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This article examines the dialogue between John Calvin’s educational thought and the Merdeka Curriculum within the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative-comparative approach with descriptive analysis, this study traces the points of convergence and tension between Calvin’s educational principles particularly the concept of imago Dei, holistic education, and the God-centered purpose of education and the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum such as flexibility, differentiated learning, and the Profil Pelajar Pancasila (Pancasila Student Profile). The analysis reveals significant convergence in terms of respect for the potential and uniqueness of learners, holistic educational orientation, and the role of teachers as facilitators and character formers. However, fundamental tensions also exist regarding Calvin’s theocentric theological foundation vis-à-vis the secular Pancasila foundation, the concept of discipline and authority versus student freedom, and the ultimate goal of education glorifying God versus forming the Pancasila Student Profile. Based on these findings, this article offers practical recommendations for PAK curriculum design based on the Merdeka Curriculum, a Kingdom of God-nuanced project-based learning approach, holistic assessment, and Christian character formation within the Profil Pelajar Pancasila framework. This research contributes to filling the gap in studies that dialogue the Reformed theological tradition with contemporary Indonesian national education policy.

This study aims to examine the influence of principal leadership and school culture on teacher discipline in public junior high schools (SMP Negeri) in Sembawa District, Banyuasin Regency. Teacher discipline is an important factor in supporting the effectiveness of the learning process and achieving educational goals. Therefore, understanding the factors that contribute to teacher discipline is essential for improving school performance. This study employed a quantitative research method with a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected through the distribution of questionnaires consisting of 66 statement items measured using a five-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using statistical techniques to determine both partial and simultaneous effects of the independent variables on teacher discipline. The results indicate that principal leadership has a positive and significant partial effect on teacher discipline, as evidenced by a t-value of 5.127, which is greater than the t-table value of 1.9809. School culture also has a positive and significant partial effect on teacher discipline, with a t-value of 7.244 exceeding the t-table value of 1.9809. Furthermore, principal leadership and school culture simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on teacher discipline, as indicated by an F-value of 34.152, which is greater than the F-table value of 3.07. These findings suggest that strengthening principal leadership and fostering a positive school culture can significantly improve teacher discipline.

The development of digital technology has brought significant changes in the field of education, especially in the learning process, school management systems, and teachers' work patterns. This situation requires school principals' leadership who can adapt, be innovative, and act as agents of change in improving teachers' work ethic. This study aims to analyze the role of school principals' transformational leadership in enhancing teachers' work ethic in the digital era and to examine its relevance to educational transformation. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature study type through the analysis of various journals and scientific sources from 2020–2025. The results of the study indicate that school principals' transformational leadership plays an important role in increasing teachers' motivation, commitment, and professionalism through ideal influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. In addition, this leadership is also capable of creating a work culture that is collaborative, innovative, and adaptive to technological developments. Digital transformation in education not only involves the use of technology but also changes in work culture and the improvement of human resource competencies in schools. The implications of this research confirm that school principals as transformational leaders have a strategic role in the success of educational transformation in the digital era through the continuous enhancement of teachers' work ethic.

This study aims to analyze the relevance of Robert Raikes' Christian educational thinking to the character formation of children in contemporary Sunday School services. This study uses a qualitative approach with a library research method. Data were obtained from various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and research articles related to Christian education, character education, and the history of Sunday School development. Data analysis techniques were carried out through the stages of data reduction, grouping themes, interpretation, and drawing conclusions using descriptive qualitative methods. The results show that Robert Raikes' thoughts remain relevant in modern Christian education, especially in the formation of children's character through the teaching of God's Word, discipline, role models, and the instilling of Christian values. Sunday School plays an important role as a means of fostering faith, morality, and social responsibility in children from an early age. In addition, the challenges of the digital era require churches to develop more creative, interactive, and contextual learning methods without abandoning the basic values ​​of the Christian faith. This study confirms that the success of children's character formation depends not only on the church, but also on the role of Sunday School teachers and families who work together to build a conducive spiritual environment. Thus, Robert Raikes' thinking makes an important contribution to the development of Christian education that is relevant in the modern era.

This study aims to examine the debate regarding the effectiveness of traditional learning methods in science education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) amid the development of educational digitalization. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design conducted in Jember Regency for three months, from February to April 2026. The research informants consisted of 16 participants, including madrasa principals, teachers, parents, and community members. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, which were then analyzed using descriptive qualitative techniques. The findings revealed that traditional methods are still considered effective in helping students understand basic science concepts because the learning process is systematic and easy to comprehend. However, limited access to technology in several schools remains an obstacle to the equal implementation of digital learning. In addition, although digital learning can increase students’ motivation and engagement, it does not necessarily lead to an optimal improvement in conceptual understanding. Therefore, this study concludes that a combination of traditional and digital learning methods is the most appropriate approach in science learning at elementary schools and Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, considering students’ needs as well as the availability of facilities and infrastructure. structure.

The rise of social media has created a digital public sphere that enables users to express their opinions on social and political issues openly and in real-time. One of the most discussed topics on social media platform X is the trending hashtag #IndonesiaGelap, which reflects public concern and criticism regarding various governmental and societal conditions. This study aims to conduct sentiment analysis on tweets containing the hashtag to determine the overall sentiment trend among users. The method employed in this research is the Naive Bayes classification algorithm, known for its simplicity and effectiveness in text classification. To enhance the model’s performance, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is applied to optimize feature selection and parameter tuning. The dataset consists of public tweets collected via the Twitter API, followed by preprocessing, feature extraction using TF-IDF, and sentiment classification into three categories: positive, negative, and neutral. The results indicate that the integration of PSO significantly improves the classification accuracy of the Naive Bayes model compared to the baseline. The majority of tweets related to #IndonesiaGelap exhibit a negative sentiment, indicating widespread public dissatisfaction and criticism. This research is expected to contribute to a better understanding of public perception and serve as valuable input for stakeholders in addressing social issues in the digital age.

Gesture  recognition  technology  is  used  to  detect  movements  through  image processing,   enabling  computers  or digital devices to understand and interpret human  body  movements  as  input  or  commands.   This  technology  has  great potential  to bridge communication between the deaf community and individuals without   hearing   impairments,    enhancing  interaction  and  enriching  mutual understanding between the two.  However,  the accuracy ofgesture recognition is often  affected  by variations in the distance between hand landmarks.  Based on this problem,  this research proposes a methodfor stabilizing the measurement of distances between landmark points  in gesture recognition through a polynomial regression  approach.   Specifically,   the  distance  between  hand  landmarks  is calculated and stabilized using polynomial  regression to improve the accuracy of gesture recognition.  This method is implemented using the MediaPipeframework to detect and track hands in real-time,  and the OpenCV library to manage video. The  research  results  show  that  this  approach  can  significantly  improve  the stability  and accuracy  of gesture detection.   The developed system successfully detects gestures for  letters A  through F with a high accuracy  rate,  averaging above 98,3%.  The use ofpolynomial regression helps enhance detection accuracy by reducing noise in the landmark data.

Given the important objectives that banks strive to achieve through financial stability and their role in ensuring its continuity and ability to face various economic challenges, many have expanded their policies beyond their traditional functions by adopting a range of additional practices and activities that contribute to strengthening their developmental role in society. Among the most prominent of these practices are corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities, which have become a crucial aspect of the work of contemporary financial institutions. In this context, this research highlights CSR practices in banks. It relied on a sample of nine Iraqi banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, which are characterized by their continued banking operations and regular publication of their annual financial reports. The research period was set from 2014 to 2023, and included a set of statistical tests that incorporated a number of financial determinants as control variables to determine their contribution to enhancing the impact of CSR when included alongside it, and to define the nature of the relationship between the research variables. We have reached a number of conclusions, most notably that when regulatory variables are included in the analysis model, this effect becomes statistically insignificant, which indicates that banks’ interest in internal financial factors still outweighs their interest in social aspects.

Sign language recognition is one of the areas of image recognition and image processing technology that is developing rapidly in human-computer interaction. This technology really helps the deaf and speech impaired in communicating with non-disabled people. This research aims to examine the optimization of an object tracking system in sign language using the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and Kalman Filter by including the Region of Interest (ROI). The proposed system consists of three main components, namely hand detection, object extraction, and classification. Hand detection is done using the Kalman Filter to track hand movements accurately. Next, Region of Interest (ROI) features, such as shape, direction and movement features, are extracted from the detected part of the hand. These features are fed into a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classifier, which can recognize sign language based on the extracted features. With the combination of GMM and Kalman Filter in this research, it can increase accuracy in object tracking, reduce interference from the background, and ensure the tracking focus remains on important objects. The dataset used is in the form os SIBI alphabet symbols, namely A-Z with the amount of data for each class, namely 620 images. Based on the research result, model testing using GMM, Kalman Filter and ROI produces higher accuracy of 99%, while model testing using GMM and ROI produces accuracy of 90%.

One of the goals of a building is to create a comfortable environment that does not affect the health and operations of its occupants, therefore a system needs to be created to ensure comfort in classrooms. To fulfill a comfortable situation, there is a standard that regulates comfort, especially thermal and visual comfort. Thermal comfort is regulated in SNI 03-6572-2001 and visual comfort is regulated in SNI 03-6575-2001. The aim of this research is to design a tool to automatically monitor temperature and lighting, determine greater accuracy, determine temperature and lighting comfort distances, and test Smart Comfort measurement results in accordance with the SNI-03-6571-2001 and SNI-03-6575-2001 conformity standards. This design uses ESP32 with IoT-based LDR and DHT11 sensors which can be seen on the web and application, determines the accuracy and range of Smart Comfort values for monitoring temperature and lighting and determines the suitability of measurement quantities in the SDN PINANG 3 classroom.

Along with the times, computer technology is developing very rapidly. The increasingly rapid development of computer technology means that everyone is required to utilize computer technology in their daily lives. Utilization of technology is one of the implementation roles of scientific disciplines. The reason behind the formation of this research is so that in the future it will become a fun learning concept in the introduction of objects and shapes in children and the motor development of children. children are usually more interested in seeing pictorial text, or pictures that contain lots of color. The Viola Jones method itself was chosen as the research completion algorithm. The Viola Jones method is usually used as a method in research that discusses the detection of objects, faces and others. The Viola Jones method was chosen because it has a high level of accuracy that can reach 100% probability.

Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, is known for its high congestion levels. Data from the TomTom Traffic Index shows that Jakarta ranked 30th in the world in 2023 as one of the most congested cities, with a congestion level reaching 53% during peak hours. Pisangan Lama in East Jakarta is one of the densely populated areas, adjacent to busy roads. The main campus of STIKOM CKI, also located in East Jakarta, is situated along a route prone to heavy traffic. Given the congestion issues and the lack of information on the nearest routes, this study aims to implement the A* algorithm to find the shortest route from Pisangan Lama, East Jakarta, to the main campus of STIKOM CKI. The A* algorithm is chosen for its optimal routing capabilities. Based on research on three routes (Jl. I Gusti Ngurah Rai, Jl. Basuki Rachmat, and Jl. Raya Kalimalang), the results show that the route via Jl. Basuki Rachmat is the shortest, with a distance of 7.7 km. The implementation of the A* algorithm is expected to provide an efficient solution for the community in finding the nearest route.

Computers in one of the network companies at PT. Estrada uses the Fortinet operating system. The final result expected through this implementation is to comprehensively see the capabilities of the firewall on Fortinet in overcoming the problem of blocking social media applications and streaming platforms during working hours. Blocking the application in question is the ability to filter web processes such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, etc. In the tests carried out, web filtering was able to block applications on social media and streaming platforms, which proves that the performance of web filtering is quite good. In analyzing web filtering performance, use the office hour rule tool by carrying out the rule schedule in the Fortinet network and displaying all the information in detail. The final result obtained in the network application filtering simulation process using Fortinet is that every network sent cannot be entered (blocked) on both social media applications and streaming platforms.

This study investigates the decoupling phenomenon between ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) sustainability reporting and communal Tri Hita Karana (THK) sustainability practices in a Rural Bank in Bali. Through Ethnographic Content Analysis (ECA) of official documents from BPR Luhur Damai covering 2023–2025, this study identifies that the Sustainability Report (SR), prepared strictly according to Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) 51/2017, does not incorporate substantial THK practices, namely banten (ceremonial offerings) Rp131.6 million, dana punia (religious donations) Rp8.5 million, and monthly banjar (communal community unit) contributions, producing a Hindu religious expenditure to formal Social and Environmental Responsibility (SER) ratio of 10:1. Drawing on the Institutional Logics perspective, this study identifies four decoupling mechanisms: (1) cognitive, namely THK as taken-for-granted, not perceived as “sustainability”; (2) administrative, namely departmental silos between Compliance and General Affairs; (3) template, namely POJK 51/2017 provides no space for local wisdom; and (4) capacity, namely limited Human Resources (HR) and institutional capacity. These findings lead to the concept of “invisible sustainability,” that is, real sustainability contributions that are invisible to conventional reporting frameworks, and “cultural accounting gap,” that is, the absence of accounting categories for local cultural-religious contributions. The theoretical contribution is demonstrating that decoupling in Global South contexts is not merely symbolic compliance but results from structural misalignment between transnational and communal logics that renders local sustainability contributions institutionally invisible.

The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, both physically and mentally, may be rather uncomfortable, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Pregnant women often report back discomfort, muscular aches, trouble sleeping, excessive exhaustion, and irregular sleep patterns. Mothers' physical and mental health as well as the health of their unborn children may be significantly impacted by inadequate sleep quality during pregnancy. To enhance comfort and the quality of sleep during pregnancy, one non-pharmacological technique is to use an aromatherapy maternity pillow. An ergonomic and ecologically sustainable invention to enhance mother comfort during pregnancy was the goal of this research, which intended to produce a Pregnancy Pillow Therapy product with pineapple leaf fiber and aromatherapy. A descriptive research design using a prototype creation technique was used in this study. The stages of the research included problem identification, literature review, product design, material selection, prototype manufacturing, and product evaluation. Data were collected through literature studies and observations related to sleep discomfort in pregnancy, maternity pillow utilization, aromatherapy therapy, and pineapple leaf fiber characteristics. The developed product was designed ergonomically to support the back, abdomen, waist, and legs of pregnant women. The addition of aromatherapy was intended to provide a relaxing effect and improve sleep quality. The use of pineapple leaf fiber also supports environmentally friendly product innovation through agricultural waste utilization. The results indicate that Pregnancy Pillow Therapy has the potential to become a supportive product for improving comfort and sleep quality among pregnant women. Further studies are recommended to evaluate product effectiveness directly among pregnant women.

 Background: Perineal pain due to episiotomy is a common complaint experienced by postpartum mothers and can affect patient comfort, mobility, and recovery. Nonpharmacological pain management is needed to help reduce discomfort with minimal risk of side effects. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of applying cold compresses using ice packs in reducing perineal pain intensity in postpartum mothers with episiotomy. Methods: The study used a descriptive case study design in three vaginal postpartum patients with episiotomy who were treated in the postpartum ward. The intervention involved applying cold compresses using ice packs to the perineal area for 10–15 minutes, as per nursing procedures. Pain was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Findings: The results showed a decrease in pain intensity in all patients after the application of cold compresses. Patient P1 experienced a decrease in pain score from 5 to 4, patient P2 from 6 to 5, and patient P3 from 5 to 4, with an average decrease of 1 point. Implications: Cold compresses using ice packs have the potential to be an effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention to help reduce perineal pain and improve the comfort of postpartum mothers with episiotomies during the care period.

Based on the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey, the prevalence of overweight among adults reached 23.4% nationally and 24.5% in East Java Province. This condition highlights the need for food innovation, particularly high-fiber snacks suitable for overweight adults. This study aimed to develop cereal based on okara (soy pulp) flour and mung bean flour as an alternative high-fiber food product. Organoleptic testing was conducted on 30 semi-trained panelists evaluating color, aroma, texture, and taste using hedonic and hedonic quality tests. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney test, while nutrient content analysis was analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test. The results showed that in the hedonic test, color, texture, and taste parameters were significantly different (p<0.05), while aroma was not significantly different (p>0.05). In the hedonic quality test, color and taste showed significant differences (p<0.05), whereas aroma and texture did not (p>0.05). Overall, formulation 922 was the most preferred by panelists. The nutritional content of the cereal ranged from 407–410 kcal for energy, 76.44–77.53% carbohydrates, 8.91–9.66% protein, 6.80–7.30% fat, 5.20–5.51% moisture, 1.26–1.41% ash, and 9.72–10.90% total dietary fiber. The developed cereal is classified as a high-fiber food and has potential as a healthy snack for overweight adults.

Sleep duration and sleep quality are essential physiological needs that play a significant role in the emotional and behavioral development of children aged 3–6 years. Adequate sleep supports brain development, cognitive functioning, emotional regulation, and social interaction skills in early childhood. Conversely, poor sleep duration and low sleep quality may negatively affect children’s attention, mood stability, and ability to interact socially with peers and caregivers. This article is a literature review using a systematic review approach that analyzes 10 scientific articles published between 2016–2026 to evaluate the relationship between sleep duration and sleep quality with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children. The article selection process followed the PRISMA flow diagram, with articles sourced from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases. The findings consistently indicate that inadequate sleep duration and poor sleep quality are associated with increased emotional and behavioral problems, including hyperactivity, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and difficulties in social interaction among children. Furthermore, sleep disturbances were found to negatively influence children’s emotional self-regulation abilities, which are crucial for adaptive behavior. Therefore, ensuring adequate sleep duration and improving sleep quality are important strategies to support optimal emotional and behavioral development in preschool-aged children.

This study explores the acceptance of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) at SD Inpres Gere through William of Ockham's negative rights framework, focusing on freedom from external interference. As a positive rights policy (the right to services), the MBG has the potential to conflict with the principles of individual subjective rights (negative rights). Ockham emphasized that every individual has a personal sovereignty that must be free from interference from external authorities. Using qualitative research methods through literature studies and interviews, this article analyzes the risk of standardizing consumption that can reduce individual autonomy in determining their private needs. The analysis shows that although the MBG has a noble aim to fulfill the right to life, its implementation risks becoming a form of state paternalism that harms citizens' negative freedoms if not accompanied by strict limits on power. This paper concludes that to align with Ockham's principle of individual subjective rights, the MBG program must continue to respect the private space and diversity of individual choices without creating dependency that erodes the sovereignty of legal subjects.

To address the negative impacts of teenage romantic relationships on peer dynamics and academic achievement at SMP Negeri 5 Sipahutar, school authorities implemented a regulation prohibiting dating, in line with Pancasila character education principles. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of this policy on fostering positive social behavior among ninth-grade students. The research employed a quantitative descriptive approach and involved 81 students as respondents. Data were collected using a four-level multiple-choice agreement questionnaire consisting of ten items. The analysis results showed a total score of 2707, a mean score of 33.42, a standard deviation of 4.8, and an average scale score of 3.34. The findings revealed that 78.2% of students agreed that the regulation encouraged peer cooperation, improved discipline in obeying school rules, and supported effective group learning. In addition, the policy appeared to contribute to a more positive school environment by reducing distractions associated with adolescent dating behavior. These findings indicate that school-based regulations can play an important role in shaping adolescent character and social behavior based on national values. Therefore, such policies may serve as an effective preventive strategy for educational institutions that aim to strengthen character education and promote responsible student conduct.