching methods can result in fatal errors in the way of reading the Qur'an. research, guided by Max Weber's qualitative approach to Verstehen theory, concluded that the obstacles encountered in implementing the Yanbu'a Method were a lack of coordination between teachers, significant differences in student abilities, low student discipline in muroja'ah (religious study), and students' busy schedules outside of Quranic study hours. Optimization of the Yanbu'a Method at Tanwirul Qulub Islamic Boarding School includes teacher training and education, grouping students based on ability, strengthening evaluation and monitoring, providing learning facilities and media, consistent lesson scheduling, and increasing student motivation.

Rainfall is a crucial factor in the stability of the Earth's ecosystem and has a significant impact on agriculture, forestry, energy, and water management. However, increasingly unstable climate change makes rainfall patterns difficult to predict accurately using traditional methods. The city of Medan, the capital of North Sumatra Province, has a tropical rainforest climate with an average annual rainfall of approximately ±2200 mm and an average temperature of 27°C. Significant weather fluctuations in this area can trigger flooding when rainfall increases and cause water shortages when rainfall decreases (BMKG, 2021). Therefore, a prediction approach that can manage non-linear and dynamic data is needed. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are one of the reliable machine learning methods for detecting data patterns. By using the backpropagation algorithm, the model can gradually reduce prediction errors, making it widely used in weather forecasting applications. In this regard, this study uses ANN with the backpropagation method to forecast monthly rainfall in Medan City by utilizing data from 2022–2024 as training and testing data.

This study aims to design a drug inbound and outbound transaction application that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of drug data management at the UPTD Pharmacy Installation of Tanjungbalai City. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through direct observation at the research location, interviews with pharmacy staff, and documentation studies of documents related to drug management. The data obtained were then analyzed to identify weaknesses in the current system and determine the system requirements to be designed. The results of the study indicate that the existing manual recording system has not been able to support optimal drug management because it is less effective and prone to errors. The drug inbound and outbound transaction application designed in this study can assist pharmacy staff in recording incoming and outgoing drug data, monitoring drug stock in real-time, and generating reports automatically.

The crime of receiving stolen goods, as regulated in Article 480 of the Criminal Code (KUHP), is an offence that plays a crucial role in the continuation of the principal crime, particularly theft. Receivers provide a market for stolen goods, thereby indirectly encouraging perpetrators to continue their actions. This paper investigates how Article 480 of the KUHP in judicial practice, with a focus on proving the element of ‘knowing or reasonably suspecting’ that the goods purchased were obtained through criminal activity. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach through direct observation of a trial at the M. District Court. The observations show that the panel of judges successfully proved the defendant's guilt as a fence through a series of trial facts, such as the unreasonable purchase price, consistent testimony from the perpetrator of the theft, and the defendant's own admission that he had been suspicious. The judge's decision, which was lighter than the prosecutor's demands, also reflected considerations of substantive justice and humanity in addition to legal certainty. This study concludes that the effective enforcement of Article 480 of the Criminal Code in court plays an important role in breaking the chain of crime and providing a deterrent effect not only for the main perpetrators but also for those who participate in enjoying the proceeds of crime.  

The development of information technology has significantly improved the efficiency of application-based delivery services, including Shopee Partner Driver couriers. However, several issues such as delays in information updates, system errors, and inaccurate delivery data still affect courier performance. This study aims to analyze the effect of Information Quality and System Quality on the Performance of Shopee Partner Driver Couriers in Medan City. This research used a quantitative method with a questionnaire survey distributed to 100 active couriers. The instrument applied a fivepoint Likert scale, and data were analyzed using validity and reliability tests, descriptive statistics, and multiple linear regression analysis with SPSS software. The results indicate that both Information Quality and System Quality have a positive and significant effect on Courier Performance. The coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.625 shows that these two variables explain 62.5% of courier performance variance, while the remaining 37.5% is influenced by other factors. These findings support the DeLone and McLean (2003) model of information system success, emphasizing the importance of system and information quality in enhancing user performance.

This paper aims to find out the process of issuing permits for checking and unloading cargo outside the customs area at the customs and excise office, this application must have a permit that must be fulfilled to be managed by the agent, because the implementation of checking and unloading cargo outside the designated area without obtaining a permit can be subject to criminal sanctions as regulated in Article 102 letter (b) of Law Number 17 of 2006 concerning Customs Due to port congestion, ships can dock outside the customs area (out custom area) by fulfilling certain requirements and following the procedures set by the Customs and Excise authorities. in managing permits, agents often encounter obstacles or constraints when issuing permits that are detrimental to certain parties. Therefore, the responsible party of PT. Bahari Eka Nusantara Belawan branch must coordinate and have accurate accuracy in the process of issuing this permit. The role of PT. Bahari Eka Nusantara Belawan branch is very important for parties who participate in the process of managing permits outside this area. This permit is crucial to avoid criminal charges against those responsible for checking and unloading outside the customs area. It can be concluded that there are still obstacles or errors in data input that can cause delays in approval of permits for checking and unloading outside the customs area.

Students of vocational high schools are required to write an internship report as a form of accountability for completing their industrial training. However, various language errors are still found in students’ PKL reports. This study aims to describe and analyze morphological errors in the PKL reports of vocational high school students majoring in Electronics Engineering. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using document analysis. A total of 223 PKL reports were written by all students of SMK Negeri 3 Yogyakarta in 2025. The research data consisted of 25 PKL reports from students of the Electronics Engineering major selected through purposive sampling. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of identification, classification, description, quantification, and interpretation of morphological errors, with data validity ensured through theoretical triangulation. The results show that 286 morphological errors were identified, consisting of prefix errors (96), suffix errors (52), confix errors (41), reduplication errors (28), compound word errors (34), and base-form errors (35). Prefix errors were the most dominant type, accounting for 33.6% of all errors. These findings indicate that students still experience difficulties in applying affixation rules and forming standard words in formal written language. Such errors are influenced by interference from spoken language and the technical language used in the workplace. This study highlights the importance of structured and contextual morphology instruction to improve the quality of vocational students’ PKL report writing.