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This study aims to design a liquid dish soap made from lerak fruit (Sapindus rarak DC.) as an environmentally friendly alternative to synthetic chemical-based soaps. Lerak fruit was selected due to its high saponin content, which functions as a natural surfactant capable of producing foam and removing grease. This research integrates three courses: Product Design and Development using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method with House of Quality (HOQ) to identify consumer needs; Work Measurement Analysis using Operation Process Charts (OPC) to design the production process; and Cost Estimation Analysis using the full costing method to calculate production costs and determine the selling price. Results show that the best product concepts are Concept 4 and Concept 8, characterized by natural lerak surfactant, active ingredient concentration above 15%, pH of approximately 6, citrus/lemon scent, and pump bottle packaging. The production process consists of preparation, mixing, boiling, addition of thickener, cooling, pressing, filtering, and packaging, with a total production time of 142.05 minutes for two 500 ml products. Total production cost is Rp65,184, with a cost of goods sold (COGS) of Rp32,592 per unit and a selling price of Rp34,000 per unit.

The continuous increase in paper consumption has a direct impact on waste accumulation and environmental degradation due to the exploitation of wood as the primary raw material. This study aims to design an innovative product called seed paper as a solution for managing paper and cardboard waste, transforming it into something more useful while supporting Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 12 on responsible consumption and production. The production method involves several stages: processing waste into pulp, mixing it with chili seeds, followed by natural printing and drying. The analysis shows that both paper and cardboard waste can be processed into an effective planting medium, where the paper naturally decomposes and the embedded seeds germinate once planted. In terms of production costs, one batch of seed paper requires approximately Rp23.000 for the paper variant and cardboard variant. Technically, this process demonstrates that waste, which would otherwise accumulate in landfills, can be transformed into an innovative product that promotes reforestation while also carrying economic value through a structured calculation of the cost of goods sold.

This study aims to analyze educational marketing management strategies in attracting students’ interest at MTs Al-Mursyidiyyah. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive-analytical method. Data were collected through literature review and in-depth interviews with the school principal as the key informant. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that MTs Al-Mursyidiyyah has comprehensively implemented educational marketing strategies based on the 7P marketing mix (product, price, place, promotion, people, physical evidence, and process). The product dimension is reflected in the integration of academic-religious curriculum supported by technology and diverse extracurricular programs. Promotional strategies are carried out through digital platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, and online admission websites, as well as conventional promotion through the annual November Festival. Strengthening human resources, modernizing facilities, and digitizing educational services also contribute to enhancing the school’s image. The study concludes that the success in attracting prospective students is strongly influenced by the synergy between product quality, promotional effectiveness, and physical evidence that build public trust in the educational institution.

This study aims to describe the implementation of the group discussion model as a strategy to strengthen students' collaboration in Indonesian procedural text learning in Grade IV of SDN 8 Selat Penuguan. The study focuses on the implementation of group discussion, the forms of students' collaboration, the teacher's role in guiding collaboration, and the supporting and inhibiting factors in the learning process. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach. The primary data were obtained from the teacher and Grade IV students, while supporting data were collected from learning documents. Data were gathered through observation, interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. Data validity was strengthened through source and technique triangulation. The findings indicate that group discussion was implemented through planning, small-group formation, procedural-text-based tasks, discussion, presentation, feedback, and reflection. The model strengthened students' collaboration through task sharing, mutual assistance, expressing opinions, listening to peers, and taking responsibility for group outcomes. The teacher acted as a learning designer, facilitator, guide, communication mediator, and evaluator of collaborative processes. Supporting factors included teacher readiness, the suitability of procedural text material, the use of worksheets, and a conducive classroom climate, while inhibiting factors included uneven student participation, limited time, differences in language competence, and the dominance of particular students in group work. The study concludes that the group discussion model is relevant for procedural text learning because it integrates material comprehension with the development of elementary students' social skills.

The rapid development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has brought about significant changes in various fields, including higher education. One of its primary functions is to assist students in completing academic writing assignments. This study aims to explore the use of Generative AI in enhancing students’ academic writing skills and to identify the advantages and challenges faced in the field of education. The method used in this study is a literature review, analyzing various scientific works from both domestic and international sources regarding Generative AI, scientific writing, and higher education published between 2023 and 2025. The findings indicate that Generative AI can assist students in formulating ideas, structuring their writing, improving grammar, and boosting writing productivity. Additionally, this technology contributes to enhancing students’ confidence and efficiency in the academic writing process. However, various challenges were also identified, such as the risk of academic misconduct, excessive reliance on AI-generated content, and concerns regarding the accuracy and authenticity of information. Therefore, the use of generative AI must be accompanied by digital literacy and an understanding of ethical considerations to ensure its responsible use in educational settings. This study indicates that generative AI has great potential to improve academic writing skills when used appropriately and responsibly.

This study aims to examine the strategic role of teachers in instilling anti-corruption educational values in elementary school (SD/MI) students in the digital era. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with five SD/MI teachers in Karawang Regency conducted in May 2026. Findings reveal that all informants possess adequate conceptual understanding of anti-corruption education as a character-building process rather than mere knowledge transmission. Teachers perform three principal functions: as behavioral role models, value-based learning facilitators, and collaborative partners with families. Implemented strategies include exemplary conduct, habituation, cross-subject value integration, and utilization of digital media such as educational videos, animations, and interactive quizzes. However, implementation faces significant obstacles, including social media normalizing dishonest behavior, instant-gratification tendencies among students, and weak synergy between schools and family environments. This research affirms that successful internalization of anti-corruption values requires consistent teacher exemplarity, a conducive school ecosystem, robust digital literacy, and sustainable tri-center educational collaboration. Practical implications include the necessity of strengthening teachers' pedagogical competencies in designing character-based learning that is adaptive to the dynamics of the digital era.

This study examines how Nicolás Maduro's anti-neoliberal politics in Venezuela triggered a systematic securitization process by the US from 2014 to 2026. Drawing on Securitization Theory (Buzan et al., 1998) and a Neo-Gramscian perspective (Cox, 1981), this study argues that Maduro's anti-neoliberal policies constitute a counter-hegemonic challenge created by the United States. This threat is framed as a threat to democracy, regional security, and ultimately the narco-state, ultimately leading to the military intervention of January 2026. Economic sanctions failed to pressure the regime, exacerbated the humanitarian crisis, and set a dangerous precedent for the norm of state sovereignty in international law, suggesting that this securitization process proved ineffective. By addressing temporal and conceptual gaps in previous research, this study adds to the Security Studies literature. This study also highlights implications for international law, regional stability in Latin America, and the broader debate on securitization practices in contemporary global politics and US foreign policy strategy and international security governance frameworks debates.  

Background: Labor is a physiological process that is commonly accompanied by pain, causing discomfort, anxiety, and fear that may interfere with maternal well-being and labor progress. Effleurage massage is a complementary, non-pharmacological intervention used to reduce labor pain. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of effleurage massage in reducing pain intensity during the first stage of labor. Method: A literature review was conducted using articles retrieved from Google Scholar. An initial search identified 45 articles, and after screening based on publication year (2021–2026), relevance, and inclusion criteria, 10 research articles were included for analysis. Data were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results: The findings consistently showed that effleurage massage reduced labor pain by promoting relaxation, decreasing muscle tension, improving blood circulation, and stimulating endorphin release through the gate control mechanism. Most studies also reported improved maternal comfort during labor. Conclusion: In conclusion, effleurage massage is an effective, safe, affordable, and easy-to-apply complementary therapy that can be integrated into midwifery care to reduce labor pain and enhance maternal comfort.  

Plastic waste, particularly plastic bottles, has become one of the major challenges in urban environmental management due to its increasing volume and potential to pollute ecosystems. In Bogor City, plastic waste constitutes a significant proportion of daily municipal solid waste, highlighting the need for effective and sustainable waste management models. This study aims to analyze the role of the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Waste Processing Facility (TPS3R) in managing plastic bottle waste in Bogor City, with a case study of the Eco Techno Park at Ibn Khaldun University (UIKA) Bogor. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method using a case study approach. Data were collected through field observations, in-depth interviews with facility managers, and reviews of relevant documents and literature. The findings indicate that the TPS3R Eco Techno Park has successfully implemented the 3R principles through an integrated system supported by environmentally friendly technologies and a circular economy framework. Plastic bottle waste is managed through sorting, shredding, and recycling processes to produce value-added products, including plastic pellets, handicrafts, and construction materials. In addition, organic waste management is integrated through the cultivation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae. The facility has contributed to reducing the volume of waste sent to landfills by approximately 18%. The study implies that strengthening regulatory support, enhancing community participation, and developing circular economy-based business models are essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of waste management programs and support Bogor City's waste reduction targets.

Lead (Pb²⁺) is a hazardous heavy metal commonly found in industrial wastewater and poses serious risks to human health and the environment due to its toxic and non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, an effective and environmentally friendly treatment method is required to reduce Pb²⁺ concentration in wastewater. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration on the adsorption capacity of ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) bioadsorbent activated with NaOH. The adsorption process was conducted using a batch system with pH variations of 4, 5, and 7 and initial Pb²⁺ concentrations of 20, 25, and 30 mg/L. The residual Pb²⁺ concentration was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the adsorption performance was evaluated based on removal efficiency and adsorption capacity (Qe). The results showed that pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration significantly affected the adsorption performance. The optimum adsorption condition was obtained at pH 5, with a maximum removal efficiency of 99.20% and a total adsorption capacity of 18.56 mg/g. The increase in pH from 4 to 5 enhanced adsorption performance due to reduced competition between H⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions for active sites on the adsorbent surface. Increasing the initial Pb²⁺ concentration tended to increase adsorption capacity, although removal efficiency remained relatively stable due to the limited number of active adsorption sites. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values ranged from 1.56% to 3.37%, indicating good precision and repeatability of the experimental data. These findings demonstrate that NaOH-activated ramie leaves have considerable potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly bioadsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from wastewater.

Classroom management is an important aspect of creating a conducive learning environment and supporting the achievement of learning objectives. This study aims to analyze the permissive approach and the cookbook approach in classroom management based on the results of an interview with a teacher. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, with interviews used as the primary data collection technique. The findings indicate that the teacher does not fully implement either the permissive approach or the cookbook approach. The teacher provides students with freedom within limits that support the learning process while still enforcing agreed-upon classroom rules. In addition, the teacher does not rely on rigid procedures but instead adapts classroom management strategies to students' characteristics and the situations encountered in the classroom. The study reveals that the teacher tends to adopt an adaptive classroom management approach by combining firmness, empathy, and flexibility, thereby creating an orderly, comfortable, and effective learning environment that supports the achievement of educational objectives.

In the post-pandemic period, the learning process at the Madrasah Tsanawiyah level continues to face significant challenges, particularly the emergence of disparities in student learning outcomes in general subjects. Many students have not yet fully returned to an active and focused learning pattern, resulting in uneven learning outcomes. Under these circumstances, self-directed learning has become an increasingly prominent aspect, as it relates to students’ ability to manage their own learning process without relying too heavily on teacher guidance. This study aims to examine how learning autonomy influences MTs students’ learning outcomes by reviewing existing studies. The research employs a literature review method using a qualitative descriptive approach, drawing on scientific sources from the past five years. The data were analyzed through content analysis to identify patterns of relationships emerging from previous studies. The results of the study indicate that learning autonomy tends to have a positive correlation with improved learning outcomes, although the magnitude of the effect is not always consistent across every study. Students who are better able to manage their own learning steps generally appear more active, more focused in their studies, and more aware of the processes they are undergoing. Nevertheless, the development of learning autonomy does not occur in isolation, as it remains influenced by the school’s learning environment and the way teachers manage instruction. Thus, it is clear that fostering independent learning is a key factor in efforts to improve student learning outcomes in the post-pandemic era.

Stroke is a neurological disorder caused by impaired blood flow to the brain, resulting in brain tissue damage and various functional impairments. One of the common problems experienced by stroke patients is sleep disturbance, which may be influenced by neurological deficits, limited physical mobility, pain, and post-stroke anxiety. Persistent sleep disturbances can delay the recovery process and reduce patients’ quality of life. The long-term use of sleeping medications may lead to adverse effects; therefore, safe and easily applicable complementary therapies are needed. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of peppermint oil aromatherapy in improving sleep quality among stroke patients in the working area of Barebbo Community Health Center, Bone Regency. The method used was the implementation of complementary therapy through the administration of peppermint oil aromatherapy to stroke patients experiencing sleep disturbances. Sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) before and after the intervention. The assessment results showed that before the intervention, patients experienced poor sleep quality, characterized by difficulty initiating sleep, frequent nighttime awakenings, insufficient sleep duration, and daytime fatigue. After receiving peppermint oil aromatherapy, patients demonstrated increased comfort, reduced anxiety, improved ability to initiate sleep, and better overall sleep quality compared to their condition before the intervention. Therefore, peppermint oil aromatherapy was found to be effective in improving sleep quality among stroke patients and can be used as a complementary non-pharmacological intervention in nursing care.

This qualitative literature review examines how global litigation finance markets manage the tension between transparency requirements and innovation dynamics. Drawing on academic scholarship, policy reports, court decisions, and industry analyses, the review synthesizes evidence on disclosure obligations, funder influence, national security concerns, and emerging regulatory models. Findings show that while transparency enhances judicial integrity and mitigates conflicts of interest, excessive disclosure may undermine commercial confidentiality and inhibit investment in complex claims. Across jurisdictions, regulatory debates converge on the need for proportionate, court directed mechanisms such as limited in camera disclosure, provenance checks, and funder conduct safeguards. The review concludes that transparency and innovation are not mutually exclusive; instead, balanced regulatory frameworks can preserve market efficiency while protecting due process values and preventing geopolitical misuse. The study highlights significant data gaps and calls for deeper empirical research to guide evidence based policy making.

Through this study, there are two variables of concern, namely the effect of the initial comparison of the combustion of raw materials of pine wood charcoal & coffee wood charcoal (70%: 30%, 30%: 70% and 50%: 50%) with mesh sizes of 100 and 250. The initial process of the study is the manufacture of charcoal in pine wood and coffee wood briquettes, pine wood and coffee wood are processed by carbonization at a temperature of 500°C, crushed, sieved using mesh 100 and 250, variations of 70%: 30%, 30%: 70% and 50%: 50% mixed with adhesive, given a pressure of 4 kg, and dried at a temperature of 80°C for 3 hours. The purpose of this study is to determine the comparative value of the combustion rate and calorific value of each briquette sample. The methodology used in this study is to conduct experiments on pine wood charcoal briquettes and coffee wood charcoal in testing the calorific value and combustion rate. From the research that has been done, it was found that the burning rate of briquette samples with variations of pine and coffee wood charcoal with variations of 70%: 30% mesh 100, the burning time is 189 minutes, while at mesh 250 the burning time is 215 minutes. The variation of briquette samples 30%: 70% at mesh 100 the burning time is 192 minutes and mesh 250 is 194 minutes. The variation of briquette samples 50%: 50% mesh 100 has a burning time value of 19 minutes and mesh 250 is 155 minutes. For coffee wood charcoal briquettes and pine wood charcoal at mesh 250 it can be said to meet the SNI 01-6235-2000 standard because the calorific value produced is ≥5000 cal / gram.

One of the promising renewable energy sources is biomass, particularly underutilized candlenut shells, which can be processed into briquettes as a superior alternative to charcoal. This study aimed to utilize candlenut shell waste for briquette production, evaluating hardness and calorific value under varying carbonization temperatures (400°C, 500°C, 600°C) and mesh sizes (30 and 100). Briquettes were produced via carbonization and compression. Hardness was measured using a durometer, yielding the highest value of 76.33 HA at 600°C and 100 mesh, and the lowest of 43.58 HA at 400°C and 30 mesh. Calorific value, determined by bomb calorimetry, peaked at 7834.70 cal/g for 500°C and 30 mesh, while the lowest was 5085.24 cal/g at 500°C and 100 mesh. These results demonstrate that optimized carbonization and particle size enhance briquette quality, promoting sustainable biomass utilization for energy applications.

The development of information and communication technology has significantly transformed the field of education. Teachers no longer depend only on lectures to deliver learning materials but also use various learning media to improve the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process. One of the most widely used innovations is interactive learning media, which combines text, images, audio, video, and other interactive features to support student learning. Interactive learning media can create a more engaging and enjoyable learning environment. Through this media, students actively participate in learning activities rather than simply receiving information passively. As a result, their attention, motivation, and understanding of the learning materials can improve. However, low student learning outcomes remain a challenge in education. Limited student involvement in the learning process often affects their ability to understand lessons and achieve learning objectives. Previous studies have indicated that interactive learning media can enhance both the quality of learning and student achievement. Therefore, examining the influence of interactive learning media on student learning outcomes is important to support the development of more effective, innovative, and technology-based learning processes in the digital era.

Konsumsi UPF dalam jumlah besar yang terjadi secara terus menerus dalam jangka waktu panjang dapat berdampak pada peningkatan risiko obesitas dan berbagai penyakit tidak menular seperti diabetes tipe 2, kardiovaskular, sindrom metabolik, dan kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan paparan iklan media sosial, kebiasaan membaca label pangan, dan teman sebaya dengan konsumsi UPF pada mahasiswa gizi Universitas Halu Oleo. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan kuantitatif dan menggunakan desain cross sectional. Populasi penelitian adalah mahasiswa aktif Program Studi gizi Universitas Halu Oleo. Sampel penelitian ini terdiri dari 165 mahasiswa gizi yang diambil menggunakan teknik stratified random sampling. Data dikumpulkan dengan pengisian kuesioner. Data dianalisis secara univariat dan bivariat. Analisis bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 62,4% responden terpapar iklan media sosial, 69,7% responden memiiki kebiasaan membaca label pangan baik, 57% responden terpengaruh teman sebaya, dan 52,1% responden sering mengonsumsi produk UPF. Analisis bivariat menunjukkan terdapat hubungan antara paparan iklan media sosial (p=0,024) dan teman sebaya (p=0,013) dengan konsumsi UPF. Tidak terdapat hubungan kebiasaan membaca label pangan dengan konsumsi UPF (p=0,3397). Paparan iklan media sosial dan teman sebaya memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan konsumsi UPF. Kebiasaan membaca label pangan tidak ada hubungan dengan konsumsi UPF.

Plastic waste, particularly bottle caps, poses a significant environmental challenge due to its slow degradation rate. This study aims to design a functional shoe rack utilizing plastic bottle cap waste to support Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production). The product development process employed the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) method to translate consumer needs into measurable technical specifications. Concept selection was evaluated using the Pugh Matrix, while financial feasibility was analyzed through the Break Even Point (BEP) approach. The research resulted in an optimal shoe rack design measuring 53x32x37 cm, weighing 1.5 kg, and featuring additional side hangers for socks. The production process involves shredding, molding with resin, cutting, and assembling, with a total duration of 367.03 minutes. Financial analysis indicates that the business reaches the break-even point at a minimum production of 2 units or a total sales value of Rp227,272. This research demonstrates that integrating industrial engineering methods into plastic waste management can produce functional, durable, and economically viable products.

Corporate insolvency regimes have long been designed around efficiency, creditor recovery, and procedural certainty, frequently marginalizing the human, social, and distributive consequences of corporate failure. This qualitative literature review seeks to reconceptualize insolvency as a multidimensional institutional process by integrating the principles of humanity, resilience, and equity, with the objective of developing fairness metrics for more inclusive insolvency systems. Drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship from insolvency law, corporate governance, economic sociology, and normative political theory, this study systematically synthesizes peer reviewed literature published between 2000 and 2024 using a structured qualitative thematic analysis. The review identifies three interrelated dimensions shaping inclusive insolvency outcomes. First, humanity-oriented approaches emphasize stakeholder vulnerability, dignity preservation, and procedural justice, particularly for employees, involuntary creditors, small suppliers, and local communities affected by corporate collapse. Second, resilience based perspectives frame insolvency not merely as an endpoint of failure but as an adaptive governance mechanism that enables organizational recovery, institutional learning, and broader systemic stability. Third, equity focused frameworks highlight the importance of proportional and context sensitive loss allocation, stakeholder participation, and intertemporal fairness in distributing the economic and social costs of insolvency. By integrating these dimensions, the study develops a conceptual framework of fairness metrics that extends beyond traditional efficiency-driven indicators, offering normative and analytical tools for evaluating insolvency systems in a more holistic manner. The findings contribute to insolvency scholarship by bridging fragmented theoretical strands and advancing a human-centered and resilience oriented understanding of corporate failure. The review further suggests that insolvency regimes embedding humanity, resilience, and equity are more likely to enhance institutional legitimacy, stakeholder trust, and long term economic sustainability, thereby providing a robust foundation for future empirical research and policy reform.