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This study explores the crucial role of legal certainty in the management of natural resources, with a focus on forest areas, as a key factor in ensuring a balanced approach to economic use, environmental sustainability, and the protection of community rights. Forests, both with and without tree cover, require clear legal frameworks to prevent overlapping claims, illegal activities, and degradation. The state's authority in regulating the status and function of forest areas is vital and must be supported by coherent, enforceable policies. Employing a normative juridical method, this research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, particularly Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, to assess the extent to which Indonesia’s legal system provides certainty in forest area governance. The findings reveal that legal certainty is still challenged by overlapping regulations, inconsistencies in enforcement, and gaps between formal legal provisions and their implementation in the field. These issues often lead to land conflicts, unclear tenure rights, and unsustainable exploitation. Nevertheless, when implemented effectively, the legal framework has the potential to promote responsible management practices, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard indigenous and local communities' rights. The study underscores the need for harmonizing sectoral laws, strengthening institutional coordination, and improving transparency in forest area designation and use. Legal certainty is not only a prerequisite for sustainable development but also a cornerstone for legal justice and equitable resource governance. This paper contributes to the discourse on forest policy reform and aims to inform legislators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in natural resources management about the importance of strengthening legal foundations for better governance and sustainability.

Traditional bamboo shoot fermentation is a hereditary practice still preserved by the people of Panti Village, Pasaman Regency. This process not only serves as a natural preservation method but also makes an important contribution to the formation of distinctive flavors and increases the nutritional value of bamboo shoots. One key aspect of this fermentation process is the activity of microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria, which play a role in the production of metabolites such as lactic acid, which functions as a natural preservative, inhibits the growth of pathogenic microbes, and contributes to the distinctive flavor and aroma of fermentation. The main objective of this study was to isolate and identify the types of lactic acid bacteria found in traditionally fermented bamboo shoots. Fermented bamboo shoot samples were taken from several local production houses in Panti Village. The microbial isolation process was carried out using selective media MRS (de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe) agar, which is commonly used for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. The obtained isolates were then analyzed through colony morphology observation, Gram staining, and microscopic tests to determine initial characteristics. Further identification was carried out through a series of biochemical tests to determine the genus and species of the bacteria. The results of the study showed the presence of several Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterial isolates that are strongly suspected to belong to the lactic acid bacteria group, such as Lactobacillus plantarum. This bacterium is known to have probiotic potential and functional benefits in fermented food products. These findings indicate that traditional fermented bamboo shoots can be a potential source of functional bacterial isolates that are beneficial for the food industry, particularly in the development of probiotic products, natural preservatives, and food additives based on local fermentation. This study emphasizes the importance of preserving local wisdom in food fermentation practices as a foundation for sustainable, culturally aware food technology innovation and supporting food security based on local resources.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of election-level simplification from a legal perspective to overcome the waste of election resources and costs. Elections in Indonesia have faced various challenges, including waste in excessive paper usage, overlapping stages, and inefficient budget allocations. These inefficiencies not only burden the General Elections Commission (KPU) but also affect the effectiveness and transparency of the democratic process. Simplification of election levels is expected to be an effective solution to reduce the administrative and material burdens that hinder the implementation of elections. By streamlining the structure and reducing redundant stages, election organizers can focus more on quality, security, and public participation. This study uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant laws and regulations, such as Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning General Elections, as well as various policies and proposals related to election-level simplification. The analysis also includes legal principles such as efficiency, effectiveness, and legal certainty. Furthermore, the study examines how other democratic countries manage election logistics efficiently to draw lessons that can be contextualized in Indonesia. The results of this study are expected to provide concrete policy recommendations that support the implementation of simplified election systems. These recommendations are aimed at optimizing the election process by minimizing waste, both in terms of budget and the use of natural and human resources, while maintaining the integrity and legitimacy of the democratic process. Thus, this study contributes to the discourse on election reform and democratic strengthening in Indonesia.

The exploitation of natural resources through mining projects in Indonesia often has an impact on the lives of residents, both socially, economically, and environmentally. Although the government has established various regulations to protect the rights of affected communities, the implementation of this legal protection still faces various challenges. In this context, this research aims to analyze legal protection for residents in mining projects in Indonesia and examine the effectiveness of regulations that have been implemented. This research uses a normative juridical method using both a statutory and a conceptual approach. The former involves examining multiple legal provisions that govern mining and community protection, including Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management, and various derivative regulations. The latter involves investigating legal theories that are pertinent to the defense of residents' rights, including the notion of sustainable development, the right to a healthy environment, and the rights of indigenous peoples to land and natural resources. This research does not involve case studies or interviews, but focuses on a normative study of the applicable legal system. Through an analysis of national and international legal instruments, this research is expected to provide academic contributions in identifying weaknesses in existing regulations and providing recommendations for policy makers in improving legal protection for residents affected by mining projects. Thus, this research can be a basis for strengthening more effective legal protection in maintaining a balance between the exploitation of natural resources and the rights of local communities.

This study aims to identify the process of making and cultivating media using tempoyak samples as a source of fermentation microorganisms. Tempoyak is a traditional fermented product made from durian (Durio zibethinus) that has long been consumed in various regions in Indonesia. This product is rich in microorganisms such as Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Saccharomyces spp., which play an important role in the fermentation process, forming a distinctive flavor, and have the potential as probiotic agents. The research stages include the preparation of growth media in the form of Nutrient Agar (NA) for general microorganisms and de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) for lactic acid bacteria. Tempoyak samples were inoculated aseptically into the media to avoid cross-contamination. Next, the media were incubated at a temperature of 30–37°C with an acidic pH, which is the optimum condition for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Observations were made to assess the growth of microbial colonies on each media. The identification results showed the dominance of lactic acid microorganisms that were able to grow and develop well under the natural fermentation conditions of tempoyak. The resulting colonies were then cultured to increase the number of microorganisms, thus enabling them to be used as potential isolates in functional food fermentation. These findings confirm that tempoyak has value beyond traditional food, namely as a source of microbial biodiversity applicable to bioprocess technology and the development of probiotic food products. Utilizing local microorganisms from tempoyak can reduce dependence on imported cultures, encourage biotechnology innovation based on local biological resources, and support environmental sustainability. Integrating local wisdom with scientific research like this contributes to the preservation of culinary heritage while opening up economic opportunities through the development of value-added food products.

Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) is a processed coconut product with high economic and health value. VCO production is known to be relatively easy, inexpensive, and capable of producing high-quality oil rich in benefits, including as a traditional medicine and natural ingredient for beauty and health. This community service activity aims to provide students of the Biology Education Study Program at Buton Muslim University with an understanding and practical skills regarding the VCO production process as a form of utilization of local natural resources, especially coconuts. The methods used in this activity include lectures or delivery of theoretical material, interactive discussions on the content and benefits of VCO, and direct practice in making virgin coconut oil using the settling method. This method was chosen because it does not require complicated equipment, does not use excessive heating, and is able to maintain the natural quality of the resulting oil. During the implementation, students are invited to observe and follow the entire process, from selecting good coconut raw materials, the grating process, squeezing coconut milk, natural fermentation through settling, to the process of separating oil from sediment and filtering. The results of this activity demonstrated that students not only understood the concept and theory of VCO production but also produced 1,500 ml of virgin coconut oil packaged in five 300 ml bottles. The VCO was then sold to the public for approximately Rp 30,000 per bottle. Through this activity, students not only gained contextual learning experiences but also developed insights into sustainable, locally-based entrepreneurship.

This community service activity aims to increase the capacity of residents of Tumpangrejo Hamlet, Ngenep Village, Karangploso District, Malang Regency through training in the manufacture and use of solar-powered lamps. The main problem faced by residents is limited access to electricity in some areas, especially in remote areas not yet covered by the PLN electricity network. Furthermore, there is a lack of knowledge about environmentally friendly renewable energy technology and its potential use in daily life. The activity method begins with socialization about solar energy, where residents are given an understanding of the basic principles and benefits of solar energy as an environmentally friendly alternative energy source. Then, practical training is conducted on assembling solar-powered lamp components, which includes installing solar panels, batteries, and LEDs. During the training, participants are guided to understand each stage of the assembly process and the importance of maintaining the equipment to ensure its long-lasting and optimal function. Technical assistance is also provided after the training to ensure residents can apply the skills learned in their daily lives. Participants are encouraged to assemble and maintain solar-powered lamps independently, so they do not solely rely on external parties for maintenance. The results of this activity demonstrated an increase in residents' knowledge and skills in understanding the concept of solar energy, as well as their ability to independently assemble and maintain solar-powered lamps. Furthermore, residents began utilizing solar-powered lamps for street and household lighting. This reduced reliance on conventional electricity sources, which are often limited and expensive. This activity is expected to become a model for community empowerment based on appropriate technology in rural areas, improving their quality of life through the sustainable use of available natural resources.

Limited access to learning resources appropriate to the local context presents a challenge in the mathematics learning process in indigenous communities such as the Baduy Tribe. Conventional mathematics learning is often considered too abstract and less relevant to the daily lives of Baduy children, especially in the Outer Baduy region. To address this challenge, this community service activity aims to introduce contextual mathematics learning media based on the surrounding environment and local culture. The media developed is designed to be easily accessible, affordable, and environmentally friendly, while still respecting prevailing traditional values. The method used in this activity is Participatory Action Research (PAR), with a collaborative approach between a team of lecturers and the Outer Baduy community. The activity implementation process includes six stages, namely: identification of local problems and potential, planning, designing learning media, implementation, evaluation, and documentation of activity results. The results of the activity show an increase in interest and understanding of basic mathematics concepts among Outer Baduy children. Children appear more active, enthusiastic, and confident in participating in the learning process through educational games and concrete activities. The media used utilizes natural objects and local cultural elements, such as woodcuts, ancient angklungs, traditional hats, and distinctive Baduy woven motifs. The community responded positively because these media do not conflict with traditional values. This activity has had positive cognitive and social impacts and strengthened awareness of the importance of a contextual and culturally based educational approach as a relevant and inclusive learning strategy.  

The community service program in Kemiri Village aims to empower farmers through the use of local potential, especially moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera), as raw materials for liquid organic fertilizer (POC). This activity was carried out with a participatory and educational approach that directly involved farmer groups in technical training on making POC through simple fermentation methods using natural ingredients such as moringa leaves, rice washing water, organic waste, and local decomposers. Through this activity, farmers are taught stages ranging from the collection of ingredients, the process of shredding moringa leaves, mixing with complementary ingredients, to the correct fermentation techniques to produce high-quality fertilizer. The training is carried out by field demonstration methods, discussions, and hands-on practice, so that farmers not only gain theoretical knowledge, but also practical skills that can be applied independently. The results show a significant increase in farmers' knowledge, skills, and awareness of the importance of liquid organic fertilizer as an environmentally friendly alternative. In addition, the public's enthusiasm is getting higher after seeing real evidence that the use of POC moringa leaves is able to increase plant growth, crop quality, and reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers which are increasingly expensive and have the potential to damage the soil. This program not only provides economic benefits through the cost efficiency of agricultural production, but also has a positive impact on environmental conservation. This activity is expected to be a model of community empowerment based on local potential that can be replicated in other regions with similar conditions. The success of the program shows that simple innovations that utilize local resources, if managed well, can support sustainable agriculture and food security for rural communities.

This study examines the history of mangrove conservation in Cemara Beach, Muncar District, Banyuwangi Regency, from the 1980s to 2020. The main focus lies on the dynamics of changes in coastal ecosystems due to land conversion into shrimp ponds, as well as the response of the community and government to the destruction of mangrove forests that occurs. The 1980s period became a crucial phase when intensive pond investment began to flourish which had an impact on environmental degradation, especially the loss of most of the natural mangrove vegetation in the region. These changes not only affect the balance of ecosystems, but also impact the livelihoods of coastal communities that depend on the sustainability of natural resources. Since the early 2000s, various conservation initiatives have emerged spearheaded by coastal community groups, students, NGOs, as well as support from government agencies. These conservation efforts are participatory and community-based, reflecting the increased ecological awareness of local communities. This study uses oral history methods and literature studies to reconstruct conservation narratives from the perspectives of local actors directly involved in the process. The results of the study show that the success of mangrove conservation in Cemara Beach is highly dependent on synergy between various actors, ranging from local communities, academics, to government agencies. Policies that support the protection of coastal areas are also an important factor in creating a participatory space for environmental rehabilitation efforts. This conservation history shows the socio-ecological transformation of the coastal communities of Muncar, from an exploitation orientation to a recovery model based on local wisdom. Furthermore, mangrove conservation in Cemara Beach is also the foundation in the development of environment-based ecotourism as well as an example of sustainable natural resource management practices on the southern coast of Banyuwangi.

This study examines the potential of Nusa Lembongan Ecotourism in developing sustainable tourism with an environmental perspective. The formulation of the problem studied in this research is “(1) What potential does Nusa Lembongan Ecotourism have in developing environmentally friendly sustainable tourism (2) How does Nusa Lembongan Ecotourism relate to environmentally sustainable tourism”. The method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach to understand the phenomena experienced by the research subject. Data collection techniques include literature study and documentation. The findings show 1) The potential of Nusa Lembongan as one of the ecotourism-based tourist attractions offers a lot of amazing natural beauty that attracts the attention of tourists to visit and unwind by the hustle and bustle of the city air, not only local tourists but also many foreign tourists visit Nusa Lembongan because of the potential offered 2) Sustainable development is a strategy that limits the utilization of ecosystems and natural resources so that they are maintained. One of the new tourist destinations that is increasingly popular is the beauty of Nusa Lembongan Island.

This study aims to describe Ecocriticism and Ecological Logic of Ama Nara Short Story by Silvester Petara Hurit. This study uses an ecocritic approach with a descriptive qualitative research method. The results of the Ecocriticism and Ecological Logic research of Ama Nara Short Story by Silvester Petara Hurit are as follows, (1) nature is the highest manifestation of Lamaholot society. The ecological logic that being modern in Ama Nara's view does not have to leave nature and ancestors. Ecocriticism of the attitude of the main character of the short story, Ama Nara who is not tempted by the modern lifestyle, (2) the attachment of farmers and nature. Ama Nara's ecological logic to protect the environment, continue to care for the fertility of the soil naturally, and that is actually much more valuable. Ecocriticism lies in Ama Nara's attitude to persist in choices, and (3) empowerment of natural resources. Ama Nara's ecological logic creates a local food barn (hoku) so that food needs are met. Ecocriticism lies in Ama Nara's attitude to remain consistent in maintaining traditional life by continuing to empower existing natural resources that make her family happy.

One type of student service needed by IAKN Tarutung is the Community Service and Practice (KPPM), which takes place in the sixth semester and lasts for three months. Through various community experiences and social activities that involve cooperation between students, the community, and the government, this program aims to meet basic needs and improve the welfare and tranquility of the community in Pohan Tonga Village, Siborongborong District. The two main phases of the research methodology are observation at the village head's office and the implementation of health program activities for the elderly every Wednesday. This activity lasts for 120 minutes and is scheduled once a month in the third week. Activities may include worship, counseling, community service, and physical activities. The community is becoming closer and supporting one another through events facilitated by KPPM such as village clean-ups, community service, and other social gatherings. This creates a peaceful village atmosphere and enhances relationships among residents. Village development projects are planned, implemented, and evaluated with community participation encouraged by KPPM. The community actively participates rather than just watching, fostering a sense of pride in the developmental outcomes. The conclusion of this activity is that KPPM investigates and utilizes the existing potential of Pohan Tonga village, including its human and natural resources. This potential can be a key asset for village development with proper management.

Global economic uncertainty has significantly impacted financial management, including within governmental institutions such as sub-district offices. This study aims to analyze how green corporate governance can serve as a solution to improve financial risk management at the Muara Enim Sub-District Office in South Sumatra. The research applies a qualitative explanatory approach using meta-analysis and focus group discussion (FGD) techniques. The findings reveal that economic uncertainty triggers high financial risks that cannot be adequately addressed through conventional good governance practices. Green corporate governance, with its sustainability orientation and strategic use of natural resources, emerges as an alternative solution to mitigate financial risk. Environmentally conscious governance practices, such as investment diversification based on local potential and waste management, have proven effective in enhancing financial stability and supporting domestic economic growth. This study recommends the implementation of green corporate governance as a policy approach that is adaptive to economic uncertainty and financial risk at the local government level.

The Green Economy and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have the same goal as an environmentally friendly and sustainable development program. This research aims to examine the implementation of Green Economy in villages as a strategy to realize Village SDGs. More precisely, to describe and analyze the implementation of the green economy in rural areas, as well as analyze the important reasons for the Green Economy in realizing the Village SDGs. This research is a literature study (library research), using a qualitative approach. The data source used is a secondary data source. Data was obtained through literature and documentation. The research results show that the implementation of a Green Economy can start from villages, such as sustainable waste management, establishing micro hydro power plants, solar power plants, using natural dyes in home batik businesses, and green farming. Green Economy is very important in realizing Village SDGs, as an effort to protect the environment and natural resources; promote social equality and inclusion; and building a resilient and sustainable economy.

This study aims to describe the utilization of the surrounding environment (compost) as a learning resource in the subject of science for grade III at MIN 21 Jakarta TimurDistrict. The researcher used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The researcher collected data through observation, interviews and documentation related to the utilization of organic waste as a learning resource or learning media conducted with grade III teachers at MIN 21 Jakarta TimurDistrict. The results of the study showed that the utilization of the surrounding environment (compost) namely the use of compost as a learning resource can improve students' process skills in science subjects. Through the utilization of compost, students are more active in learning outdoors because it is more fun, students can also see directly what is being learned if they use real sources that are in the school environment. It is important to remember that students' learning preferences and levels of understanding can vary. Some students may be more responsive to this learning method, while others may need a different learning approach. Here are some recommendations for the utilization of the surrounding environment (compost) as a learning resource in science subjects, namely about the benefits of compost and experiments in making compost.

Natural and non-natural disasters significantly disrupt healthcare systems, particularly obstetric and gynecological services, which are highly vulnerable to service interruptions and quality decline. Pregnant women, postpartum mothers, and newborns face an increased risk of complications and mortality without adequate medical care. Health professionals play a crucial role in ensuring the continuity of reproductive health services through the implementation of the Minimum Initial Service Package (MISP), emergency management, health education, and intersectoral coordination. However, challenges such as limited resources, psychological pressure, and lack of specialized training hinder optimal performance. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of healthcare workers, enhancing disaster preparedness, providing adequate logistics, and enacting supportive governmental policies are essential to maintain effective obstetric-gynecological care during crises. This literature review comprehensively discusses the role of health workers in ensuring reproductive health services in disaster settings as a strategy to improve access and service quality during emergencies.

Early childhood children have a very high curiosity about the world around them. The most effective learning process for them is through direct experience and interaction with the environment. Unfortunately, language learning activities in kindergartens (TK) are often limited to indoor activities, such as reading books or playing word cards. In fact, nature and the environment around the school offer unlimited resources to stimulate children's language development holistically. This research provides an innovative approach to language learning, namely by utilizing natural media in the school environment5. The main goal is to test the effectiveness of nature exploration activities in enriching vocabulary, improving descriptive skills, and encouraging verbal expression in early childhood.

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia states that every Indonesian citizen has the right to a clean and healthy living environment. Unsustainable development and exploitation of natural resources have led to a drastic decline in the quality of the living environment in Indonesia. This has resulted in environmental damage, such as pollution and loss of biodiversity. One important instrument in the effort to protect the environment is environmental law, which is regulated by Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning the Protection and Management of the Living Environment (Environmental Protection Law). Although the Environmental Protection Law provides a comprehensive legal framework, law enforcement in the field still faces several issues, such as limited resources and low legal awareness. In such situations, community participation can be strategically utilized to enhance the efficiency of environmental monitoring and law enforcement. The aim of this research is to descriptively examine the function of community participation in environmental law enforcement as regulated by the Environmental Protection Law, as well as to analyze how effective and challenging its implementation is.

This research aims to develop liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) made from goat livestock waste and paitan (Tithonia diversifolia) conducted in Makale, Tana Toraja Regency, from March to June 2025. This study aims to determine the response of cucumber plants to the application of LOF derived from the combination of goat livestock waste and paitan plants. Goat livestock waste contains macro nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), while paitan plants are green organic materials rich in nutrients and easily decomposed. The combination of both is expected to naturally improve soil fertility and optimally support the growth and yield of cucumber plants. The research method uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four different LOF concentration treatments and five replications. Parameters observed include plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, number of flowers, number of fruits, and fruit weight per plant. The LOF production process is carried out through fermentation for 21 days with a ratio of goat livestock waste and paitan of 3:1, and the addition of EM4 as a microorganism activator. This research also aims to evaluate the effectiveness of LOF application on growth parameters (plant height, number of leaves) and yield (number and weight of fruits) of cucumber plants, and compare it with treatments without LOF or with inorganic fertilizers. The results of this research are expected to serve as a reference for local farmers in developing organic fertilizers based on local resources that are environmentally friendly, efficient, and sustainable to increase agricultural productivity in the Tana Toraja region.